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Respiratory Sytem Flashcards

(116 cards)

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1
Q

Functions of the Lungs

8 answers

A
  1. Provides gas exchange
  2. Intake of O2
  3. Elimination fo CO2
  4. Helps regulate pH
  5. sense of smell
  6. Filters impurities in the air
  7. Produces vocal sounds
  8. Excretes water and heat
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2
Q

What bones contain the sinuses

4 answers

A
  1. Frontal bone
  2. Sphenoid bone
  3. Ethmoid bone
  4. maxillary bone
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3
Q

What makes up the upper respitory system

3 answers

A
  1. Nose
  2. Pharynx
  3. Associated structures
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4
Q

What makes up the lower respitory system

5 answers

A
  1. Epiglottis
  2. Vocal Cords
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea Bronchi
  5. Lungs
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5
Q

What is the nose composed of externally?

2 answers

A
  1. Cartilaginous tissue
  2. Bony framework
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6
Q

What is the nose composed of internally

5 answers

A
  1. Large nasal cavity
  2. Lined with muscle and mucous membrane
  3. Connects to pharynx via internal nares
  4. Vestibule
  5. Nasal septum
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7
Q

What is the compositon of the skeletal framework external nose

3 answers

A
  1. Nasal & Frontal bones (superiorly)
  2. Maxillary bones (laterally)
  3. Hyaline cartilage plates (inferiorly)
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8
Q

What are the functions of the nose

4 answers

A
  1. Allows air passage
  2. Warms and moistens the air (prevents dehydration)
  3. Olfactory epithelium
  4. Paranasal sinuses

The paranasal sinuses produce mucus and serve resonating chambers

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9
Q

Regions of the pharynx

3 answers

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharaynx
  3. Laryngealpharynx
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10
Q

Openings of the pharynx

3 answers

A
  1. 2 internal nares
  2. Estachian tubes
  3. Oropharynx opening
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11
Q

What is the pharyngeal tonsil part of?

A

Pharynx

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12
Q

What changes occur to the eustachian tube when growing up

A

It will curve up and obviously grow in size

children will be more liekly to get mucus which is more ear infections

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13
Q

What pieces of cartilage make up the larynx (voice box)?

A
  1. Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple)
  2. Epiglottis
  3. Glottis (vocal cords)
  4. Cricoid cartilage- ring shaped
  5. Artyenoid cartilage- anchor vocal chords
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14
Q

How many cartilages may the trachea have

A

20-60 tracheal cartilages

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15
Q

What does the trachea break apart into?

A

Right and left primary bronchi

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16
Q

What is the tracheal muscle

A

A peace of smooth muscle between the trachea and esophagus

Pushes air through the trechea and constict the esophagus

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17
Q

What kind of cells are in the tracheal wall

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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18
Q

Order of organs needed to reach the lungs from the trachea

9 answers

A
  1. Brinchial tree
  2. Trachea
  3. Left primary bronchus
  4. Secondary bronchus
  5. Teritary bronchi
  6. Bronchioles
  7. Terminal bronchiole
  8. Respitory bronchiole
  9. Alveor sac
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19
Q

What is the Conducting Zone

A

All structures air passes through before they reach the respitory zone

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20
Q

Function of the conducting zone

A

warms and humidifies the air

Mucus also traps air particles to keep it clean

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21
Q

Function of the tertiary bronchi

A

Supplies air to a single bronchopulmonary segment

(right lungs has 10 segments & 3 lobes while the left has 8-9 & 2 lobes)

