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Digestive Flashcards

Label pg 899/900

1
Q

What is digestion?

A

Process of mechanically or chemically breaking down food

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2
Q

What is absorption?

A

Passage of small molecules into blood and lymph

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3
Q

What is metablosim

A

all the chemicla reactions in the body

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4
Q

What are the parts of the GI Tract/Altimentary Canal

6 answers

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Pharynx
  3. Esophagus
  4. Stomach
  5. Small Intestine
  6. Large Intestine
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5
Q

What is the Accesory Digestive Organs and the function of their general goal

7 answers

A
  1. Provide machanical and chemical mechanism to aid digestion
  2. Teeth
  3. Tongue
  4. Salivary glands
  5. Liver
  6. Gall bladder
  7. Pancreas
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6
Q

Functions of the digestive system

7 answers

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Secretion
  3. Mixing and propulsion
  4. Motility
  5. Digestion
  6. Absorption
  7. Defecation
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7
Q

Explain the layers of the GI tract

4 answers

A

Mucosa -> Submucosa -> Muscularis -> Serosa

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8
Q

Where does most the absorption occurs?

A

In the small intestine

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9
Q

GI Tract

What is the Mucosa made up of

A

Epithelial & arole CT

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10
Q

GI Tract

What is the Submucosa made up of

A

Areole CT, blood and lymphatic tissue, & nuerons

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11
Q

What is the Muscularis made up of

A

Smooth and skeletal muscle

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12
Q

What is the Serosa made up of

A

Areolar and simple squamous epithelium, Visceral peritoneum

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13
Q

What are the mouth parts

10 answers

A
  1. Cheeks
  2. Lips / Labia
  3. Labial fenulum
  4. Oblicularis
  5. Vestibule
  6. Oral cavity proper
  7. Fauces
  8. Hard and soft palate
  9. Uvula
  10. Palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arch
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14
Q

Explain what the tongue is made up of

A
  1. Skeletal muscle and mucous membrane
  2. Helps form floor of oral cavity
  3. Extrinsic muscles
  4. Intrinsic muscles
  5. Lingual frenulum
  6. Papille
  7. Lingual glands (lingual lipase)
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15
Q

What are the parts of the Papille

4 answers

A
  1. Fungiform
  2. Filiform
  3. Circumvallate
  4. Foliate
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16
Q

How many pairs of salivary glands does a human have and their names?

A
  1. Parotid (cheek)- mumps
  2. Submandibular
  3. Sublingual (under tongue)
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17
Q

What is the composition of saliva

A
  1. 99.5% water
  2. Ions
  3. Mucus
  4. Immunoglobin
  5. Enzymes
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18
Q

What is salivation controlled by and stimulated by?

2 answers

A
  1. Autonomic nervous system
  2. Smell, Sight, mentioning food etc.
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19
Q

What are the regions of teeth

3 answers

A
  1. Crown- visible portion
  2. Root- do not see
  3. Neck- area between crown and root
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20
Q

parts of teeth

A

incisors molers

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21
Q

Swallowing 1

Where does swallowing start

A

Pharynx

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22
Q

Swallowing 2

What is next after the pahrynx in swallowing and the CT composition of it

A
  1. The esophagus
  2. upper 1/3 is skelteal
  3. middle 1/3 is smooth and skeletal
  4. bottom 1/3 is smooth

(secretes mucus and transports food)

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23
Q

What does the SUbmucosa contain

A

Areolar CT

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24
Q

What does the Adventitia do for the esophagus

A

Attahces the esophagus to nearby structures like the trachea, carotid, & the thyroid

