Ruminants

Question 1

The reticulum and rumen do/do not have secretory glands

Answer 1

Do not

Question 2

Which part of the ruminant stomach is called the “honeycomb”

Answer 2

Reticulum

Question 3

What are the four parts to a ruminant stomach

Answer 3

Reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum

Question 4

Which part of the stomach is the “true” stomach

Answer 4

Abomasum

Question 5

In horses, microbial fermentation is ______ the small intestine

Answer 5

Behind

Question 6

In cows, microbial fermentation is ________ of the small intestine

Answer 6

In front

Question 7

Which part of the ruminant stomach is the largest

Answer 7

Rumen

Question 8

The omasum can be called

Answer 8

Many plies

Question 9

What is the primary function of the omasum

Answer 9

Remove water

Question 10

What is the name for the opening at the bottom of the esophagus

Answer 10

Reticular or esophageal groove

Question 11

What kind if fermentation happens in the rumen

Answer 11

Anaerobic

No oxygen

Question 12

The pH of the reticulo-rumen is

Answer 12

Neutral

Question 13

The microorganisms in the rumen are primarily

Answer 13

Protozoa and bacteria

Question 14

The actions of the reticulo-rumen produce
1.
2.
3.

Answer 14

CH4
H2
CO2

Question 15

To switch diets it takes around two weeks to go from a ____ diet to a ___ diet

Answer 15

Forages

Grain

Question 16

What is it called when the cow regurgitates chewed food back into the mouth for more chewing, then swallows, over and over

Answer 16

Rumination

Question 17

How long will a cow ruminate

Answer 17

7-10.5 hours a day

Question 18

Saliva is very high in ________ which helps minimize pH changes, acts as a buffer

Answer 18

Bicarbonate

Question 19

These digest feed (particularly cellulose) and provide essential nutrients

Answer 19

Microorganisms

Question 20

How long does feed stay In the rumen for roughage

Answer 20

48-52 hours

Question 21

How long does feed stay in the rumen for grains

Answer 21

18-22 hours

Question 22

_______ ______ is important in allowing feed particles to pass to the omasum.

Answer 22

Particle size

Question 23

Belching =

Answer 23

Eructation

Question 24

The gases _____ and _____ formed in the rumen must be expelled

Answer 24

CH4, CO2

Question 25

If a cow doesn't or can't belch, ____ happens

Answer 25

Bloat

Question 26

What causes bloat

Answer 26

Froth (foam) that blocks cardia, the froth is from legumes

Question 27

_______ and ______ are common feedstuffs an animal can eat that may cause Bloat

Answer 27

Alfalfa and clover

Question 28

How do you treat bloat

Answer 28

Give a surfactant ( corn oil) Tine down throat, trochar in para lumbar fossa, Stick in mouth Feed poloxalene (Bloat guard)

Question 29

T:F | The reticulum, rumen, and omasum are functional at birth

Answer 29

False

Question 30

Opening from outside into an inner cavity

Answer 30

Fistula

Question 31

Tool that is used to get samples from rumen, intestines, blood, goes into body and part of it is in the outside

Answer 31

Cannula

Question 32

_____-_____% of the ruminants daily needs of glucose is absorbed from diet

Answer 32

10-15%

Question 33

Ruminants rely almost exclusively on

Answer 33

Gluconeogenesis

Question 34

Ruminants have a (positive/ negative ) drop in glucose concentrations across the mesenteric artery

Answer 34

Negative

Question 35

Ruminants (do/do not) use glucose for fatty acid synthesis)

Answer 35

DO NOT!

Question 36

VFA account for ~70% or more of animals energy needs by ...

Answer 36

Oxidation of VFA via TCA cycle | Conversion of propionate to glucose, then oxidize glucose

Question 37

Acetate ( extrahepatic/ hepatic) can be used for

Answer 37

( extrahepatic) 1. Energy - oxidized to CO2 via TCA cycle 2. Body fat synthesis 3. Milk fat synthesis during lactation

Question 38

Propionate ( extrahepatic/ hepatic) Does it leave liver? Can be used for

Answer 38

``` Hepatic Very little leaves liver 1 energy -( minor, used only by liver) 2 glucose synthesis ( gluconeogenesis ) 3 synthesis of certain amino acids ``` NOT used for fat synthesis

Question 39

Butyrate ( extrahepatic/ hepatic) Converted to ___________, which is a ________ _______. Can be used for

Answer 39

``` Extra hepatic B- hydroxybutyrate Ketone body 1. Energy - oxidized to CO2 via TCA cycle 2. Body fat synthesis 3. Milk fat synthesis during lactation ```

Question 40

What three B vitamins help convert propionate to succinyl CoA

Answer 40

1. Pantothenic acid 2. Biotin ( carboxylation) 3. B12 (cobalamin)

Question 41

Fatty acid synthesis takes place in the

Answer 41

Cytosol

Question 42

Acetyl CoA is formed in the

Answer 42

Mitochondria

Question 43

Ruminants don't have ______ _______or ________ _______ (very small amounts) so acetyl CoA doesn't have the option to leave mitochondria

Answer 43

Citrate lyase | Malic enzyme

Question 44

___% protein (nitrogen) escapes microbial fermentation in the rumen

Answer 44

40%

Question 45

what two things control the amount of microbial fermentation of N (protein )

Answer 45

1. amount of ammonia | 2. amount of energy

Question 46

what are the two sources of rumen nitrogen

Answer 46

``` Feed Endogenous (recycled) Nitrogen ```

Question 47

the two types of nitrogen in feed

Answer 47

``` protein nitrogen nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) (urea) ```

Question 48

what two places in a ruminant recycle nitrogen

Answer 48

saliva | rumen wall

Question 49

microorganism _______ and _______ cleave peptide bonds and release AA

Answer 49

Proteases and Peptidases

Question 50

AA deaminated by ______, releasing _____ and C-Skeleton

Answer 50

microbes | NH3

Question 51

microorganisms use ______, _______ and _______ to synthesize their own AA.

Answer 51

NH3 C-skeleton energy

Question 52

where does the energy for synthesizing AA come from

Answer 52

Energy primarily from CHO's (starch, cellulose)

Question 53

formation of NH3 is rapid, very few ____ ___ in the rumen

Answer 53

free AA

Question 54

Urea (and most sources of NPN) are rapidly degraded to ____

Answer 54

NH3

Question 55

Liver : NH3 --> _____

Answer 55

Urea

Question 56

escape protein is also called

Answer 56

bypass protein

Question 57

Escaped protein enters the ______ and _________, where it is digested by ________ _____ similar to nonruminants

Answer 57

Abomasum, small intestine proteolytic enzymes

Question 58

ruminants can be productive without a source of _____ ______ ______

Answer 58

true dietary protein

Question 59

to maximise efficiency of microbial protein synthesis form ammonia, ______ ______ must be present

Answer 59

available energy