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PSL > Digestion Study Questions > Flashcards

Digestion Study Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Digestion makes _______ molecules from ________ molecules

A

Smaller, Larger

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2
Q

The conditions in the Lumen of the digestive tract….

A

are to harsh for the rest of the body

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3
Q

What is the absorbable unit of proteins?

A

amino acids

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4
Q

the enteric nervous system includes…

A
  1. myenteric plexus

2. submuscosal (or submucous) plexus

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5
Q

What would not involve autonomic neurons?

A

intratract or short reflex

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6
Q

Is it possible to swallow food upside down?

A

YES

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7
Q

In what stage of swallowing do the vocal cords come together & inhibition of respiration occur?

A

Oropharyngeal Stage

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8
Q

Saliva contains a carbohydrate digesting enzyme called….

A

Amylase

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9
Q

Heartburn occurs when ___________ contents move into the ____________.

A

Stomach, Esophagus

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10
Q

Where are the peristaltic waves the strongest in the stomach?

A

Antrum

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11
Q

Parietal Cells Secrete….

A

HCL

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12
Q

Gastrin is a….

A

hormorone secreted by cells in the ANTRUM of the stomach which causes HCI secretion from cells in the body of the stomach

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13
Q

Intrinsic factor is….

A

needed for absorption of vitamin B12

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14
Q

What DECREASES stomach emptying?

A
  • increased enterogasterones
  • increased fats in the duodenum
  • increased distention of the duodenum
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15
Q

What enters the lumen of the small intestine?

A
  • gastric contents
  • pancreas exocrine secretions
  • bile
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16
Q

Enterokinase or enteropeptidase…

A
  • activates trypsinogen

- is located on intestinal mucosal cells (epithelial cells)

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17
Q

Increased fatty acids in the duodenum causes___________ secretion of CCK, which causes ________ of the gall bladder

A

Increased, Relaxation

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18
Q

Biles salts are absorbed from the ________ and can then be secreted again by the ________

A

Small Intestine, Liver

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19
Q

Bile salts…

A

help in absorption of the products of fat digestion by forming micelles

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20
Q

What contributes to the large surface area for absorption in the small intestine?

A
  • microvilli

- villi

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21
Q

what doesn’t go directly to the liver after absorption but instead enters the lymph?

A

fats

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22
Q

Which part of the GI tract does most of digestion of food molecules occur?

A

Large Intestine

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23
Q

Bacteria in the Large intestine produce…

A

Vitamin K

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24
Q

the contents of the GI tract w/in the lumen are not considered to be w/in the….

A

internal environment of the body

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25
Q

Saliva contains…

A
  • Amylase

- mucus

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26
Q

A long reflex involves….

A
  • central nervous system

- autonomic neurons

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27
Q

Name one of the functions of:

  1. mucus
  2. intrinsic factor
  3. HCL
A
  1. mucus - forms a protective layer
  2. intrinsic factor - vitamin B12 absorption
  3. HCL- kills microorganisms
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28
Q

Antral contraction of the stomach causes…

A
  1. mixing

2. emptying

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29
Q

Segmentation & the migrating motility complex occur in the ________. Haustral contractions and mass movements occur in the_________.

A

Small Intestine, Large Intestine.

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30
Q

Fats are broken down into _____________

A
  • 1 monoglycerides & 2 fatty acids

which can then be absorbed from the digestive tract

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31
Q

An intratract or a short reflex includes

A
  • myenteric plexus neurons
  • submucosal plexus neurons

NOT sympathetic neurons

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32
Q

the oropharyngeal phase of swallowing includes….

A
  • epiglottis (acts as a lid over larynx)
  • space between vocal cords closes (or vocal cords come together)
  • respirations are inhibited
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33
Q

Heartburn can occur when….

A

Gastric contents move or splash into esophagus

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34
Q
  1. HCL (hydrochloric acid)
    1. Pepsinogen
    2. Intrinsic Factor

Are Secreted By:

A
  1. HCL = secreted by parietal cells
  2. Pepsinogen = secreted by chief cells
  3. Intrinsic Factor = secreted by parietal cells
    & needed for vitamin B12 absorption
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35
Q

Peristaltic waves in the antrum of the stomach…

A
  • propel chyme through the pyloric sphincter (or empty chyme into the duodenum)
  • cause mixing of the chyme w/in antrum
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36
Q

Protein Digesting Enzyme

A

-is secreted in an inactive form to protect enzyme secreting cells

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37
Q

The enterogastrones ….

A
  1. are hormones
  2. are secreted by the small intestine
  3. include CCK (cholecystokinin) & secretin
  4. inhibits motility
  5. inhibits secretions
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38
Q

What decreases stomach emptying?

