Digestive Flashcards by Kyra Catedral

Accessory Digestive Organs

Parotid salivary gland
Teeth
Tongue
Sublingual salivary gland
Submandibular salivary gland
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

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Gastrointestinal tract (digestive organs)

OPESSLA

Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Anus

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BASIC LAYERS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Serosa

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(3) MUCOSA (MUCOUS MEMBRANE)

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae

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refer to all organized lymphoid tissue found in the intestines, including Peyer’s patches in small intestine and cecal patch in colonic

GALT - (gut-associated lymphoid tissue)

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Loose connective tissue but denser and usually more abundant than lamina propria

SUBMUCOSA

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Contains blood vessels that are larger than in lamina propria & GALT

SUBMUCOSA

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Submucosa contains

submucous plexus of Meissner

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MUSCULARIS EXTERNA
Two smooth muscle coats:

Inner coat

Outer coat

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Circularly oriented muscle cells

Inner coat

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Longitudinally oriented muscle cells

Outer coat

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ICOL

Inner-Circular
Outer-Longitudinal

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Autonomic nerve fibers & neurons
Pale areas in between muscle layers

Myenteric plexus (of Auerbach)

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In esophagus, small and large intestines

Morphologically very similar to smooth muscle cells

Located between nerves and smooth muscle cells

Act as pacemaker for intestinal motility

Cells of Cajal (ICC)

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NOTES:
When excited (diarrhea), peristalsis will be

Faster

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movement of food/substances inside the intestines forward to the anus

Peristalsis

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Outermost histologic layer
Mostly connective tissue

ADVENTITIA OR SEROSA

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In areas covered by peritoneum
With simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)

Serosa

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In areas with no peritoneal covering
Blends with surrounding connective tissue

Adventitia

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NOTES:
NOT all of the digestive tract is covered with serosa, some are covered with

adventitia

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= within/inside peritoneum
= retroperitoneal; outside/back of peritoneum

Serosa

Adventitia

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Area anterior to teeth and gums
Space between teeth & lips

Vestibule

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Oral cavity proper
- hard and soft palate
- tongue

Roof
Floor

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The mucosa of the oral cavity is mostly non-keratinized except what part?

Hard palate

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In the oral cavity, the submucosa is not well-delineated from lamina propria because there is no

no muscularis mucosae

Glands in the oral cavity (submucosa)

Labial glands (upper and lower lips) Buccal glands (cheek) Palatine glands (hard palate)

In the oral cavity, the muscularis externa is present in _____ and _____

Cheeks and tongue

In the oral cavity, the muscularis is atypical because its muscle type is

Skeletal muscle

Subcutaneous tissue between muscularis externa and skin

ADVENTITIA

In the oral cavity, why adventitia and not serosa

Because there is no peritoneum (only located sa tiyan)

3 different covered surface of the lips

Oral/ Internal surface Vermilion zone (border) Skin side/ external surface

Muscle in the lips

orbicularis oris

The palate is divided into:

Anterior hard palate Posterior soft palate

Anterior hard palate (possessing a____ shelf in its core)

bony

Posterior soft palate (possessing _______ in its core)

skeletal muscle

stratified squamous parakeratinized to stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

ANTERIOR HARD PALATE

ANTERIOR HARD PALATE contains_____ tissue (anteriorly) and minor_________(posteriorly) in the oral aspect of its mucosa.

adipose mucous salivary glands

POSTERIOR SOFT PALATE stratified squamous_______ epithelium

nonkeratinized

Tongue is composed of

Mucosa Smooth in ventral aspect of tongue Rough on dorsal aspect Epithelium is stratified squamous

Muscle of tongue

Skeletal

Anterior and Posterior tongue is demarcated by

Sulcus terminalis

Inverted v-shaped shallow furrow Demarcates anterior ⅔ from posterior ⅓

Sulcus terminalis

ANTERIOR TONGUE Covered by_____ papillae

lingual

Contains lingual tonsils and lymph nodules

POSTERIOR TONGUE

Covers the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

Lingual papillae

Types of lingual papillae

Types: Filliform Fungiform Foliate Vallate

Most numerous Lacking taste buds (taste buds - sensory part) All over anterior tongue