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22
Q

conducting zone

Anatomy of a teriary bronchus

A

branches in segments forming bronchioles which branch to terminal bronchioles

Terminal brinchioles will then break into respitory bronchioles

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23
Q

What is autonomic system control in the context of the lungs

A

Sympthatic bronchodilation and parasympthetic bronchoconstriction

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24
Q

What is bronchitis

A

Inflamation of the bronchi and bronchioles

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25
Anatomy of the walls of the bronchi
Less cartilage and more smooth muscle | bronchitis is the homestatic imbalance of the bronchi wall
26
What important bodily function occurs in the Respitory Zone
Gas exchange
27
How many alveoli are normally in alveolar sacs
2 or more
28
What do alveolar sacs share openings with and what do they open to?
1. Each other 2. Opens to the alveolar duct
29
Function of the parietal pleura
Lines thoracid cavity
30
Function of type 1 cells | (Of the alveolar sacs)
Gas exchange
31
Function of type 2 cells / septal cells | 2 answers (Of the alveolar sacs)
1. Secreate alveolar fluid 2. Surfacant fat/protein which reduces surface tension | 2 prevents the alveoli from collapsing because of surfacant tension
32
What are alveolar macrophages | (Of the alveolar sacs)
Phagocytes in alveoli
33
Functions of the visceral pleura
Covers the Lungs
34
What does the plueral cavity contain and why
Pleural fluid which reduces friction and enchances adhesion of pleural linings
35
What lines the plueral cavity | 2 answers
1. Parietal pleural- lines the actual cavity and the area between the lungs 2. Visceral pleural- lines the lungs themselves (Specifically the outside of it)
36
What is negative pressure
slightly less than atmoshperic pressure
37
Anatomy of the left lung | 3 answers
1. The lines are the oblique fissures 2. There are 2 lobes 3. 10% smaller than the right lung | The lobes are split into the superior and inferior lobes
38
Anatomy of the right lung | 2 answers
1. Lines of oblique fissures but also the horizontal fissures 2. Divided into 3 lobes | Lobes are split into superior, middle, inferior
39
What are the 3 steps of respiration | 3 answers
1. Pulmamonary ventilation 2. External respiration 3. Internal respiration
40
What occurs during Pulmonary ventilation
Inflow and outflow of air between atmosphere and lungs
41
What occurs during external respiration
Blood gains O2 and loses CO2 from alveoli
42
What occurs during internal respiration
1. Blood in systemic capillaries loses O2 and gains CO2 2. Tissue cells gain O2 and loses CO2 | Answer 2 is also called cellular respiration
43
What is Boyle's Law
Volume of gas varies inversely with pressure | When pressure goes up volume goes down
44
What condition must the lungs stay in
Slightly less than atm | negative pressure
45
When the volume of lungs increases what happens to the pressure
It will lower
46
What muscles take part in inhalation | 4 answers
1. Sternocleidomastoid 2. Scalenes 3. External intercostals 4. Diaphram
47
What muscles take part exhalation | 5 answers
1. Interal intercostals 2. External oblique 3. Internal oblique 4. Transversus abdomis 5. Rectus abdomnis
48
What direction do the ribs move during inhalation
They move upwards and outward | Bucket handle
49
When the alveolar pressure is less than the atm
Air moves into the lungs
50
When the alveolar pressure is more than the atm
Air moves out of lungs
51
What causes inhalation and exhalation
Alveolar pressure
52
What is intraplueral pressure
Slightly less than atm
53
What is alveolar(intrapulmonic) pressure
The pressure of air inside the lung alveoli
54
When will alveolar pressure be the same as atm
When the glottis is opened and no air is flowing into or out of the lungs
55
What # will the alveolar pressure never goes above of and below?
758-762 mmHg
56
What # will the intraplueral pressure never goes above of and below?
754-756 mmHg
57
During exhalation what must lung pressure be
greater than atm
58
How is exhalation a passive proccess? when resting or quiet breathing | (no ATP required)
Resulting of elastic recoil | This is due to surface tension from alveolar fluid
59
What conditions will active exhalation occur | (ATP required)
When forcefully exhalaing
60
What are the factors that affect pulmonary ventilation | 3 answers
1. Surface tension of alveolar fluid 2. Respitory distress syndrome of premature infants 3. Air resistance
61
Function of Surfactants | 2 answers
Reduces surface tension & allows alveoli to overcome surface tension and inflate
62
What does respitory distress syndrome do
Affects the pulmonary ventilation of premature infants
63
When does air resitance increase or decrease | 2 answers
1. Increases when bronchi are constricted 2. Decreases when bronchi are dilated
64
What is COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | It will increase airway resitance since it collapses airways
65
Name some emotional modified respitory movements | 3 answers
1. laughter 2. Crying 3. Sighing
66
Name some modified respitory movements meant to expel foreign bodies | 2 answers
1. Coughing 2. Sneezing
67
# hint* It's something you do on purpose What are some other modified respitory movements | 2 answers
1. Talking 2. Singing
68
What is a spirometer
Instrument used to measure exchange of gases
69
What is tidal volume
Amount of air normally onhaled and exhaled each breath | It's half a liter (very important)
70