A

-idk

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39
Q

Carboxypeptidase is an…

A
  • enzyme
  • located on the cell membrane of the small intestine mucosal (epithelial) cells
  • activates trypsinogen
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40
Q

The Exocrine Pancreas Secretes…

A
  1. enzymes

2. an alkaline (bicarbonate) solution

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41
Q

Bile is synthesized or made in the…

A

Liver

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42
Q

Digestion of what is completed in the small intestine…

A
  • proteins
  • fats
  • carbs

*this means food molecules are broken down completely into absorbable units in the small intestine

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43
Q

Hepatic Portal Circulation allows nutrients to go directly to the liver except for __________. Why?

A

Fats

bc they cannot directly enter the blood

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44
Q

The large intestine secretes…

A

Mucus

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45
Q

What is not part of the GI tract but is an accessory digestive organ of the digestive system?

A

Pancreas

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46
Q

What is the absorbable unit for Carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccaride

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47
Q

What is the innermost layer of the GI tract (closest to the lumen)?

A

Mucosa

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48
Q

What would be involved in a short (intratract) reflex?

A
  1. myenteric plexus neurons
  2. sub-mucous (submucosal) plexus neurons
  3. effector
  4. enteric nervous system
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49
Q

What is primarily responsible for getting the a bolus of food in the esophagus to the stomach?

A

Peristalsis

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50
Q

What is secreted by the stomach?

A
  1. Intrinsic Factor
  2. Gastrin
  3. HCL
  4. Mucus
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51
Q

What acts autocatalytically?

A

Pepsin

Trypsin

52
Q

What INCREASES stomach emptying?

A

Distension of the stomach

53
Q

Bile Salts…

A

help in the absorption of the products of fat digestion by forming micelles

54
Q

Bile Salts _______ be resused (or recycled) bc they _______ be absorbed from the small intestine.

A

Can, Can

55
Q

Carbohydrate digestion is completed (just finished) within the….

A

Small intestine

56
Q

Mass Movement is…

A

occurs in the large intestine in which a large portion of the large intestine contracts and drives the contents a substantial length (perhaps 3/4 of the length of the large intestine)

57
Q

By ingestion and secretion about 8 liters of fluid goes into the GI tract per day. Most of this volume is absorbed into the blood in which part of the digestive system?

A

Small Intestine

58
Q

What is TRUE about the Digestive system?

A
  • conditions w/in the lumen of the the digestive tract can be too harsh for the rest of the body
  • digestion breaks food molecules down into smaller molecules
  • food molecules need to be digested before they can be absorbed
59
Q

The duodenum is part of the….

A

Small Intestine

60
Q

A monoglyceride would be produced from digestion of what molecule?

A

Fats

61
Q

List the layers of the digestive tract, going from outside the tract (on the surface of the digestive tract organ) to the innermost layer inside the tract (closest the lumen)

A
  • > Serosa
  • > muscle layer
  • > submucosa
  • > mucosa
62
Q

Describe the pathway of a short reflex…

A

a reflex pathway from a receptor

  • > to the enteric nervous system
    • > to an effector
63
Q

Chief Cells secrete…

A

Pepsinogen

64
Q

The mucus secreted by the cells in the stomach…

A
  • form a protective coating or layer on the inner surface of the stomach
  • is an alkaline
65
Q

Increased fat molecules is the duodenum…

A

DECREASES stomach emptying

66
Q

What is a secretion of the exocrine part of the pancreas?

A
  1. lipase
  2. amylase
  3. a bicarbonate solution
  4. trypsinogen

*NOT insulin

67
Q

Where is Bile synthesized or made?

A

Liver

68
Q

Where is bile stored or concentrated?

A

Gall Bladder

69
Q

Are Bile Salts Enzymes?

A

NO

70
Q

What is True about Bile Salts?

A
  • increase the surface area for lipase to act
  • help maintain a lipid emulsion
  • assist in the absorption of the products of fat digestion
  • are recycled (absorbed from small intestine & can be desecrated)
71
Q

Where is protein digestion completed or just finished?

A

Small Intestine

72
Q

What does not go directly into the liver after absorption from the GI tract but instead enters the lymph?

A

Fat (triglycerides)

73
Q

Describe Migrating Motility Complex

A

Is the small intestine movement that acts as a “good housekeeper” & sweeps undigested material & bacteria in the small intestine into the large intestine

74
Q

The Pharynx & the Esophagus

A

-do NOT contribute to digestion bc they do NOT secrete enzymes

75
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?

A

transfer nutrients to the internal environment

76
Q

Name the accessory organs

A
  1. Salivary Glands
  2. Pancreas
  3. Liver
  4. Gall bladder
77
Q

What is the last part of the small intestine?

A

ILEUM

78
Q

Where does the EXOCRINE pancreas secrete?

A

Into Ducts

79
Q

Digestive enzymes …

A

add water to break a bond

80
Q

Sucrase is…

A
  • > an enzyme
    • > a disaccharidase
      • > that breaks down sucrose
81
Q

Lactase is…

A
  • > an enzyme
    • > a disaccharidase
      • > that breaks down lactose
82
Q

Where is serosa located?

