Digestion and Metabolism: Meal Response Phases & Stomach to Mouth Functions

Question 1

What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?

Answer 1

Involuntary control of cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive functions.
Adjusts internal water, electrolyte, nutrient, and dissolved gas concentraions in body fluids

Question 2

Where are signals of the brain sent to?

Answer 2

Gangli and then to peripheral target organs

Question 3

What are the two autonomic systems?

Answer 3

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 4

What is autonomic tone?

Answer 4

A background level of activity maintained by autonomic motor neurons to regulate our bodies/

Question 5

How is heart rate maintained?

Answer 5

With autonomic tone and the continuous release of acetylcholine and norepinephrine.

Question 6

What ANS dominates our resting state

Answer 6

Parasympathetic

Question 7

What is the digestive tract?

Answer 7

A long twisty tube that starts from mouth and ends at anus

Question 8

Why are accessory organs called accessory organs?

Answer 8

They help the GI tract by secreting substances but do not actually take food iinto them.

Question 9

What are the three phases of digestion?

Answer 9

Cephalic,
Gastric,
and Intestinal

Question 10

What is the cephalic phase?

Answer 10

The first phase of digestion; it starts with the anticipation of ingestion and ends when the last mouthful is swallowed.

Question 11

What is the gastric phase?

Answer 11

Time during which food is in the stomach

Question 12

What is the intestinal phase

Answer 12

Begins when chyme enters into duodenum; controls that rate of gastric emptying and coordinates the activities of the intestinal tract, pancreas, liver, and gall bladder

Question 13

What ANS mediates our response to food-based stimuli

Answer 13

PANS

Question 14

How does COVID19 impact the cephalic phase?

Answer 14

Impact feeding behavior as smell and taste are lost, there is a lower drive to eat

Question 15

What is the function of saliva?

Answer 15

Helps us form and swallow a bolus of food and breaks down food while we eat for taste perception.

Question 16

What digestive enzymes are in the saliva?

Answer 16

Amylase and Lipase

Question 17

What does Amylase act on?

Answer 17

Starches and turns them into simple sugars

Question 18

What does Lipase act on

Answer 18

Triglycerides and turns them into fatty acids and glycerol

Question 19

What does Lysozyme do in the saliva?

Answer 19

Lyses bacteria and creates an antibacterial affect

Question 20

How does sleep affect salivary flow?

Answer 20

Suppresses the rate

Question 21

What is dental plaque?

Answer 21

sticky, colorless biofilm that forms when bactera in the mouth mix with sugary or starchy food

Question 22

How does dental plaque affect teeth?

Answer 22

Bacteria break down caught sugars more which bathes our teeth in acid and releases calcium causing tooth decay.

Question 23

What are the major causes of dental caries?

Answer 23

high intake of sugars, lack of toothbrushing, and inadequate exposure to fluoride

Question 24

What is mastication

Answer 24

chewing to break down food; increases surface area of food for saliva to work on

Question 25

How does swallowing work?

Answer 25

retraction of the tongue forces the bolus into the oropharynx and elevates the soft palate which blocks the nasopharynx, the epiglottis then closes to block the airway and the pharyngeal muscles contract and force the bolus into the esophagus

Question 26

Where do peristaltic waves begin

Answer 26

In the esophagus

Question 27

What is peristalsis?

Answer 27

Involuntary contractions and relaxations of the digestive tract muscles that create wave like movements to push contents forward.

Question 28

How does the bolus enter the stomach?

Answer 28

As it approaches the lower esophageal sphincter, the sphincter opens allowing it to empty into the stomach.

Question 29

What is Aschalasia?

Answer 29

Failure of the Lower esophageal sphincter to open when swallowing; it is related to damaged nerves either in esophagus or LES.

Question 30

What is GERD

Answer 30

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease; When LES doesn't close properly, it allows juices from the stomach to enter the esophagus (acid reflux) occurs more than 2x a week. Treated by antacids, H2 receptor blockers, and proton pump inhibitors.

Question 31

How does sword swallowing work?

Answer 31

Hyperextension of the neck to align the mouth with the esophagus and straightens the pharynx.