What is vital capacity
Largest amount of air you breath out in 1 exhalation | 3-5L
71
What is ERV (expiratory reserve volume)
The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after tidal volume
72
What is IRV (inspiratory reserve volume)
The amount of air forcibly inhaled after tidal volume
73
What is RV (residual volume)
Air left in lungs after most forceful expiration
74
What is Eupnea
True breathing
75
What is Apnea
No breathing
76
What is Hypernea
Increase in rate of breathing
77
What is Dyspnea
Painful or dificult breathing
78
What is Hypoxia
Low amount of oxygen
79
What is Hypoxemia
Low amount of oxygen in blood
80
What is Anoxia
Absence of oxygen
81
What is Asthma
Allergic reaction to airborne substances
82
What is Cyanosis
Blueness of skin due to lack of oxygen
83
What is Pulmonary infarction
Blood clot in pulmonary artery
84
# Healthy What is the homestatic artrial ph of blood?
7.35-7.45
85
What does exhalation of CO2 do to the H+ concentration
It lowers it
86
What do blood buffer systems prevent
Rapid changes in pH | Weak acid & Weak base (salt of the the weak acid)
87
What are the 2 blood buffer system | 2 answers
1. Protein buffer system 2. Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
88
What buffer system is intracellular fluid and blood plasma part of?
Protein buffer system | (Albumin in blood plasma)
89
# protein buffer system What are the 2 functional groups of amino acids | 2 answers
1. Amines- act as a base 2. Carboxyl group- acts as an acid
90
# protein buffer systems What percent of RBCs contain Hb
75% | Buffers H+
91
# protein buffer systems Function of deoxyhemoglobin
Collects H+ to reduce acidity of RBCs
92
# Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system What are Bicarbonate ions and their formula | 2 answers
1. (HCO3-) 2. Is the weak base
93
# Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system What are Carbonic acids and their formula | 2 answers
1. (H2CO3) 2. Is the weak acid
94
# Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system What does HCO3 react with to become H2CO3/carbonic acids
CO2 | Carbonic acids will not function if their is a lact of CO2
95
What does increasing the amount of CO2 exhaled do? | 2 answers
1. Reduces level of the carbonic acid in the blood 2. Raises the pH levels (makes it more alkaline)
96
What does increasing the amount of CO2 in body fluids do
1. Increase in H+ concentration 2. Lowers pH (makes it more acidic) | Associated with HCl becoming H+ and Cl-
97
What are increased blood acidicty (low pH) detected by? | 2 answers
1. Central chemoreceptors in the medulla oblogonta 2. Peripheral chemoreceptors in aortic and carotid bodies
98
# hint* part of the brain What regulates your respitory & cardiovascular functions
Pons & Medulla
99
What does the stimulating the inspiratory area in the medulla oblogonta lead to?
Increased blood pH (alkalinity)
100
A blood pH increase inhibits the recipiratory center to do what?
The respitory center to decrease the breathing rate & depth
101
Name the Acid-Base imbalances | 7 answers
1. Acidosis (acidemia) 2. 7.45 < blood pH < 7.35 3. Depression of the CNS 4. Alkalosis (alkalemia) 5. Over excitability of the CNS and peripheral nerves 6. Respirtory compensation 7. Hyper- or hypoventilation
102
*Test INFO*
50 question Bones that contain the sinuses Know alveolar cells Pressure gradients Simple diffusion Function of the blood cells in the trachea Plueral cavity Alnumar thorax Boyles Law Tidal Volume Vital capacity Inspiratory & Expiratory reserve volume Base knowledge of major parts of the respitory system Lung volumes Ventilation perfusion coupling
103
What is neumothorax
Collapsed lung
104
What is the Bohrs effect
describes how changes in carbon dioxide concentration and blood pH affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen which influences oxygen delivery to tissues
105
Explain the creathion of biocharbonate/HCO3 | 3 answers
1. CO2 reacts with water in the blood 2. Carbonic acid forms 3. Will then split the H+ and become HCO3
106
What happens to the excess H+ when HCO3 is formed
Combines with Hemoglobin(Hb)
107
What percentage of oxygen disolves in plasma
2%
108
What is ventilation-perfusion coupling
The circulatory system works together with the respitory system to maximize exchange effectiveness
109
P(CO2) & P(O2) | 2 answers
O2- Controls perfusion by changing *arteriolar* diameter CO2- Controls ventilation by changing *bronchiolar* diameter
110
What is ventilation & perfusion | 2 answers
Ventilation- amount of gas reaching the alveoli Perfusion- blood flow in pulmonary capillaries (reaches the alveoli)
111
What is the oxygen dissociation curve
Helps to understand how the properties of oxygen and hemoglobin binding in the lungs and releasing the tissue
112
How many oxygens does hemoglobin hold
4 | Coperiative binding- get's progressively easier after each new oxygen
113
# In the lungs PO2 in the lungs of 100 mm Hg, is what percent saturated | At high oxygen levels / Sea level
Fully saturated at 98% can't hit 100%
114
# In the lungs PO2 at 80 mm Hg, what is the percent saturation | At low oxygen levels / high altitudes
Fully saturated at 95%
115
# In non-lung tissues In resting tissue at 40 mm Hg, what percent is it saturated
75% saturated (only 23% of the O2 is carried by Hb is released)
116
# In non-lung tissues In metabilicly active tissues (ex. excersing) what will be the PO2 saturation at 20 mm Hg,
Hb is only 40% saturated (35% of O2 has been unloaded for tissue use

Anatomy (9 decks)

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