A

outer most layer of digestive tract

83
Q

Beneath the serosa is the?

A

Muscle Layer

84
Q

The enteric nervous system allows…

A

short reflexes to occur

85
Q

How long does the oropharyngeal stage take?

A

about 1 second

86
Q

During the oropharyngeal phase of swallowing, several events occur to prevent food from entering the respiratory tract. What are they?

A
  • the epiglottis acting as a lid over the larynx
  • the vocal cods coming together & closing the glottis
  • inhibitions of respirations
87
Q

if the first peristaltic wave does not get a bolus to the stomach, distention of the esophagus can cause a

A

Secondary Peristaltic Wave

88
Q

Heartburn is caused by irritation of the ?

A

Esophagus

89
Q

the lower esophageal sphincter IS NOT a typical sphincter of….

A

thick, strong, circular muscle

90
Q

The swallowing center causes _______ of stomach smooth muscle

A

Receptive Relaxation

**which allows the volume to increase w/o much change in pressure

91
Q

What is the absolutely essential substance secreted by the stomach?

A

Intrinsic Factor

92
Q

the mucus secreted by stomach mucosal cells is

A
  • alkaline

- contains a bicarbonate ion

93
Q

The mucus secreted by the stomach mucosal cells helps…

A

protects the stomach wall from damage

94
Q

The cells of the ANTRUM of the stomach secrete what?

A

Gastrin

**but NOT HCL

95
Q

The cells of the BODY of the stomach secrete what?

A

HCL

**but NOT gastrin

96
Q

Gastrin increases _____ secretion?

A

HCL

97
Q

Are Gastrin’s effects in the lumen of the stomach?

A

NO

98
Q

What region of the stomach is closest to the pyloric sphincter?

A

Antrum

99
Q

Cholecytokinin & Secretin are…

A

Enterogastrones

100
Q

What do enterogastrones DECREASE?

A

-stomach motility & secretions

101
Q

The Pancreas Secretes….

A
  • a bicarbonate rich solution
  • amylase
  • protein digesting enzymes (in inactive forms)
  • lipase
  • trypsinogen
  • chymotrypsinogen
  • procarboxypeptidase
102
Q

Pancreatic amylase does not complete carbohydrate digestion because…

A

it produces disaccharides

103
Q

The Pancreas secretes…

A
  • trypsinogen
  • chymotrypsinogen
  • procarboxypeptidase
104
Q

What breaks fat molecules into absorbable units?

A

Pancreatic Lipase

105
Q

What do pancreatic enzymes need to work?

A

slightly alkaline environment

106
Q

Where does bile move into DURING or just after a meal?

A

duodenum or small intestine

107
Q

Where does bile move into BETWEEN meals?

A

Gall Bladder

**where it is stored at concentrated

108
Q

Micelles are ________ than emulsion droplets

A

much smaller

109
Q

Products of fat digestion are carried into the….

A

hydrophobic core of the micelles

110
Q

The NON-polar part of bile salts will dissolve in the…

A

Emulsion Droplet

111
Q

Charges of bile salts cause emulsion droplets to do what?

A

repel each other

112
Q

Cholecystokinin causes….

A
  • gall bladder contraction

- relaxation of sphincter that surrounds the duct in the duodenum (sphincter of Oddi)

113
Q

What causes Cholecystokinin to release?

A

fatty acids in the duodenum

114
Q

Where are Disaccharides (i.e maltase, sucrase, & lactase) located?

A

on the Brush Border of the S.I.

115
Q

What do disaccharides COMPLETE?

A

carbohydrate digestion

116
Q

How many different protein digesting enzymes are on the brush border of the S.I.?

A

about 20

117
Q

What is important in the absorption of many nutrients, including simple sugars & amino acids?

A

secondary active transport

118
Q

What does MOST water absorption occur?

A

Small Intestine

119
Q

Chylomicrons

A
  • contain fat molecules
  • are produced in small intestine mucosal cells
  • must enter the lacteal or the lymph capillary
120
Q

Fat soluble vitamins are carried in ..

A

micelles

121
Q

Vitamin B12 bound w/intrinsic factor is absorbed in the…

A

ileum

122
Q

Segmentation

A
  • a mixing movement that occurs in S.I.
  • slowly propels chyme toward L.I.
  • frequency is lower in duodenum than in ileum
123
Q

The Migrating Motility Complex (MMC) moves undigested material & bacteria from the S.I. into…

A

Large Intestine

-occurs after absorption of nutrients

124
Q

Haustral contractions and mass movements OCCUR in the_________.

A

Large Intestine

125
Q

Describe the peristaltic waves in the stomach

A
  1. Fundus - weak or no waves
  2. Body- weak waves
  3. Antrum- waves are strongest

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