Filiform Papilla

Filiform papilla is covered w/ stratified squamous epithelium (________tips)

keratinized

Histology of Filiform

Keratinising layer Orthokeratinized epithelium Connective tissue Muscles of the tongue

Flattened surfaces Broader than filiform papillae Scattered among filiform papillae

Fungiform papilla

Fungiform papilla - Pinhead-sized red dots because core contains many ______

capillaries

Mushroom-shaped structures Taste buds are occasionally present on surface

Fungiform

Several parallel ridges on each side of the tongue Hallow, longitudinal furrows located on the lateral aspect of the posterior region of the anterior two thirds of the tongue

Foliate papilla

Taste buds degenerate shortly after the second year of life.

Foliate papilla

Papilla arranged in a “V” along the sulcus terminalis

Circumvallate papilla

Circular papillae, each of which is surrounded by a moat-like furrow.

Circumvallate papilla

Largest (1-3 mm in diameter) Least numerous (just 6-14) Papilla

Circumvallate papilla

Taste buds (200-300/ papilla) on sides (lateral) Has the most numerous number of taste buds

Circumvallate

are minor salivary glands that deliver their serous secretion into the furrow surrounding each papilla, assisting the taste buds in perceiving stimuli.

Glands of von Ebner

- has lots of hydrogen - has lots of glucose - glutamate (amino acid)

Sour Sweet Umami

Organs of taste Ovoid, pale structures

Taste buds

Has _____cells per taste bud

50-100

Nerve supply of taste buds

CN VII CN IX CN X

Supplies those on anterior tongue (anterior ⅔) ; sensory

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Supply those on posterior tongue and pharynx

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) and, to a small extent, vagus nerve(CN X)

Taste buds are pale ovoid structures within the stratified epithelium located in

foliate, fungiform, and circumvallate papillae

3 main cell types in taste buds

Gustatory/Taste/ Neuroepithelial cells Supportive/sustentacular cells Basal cells/stem cells

Five basic taste sensations are: - due to hydrogen - due to metals (NaCl) - due to OH (hydroxyls) - due to glucose - due to glutamate (e.g. MSG)

Sour Salt Bitter Sweet Umami

Serous glands in lamina propria in area of circumvallate papillae

Glands of von Ebner

In submucosa under apex of tongue Mixed glands Like von Ebner’s glands, branched tubuloalveolar glands

Anterior lingual glands of Nuhn and Blandin

2 types of teeth

Deciduous/Milk teeth/Primary: 20 teeth Permanent/Secondary: 32 teeth

covers the crown hardest component of the human body, consisting of 96% calcium hydroxyapatite

ENAMEL

ENAMEL is produced by

Ameloblasts

forms the majority of the tooth consists of a calcified connective tissue that gives the tooth its basic shape and rigidity 70% calcium hydroxyapatite

DENTIN

DENTIN is produced by

Odontoblasts

covers the root of the tooth attaches the root to the periodontal ligament

CEMENTUM

CEMENTUM is produced by

Cementoblasts

highly vascular and well-innervated Becomes the “sensitive” part of the teeth

PULP CAVITY

extension of the pulp cavity that contains nerves and blood vessels

ROOT CANAL

opening at the base of a root canal through which blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves enter a tooth

APICAL FORAMEN

fibrous connective tissue bundles of collagen fibers inserted into both the cementum and the alveolar bone

PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT

three paired exocrine glands:

Parotid Submandibular, and Sublingual

synthesize and secrete salivary amylase, lysozyme, lactoferrin, and a secretory component, which complexes with immunoglobulin A (IgA)

Salivary glands

Salivary glands are what type of glands?

tubuloacinar (tubuloalveolar) glands

Glands - proteinaceous; pyramidal - mucosal

Serous Mucous

Mucous acini: may be overlain with a crescent-shaped collection of serous cells called

serous demilunes

consist of serous acini and are classified as serous

PAROTID GLANDS

consist mostly of mucous acini capped with serous demilunes. They are classified as mixed

SUBLINGUAL GLANDS

consist of both serous and mucous acini (some also have serous demilunes). They are classified as mixed

SUBMANDIBULAR GLANDS