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Heart Flashcards

missing sumilinear valves, p 694-95 (82 cards)

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1
Q

What is cardiology?

A

Study of the cardiovascular system

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2
Q

What is the apex of the heart?

A

Bottom point of the heart

formed by the ventricles

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3
Q

What is the base of the heart?

A

Broad superior surface

Formed by the artria

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4
Q

What are ventricles

A

Muscular chambers of the heart that eject blood

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5
Q

What are atria

A

Collecting chambers of the heart that contract to fill the ventricles

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6
Q

What directions arteries & veins bring blood?

A

veins bring blood towards the heart arterys away from the heart

Non oxygenated or deoxygenated

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7
Q

What do valves do?

A

Vavles prevent back flow

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8
Q

How do valves function

A

Open and close in response to change in pressure

Keeps up blood pressure and

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9
Q

What type of circulation does the left and right sides of the heart have?

A

Right is pulnanory circulation and left is systemic

Systemic functions under higher pressure

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10
Q

What do artiums recieve blood from

A

Receive blood from the veins

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11
Q

What are the sending chambers

A

Valves

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12
Q

What are the recieving chambers

A

Atrias

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13
Q

How many time does the heart beat

A

Hearts beats about 100,00 times every day or about 35 million beats

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14
Q

What do each side of the heart pump to?

A

Left side: pumps to systemic circuit
Right side: pumps to pulmonary circuit

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15
Q

SIze of the average heart

A

5 x 3.5 inches

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16
Q

Average mass of a male and female heart

A

F: 250 g
M: 300 g

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17
Q

Firbous pericardium function

A

Protection and prevents overfillings

protector/anchor

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18
Q

What lines the innner fibrous pericardium

A

Serious pericardium

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19
Q

What is deeper to the serious pericardium to the fibrous pericardium

A

visceral pericardiuum (epicardium)

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20
Q

What’s deeper to the pericardiums

A

pericardial cavity

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21
Q

What is deeper to the pericardial cavity and what is its parts

A
  1. Epicardium
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22
Q

What sre myocardium

A
  1. Cardiac muscle that is
    a. Involuntary
    b. Branched cells
    I. intercalated disks
    II. Gap junction desmosomes
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23
Q

What does the right atrium recieve blood from?

3 answers (they all do)

A
  1. Superior vena cava
  2. Inferior vena cava
  3. Coronary Sinus
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24
Q

Describe the walls of the right atrium

A

Posterior: Smooth
Anterior: rough with pectinate muscles that extends into the auricle