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25
# Degluition What are the stages of swallowing
1. Buccal (voluntary) - Mouth to orpharynx 2. Pharyngeal (involuntary) - degulition center in the medulla and pons 3. Esophageal (involuntary) - which is peristsltic contractions
26
What does the Stomach serve as?
A mixing chamber and storage area of food
27
# Stomach What purpose does Rugae serve for the stomach?
Allows for increase volume
28
What are the 4 main regions of the stomach and their general area? | 4 answers
1. Caridac - After esophagus 2. Fundus - ballooning 3. Body 4. Phylorus - right before intestine
29
What is the function of surface mucous cells?
Alkalinne mucous becoming resitent to acid
30
WHat makes up Mucosa
1. Surface mucous cells 2. Muscularis mucosae 3. Gastric glands and pits 4. parietal cells- HCI 5. Cheif cells 6. G cells
31
What do parietal cells release
HCl & Entrinsic factore
32
What are cheif cells converted into when you get low pH
pepsinogen (inactive enzyme)
33
What do G cells secrete
Gastrin which stimulates gastric juices
34
What else does gastrin get released by besides G cells
Cells in the Duodenum
35
# Mechanical and Chemical Digestion What are mixing waves caused by
Peristaltic movement
36
# Mechanical and Chemical Digestion When is Chyme released
Released in the process of gastric emptying after mixing with the gastric juices
37
# Mechanical and Chemical Digestion What do parasympathetic neurons release and what are the division
It stimulatory and releases acetylcholine | works with gastrin and HCl release in presence of histamine
38
# Mechanical and Chemical Digestion What is the Cephalic phase during stimulatory events | 2 answers
1. The sight and thought of food 2. Stimulation of taste and smell receptors which reaches the cerberal cortex
39
# Mechanical and Chemical Digestion What is the Gastric phase during stimulatory events | 2 awnsers
1. Stomach distension activates stretch receptors of the stomach 2. Food chemicals like peptides & caffeine and rishing pH activate the chemoreceptors
40
# Mechanical and Chemical Digestion What is the Gastric phase during stimulatory events
1. Presence of partially digested food in the duodoenum or distention of it when the stomach begins to empty
41
# Mechanical and Chemical Digestion Steps to Mechanical and Chemical Digestion? | 4 answers
1. Parsympthatic neurons release acetylcholine 2. Pepsin begins digestion of proteins 3. Gastric liapse digest triglycerides 4. Few molecules absorbed by stomach like water, ions, short-chain fatty acids, alcohol, & IBUPROFEN
42
# Accesory Organs Functions of the Pancreas in the context of the digestive system
Produce secretions to aid digestion
43
# Accesory Organs: Pancreas What are the 2 secretions of the Pancreas
1. Glandular epithelial cells which make up 99% of exocrine clusters which secrete pancreatic juice 2. Pancreatic islets which are 1% of encrine cells which release 3 hormones | The 3 hormones are glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin
44
# Accesory Organs: Pancreas What does somatostatin do?
Inhibits release of above hormones
45
# ***VERY IMPORTANT*** What is the order of the ducts from the hapatic ducts to the duodenum
R/L haptic duct -> Common haptic duct -> -> cystic duct -> Common bile duct -> Pancreatic duct -> Duodenum ## Footnote Ducts carry bile from the liver and gallbladder and pancrwatic juice from the pancreas to the duodenum
46
# Accessory Organs: Pancreas How many ml of pancreatic juice is made a day
1200-1500
47
# Accessory Organs: Pancreas What is inside pancreatic juice | 4 answers
Water, Salts, Sodium Bicarbonate, & Enzymes
48
# Accessory Organs: Pancreatic juice What are the enzymes of the pancreatic juice and some of the functions (not all) | 6 answers
1. Pancreatic amaylse 2. Typsin 3. chymotrpysin- breaks down petide bonds 4. Elastase- breaks down protein 5. Pancreatic lipase 6. Ribonclease and deoxyribonclease | Entereokinase is what converts tyrpsinogen into typsin
49
# Accessory Organs: Liver and gallbladder What vitamins are soluable in fat | 3 answers
Vitamins A, D, & K
50
# Accessory Organs: Liver and gallbladder How many ml of bile does the liver make
900 ml
51
# Accessory Organs: Liver and gallbladder What are portal areas
Bile ducts that are branches of the hepatic portal vein and the ehptic artery proper
52
# Accessory Organs: Liver and gallbladder What does the portal area do
Changes the compostion of the bloodstream by absorbing and secreting
53
# Accessory Organs: Liver and gallbladder Function of the hepatic artery proper
Bringing blood in from general circulation
54
# Accessory Organs: Liver and gallbladder Function of the hepatic protal vein
Bring nutrient rich blood from the intestines
55
# Accessory Organs: Liver and gallbladder Where does the Bile Ductules secrete bile
To the right and left hapatic duct
56
# Accessory Organs: Liver and gallbladder pH of Bile
1. pH 7.6-8.6
57
# Accessory Organs: Liver and gallbladder What do Bile salts do
Promote absorption of lipids by instinal epitheloim
58
# Accessory Organs: Liver and gallbladder What do Bile pigments secrete
Bilirubin | Buildup makes the person yelllow (jaundice)
59
# Accessory Organs: Liver and gallbladder List the functions of the liver | 7 answers
1. Metabolism of carbs, lipids, and proteins 2. Process drugs and hormones 3. Excrete bilirubin 4. Synthesize bile salts 5. Storage of glyocgen, vitemans, and minerals 6. Phacoytosis- removal of harmful materials by the liver 7. Activate Vitamin D
60
# Small Intestine What are the 3 parts of the small intestine | 3 answers
1. Duedenum (mixing bowl) 2. Jejunum (vacuum) 3. Ileum (filter)
61
What are the cell types of the small intestine of the small Intestine | 2 answers
1. Endocrine cells- which release cholecystokinin which stimualte digestion of fat and protein 2. Paneth cells (lyzsosyme)- amicorbial and they damage cell walls of bacteria
62
Name the intestinal glands for the small intestine
Hormone sectretin- controls secretion into the small intestine
63
What connects the large and small intestien
Ileocecal sphincter
64
Where does 1/3 of blood comes from?
The arterial blood from the haptic artery proper
65
What are the 2 important compostions of Bile
Bilirubin & Bile salts
66
What are liver lobules
The basic functional unit of the liver
67
What is each lobe of the liver lobule divided to?
1. 10,000 liver lobules of 1 mm each
68
What are Liver lobules mainly made of?
Hepatocytes surronding a central vein
69
What are the 4 steps of enterohepatic circulation
1. Bile salts are secreted to the duodenum 2. Bile salts allow lipid digestion and absorption while traveling through the small intestine 3. 95% of bile salts are reabsorbed by the ileum 4. Reabsorbed bile salts travel back to the liver throught the hepatic portal vein, to be recycled the 5% are the only newly synthesized ones each time
70
Which nutreints are water solube
Carbs & Protein
71
What are the adaptive | 5 answers
1. Circular folds/ pilcae circualtes 2. Villus (Villi) 3. Lacteal- Lymphatic capillary (suck up fat) 4. Microvilli 5. Brush border- brush border enzymes
72
PAGE 901 IS VERY IMPORTANT YOU MUST READ
73
What is Peristalsis
movemental along length of the intestine
74
LABEL THE THE MAJOR STRUCTURES OF THE LARGE INTESTINE | 4

Anatomy (7 decks)

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