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25
How are the left and right atriums divided
By a thin partition called interatrial septum | Oval depression in septum called fossa ovalis ## Footnote The fossa ovais is a remnant of foramon ovale
26
From where does the blood leave the right atrium?
Through the Triuspid valve
27
What do the fossa ovalis and the ductus arteriosus bypass
Bypasses the pulmamory circuits | During fetal developement
28
How does the foramon ovalis become the fossa ovalis
The Foramon which is simply a hole closes and tissue forms during fetal developement causing it to become the fossa ovalis
29
Where is the trabeaculae carneae
In the right ventricle
30
What part of the heart does the right ventricle form
The anterior surface of it
31
What divides the right and left ventricle
The interventricular septum
32
Where does the right ventricle send blood
Blood is ejected to the pulmamaory valve to the pulmary trunk | Will reach the lungs to have gas exchange
33
From where does the left ventricle recieve blood
The lungs | through the 4 pulmaamory veins
34
Where does blood reach the left ventricle
The left atruium | through the biscuspid valve
35
What kind of muscle are the ventricles
They are made of papillary muscles | Share similar internal structures
36
Where does the left ventricle eject blood?
To the aorta
37
Which ventricle is thicker than the other
The left is the thickest | because it needs to pump blood to the rest of the body
38
Do the R & L ventricle pump more blood than the other
Right and left ventrucle pump the same volume of blood with each beat
39
What are the functions of the valves
Prevent backflow
40
Location of the atriomricular valves
between the atria and ventricles | chordae tendineae to papillary muscles
41
Names of the L & R of the atriomricular valves
Right: triscupid valve Left: Bicuspid or mitral valve
42
Function of the coronary circulation
Blood supply to the heart
43
Function of the left coronary artery
runs toward the left side of the heart | divides into anteriro interventricular artery ## Footnote Supplies blood to interventricular septum and anterior walls of both ventricles
44
Function of the right coronary artery
Runs toward right side of the heart
45
What are cardiac ells connected to
Intercalated discs which have
46
What types of myocytes does the heart have
1. Pacemaker cells 2. Contractile cells
47
What is paceaker potential?
iniatiate action potentials that spreads throughout the heart to triggger rythmic contractions
48
How does the heart contract
As a unit
49
What do pacemaker cell's function
To spontanious depolarize and spread it in a wave across the mycardium from cell to cell
50
1st step pacemaker potential
Depolarization slows due to the Na+ channels open and K+ channels closing | The memebrane potential is never a flat line
51
2nd step pacemaker potential
The action potenital begins as the pacemaker potential reaches threshold | Depolarization is due to Ca+ influx through Ca+ channels
52
3rd step pacemaker potential
Ca+ channels inactivate and K+ channels opens which will bring the membrane potential back to the most negative voltge | This allows K+ efllux
53
Depolarization cause
Na+
54
During the pllateau phase what opens
Ca+ channels open | leads to loge absolute refractory period
55
Repolarization cause
K+
56
Why do heart cells stay depolarized for longer periods of time
They are able to contract for longer and an asbolute refactory period ## Footnote During open Ca+ channels
57
What do longer periods of depolariztion of heart cells help with
Prevents the heart from tetiny | Avoide abnormal heart rythums which will kill the pacient
58
Where does excitation start
In the Sa node | 90-100 AP per min
59
Where does escitation reach after the SA node
Arrives at the AV node located in the interatrial septum, and stops for 1/10 of a second | 40-50 AP per min
60
When cells depolarize what happens
They contract
61
Where does the AP reach after the AV node
AV bundle | 2-40 AP per min
62
After the AV bundle where does the AP reach
Enters the right and left bundle branches traveling upward | In the interventricular septum
63
How do electrocaridgraphy record AP
Transmissions through cardiac conduction system
63
What is the final destination of the AP after the bundle branches
AP arrive at the Purkinje fibers contracting vetricurular myocardium from apex up | ejects blood through the semilunar valves
64
For ECG recordings what do P waves represent
Atrial depolarization
65
For ECG recordings what do QRS complex represent
Ventricular depolarization | Oneset of ventricular contraction
66
For ECG recordings what do T waves represent
Ventricular repolarization
67
Why does atrial repolarization usually not visible
Masked by larger QRS complexes
68
What is Systole and Diastole
S: Contraction D: Relaxation
69
What is the resting heart rate
75 beats per min | 0.8 seconds between each beat
70
When the pressure in the right ventricle exceeds the aorta what opens?
The Semilunar valves open | Close when the pressure in the aorta is more than the left ventricle
71
end diastolic volume
The maximum amount of blood in the ventricles before they contract
72
S1 & S2
1: Luv 2: Dub | It's the sound of the heart / AV valves shutting
73
# This is not a question just formula for stroke volume EDV-ESV = SV | end diastic volume - end systolic volume = stroke volume
120ml - 50ml = 70 mls | Example of the equation (Normal heart conditions)
74
What is end systolic volume
Blood leftover in the ventricles after they contract
75
When & Where do AV valves open
The AV valves open between the ventricles when they relax | Via. the viva cavas
76
What is stroke volume
Amount of blood exected per heart beat
77
What is the formula for caridac output | Amount of blood pumped per minute
Stroke Volume X Heart Rate
78
What is preload
A degree of strech of ventricles before contracting | Stretch more = contract harder
79
# (Related to Preload) What is Frank-Starling Law of the heart
The greater the strech the greater the contraction
80
What is contractility
Forcefulness of contraction of individual vibers ## Footnote Glucagon, thyroxine, epinephrine, and greater Ca2+ influx all increase contraction
81
Wht is Afterload
Pressure that must be exceded before ejection begins

Anatomy (7 decks)

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