digestive

Question 1

summary of food processing?

Answer 1

1- obtain the food and eat it (ingestion)
2- internal organs allow organisms to separate the
ingested food to individual molecules (digestion)
3- nutrient molecules are absorbed and then are distributed by the transport system
4- parts of food that don’t get digested are eliminated (Egested)

Question 2

excretion?

Answer 2

material that was once part of the living tissue of the organism
ex-carbon dioxide excreted by the lungs

Question 3

egestion?

Answer 3

undigested food that has never entered tissues of the body

ex-corn

Question 4

mechanical and/or physical digestion?

Answer 4

chewing and mixing food with liquids

Question 5

chemical digestion?

Answer 5

digestive enzymes split chemical bonds which hold food together

Question 6

the mouth does what kind of digestion process?

Answer 6

both mechanical and chemical

Question 7

what 4 things are the tongue responsible for?

Answer 7

1- positions food and teeth
2- aids in mixing saliva and food
3- moves food to pharynx
4- chemo receptors (taste buds)

Question 8

where are your salivary glands in your mouth?

Answer 8

1- parotid ( in front and below ear)
2- sublingual (below tongue)
3- sub-maxillary ( below jaw)

Question 9

what is saliva made out of?

Answer 9

99% -water

1%- amylace

Question 10

how much do you produce saliva in a day?

Answer 10

1-1.5 litters

Question 11

what is the PH balance of saliva?

Answer 11

6.0-7.4

Question 12

what does saliva form?

Answer 12

Bolus (clumps of food)

Question 13

where is your hard palette on your tongue?

Answer 13

top of your mouth

Question 14

where is your soft palette on your tongue?

Answer 14

bottom of your mouth

Question 15

purpose of your uvula?

Answer 15

moves to block entrance to nasal passage

Question 16

purpose of your epiglottis?

Answer 16

flap of tissue which closes off the trachea during swallowing

Question 17

purpose of your esophagus?

Answer 17

carries food to the stomach

Question 18

purpose of your trachea?

Answer 18

carries air to your lungs

Question 19

peristalses?

Answer 19

the muscular contraction to move bolus down to the stomach

Question 20

what are the 3 layers of the smooth involuntary muscle?

Answer 20

1- longitudinal
2-circular
3-oblique

Question 21

What are the 4 secretions (gastric juice) in order of importance?

Answer 21

1) pepsinogen ~ pepsin ( for protein digestion)
2) HCl~ converts pepsinogen to pepsin
3) rennin~ milk production ( clots milk/ only for infants)
4) lipase (gastric) ~breaks fats (triglycerides) into fatty acids

Question 22

What is the name of food leaving the pyloric valve?

Answer 22

Chyme

Question 23

How long is the small intestine?

Answer 23

7 meters

Question 24

How long is large intestine?

Answer 24

1.5 meters

Question 25

What is another name for the large intestine?

Answer 25

Colon

Question 26

What are the names of the 3 main portions of the small intestine?

Answer 26

1) duodenum 2) jejunum 3) ileum

Question 27

What two digestive glands feed into duodenum?

Answer 27

Pancreas and liver ( gallbladder)

Question 28

what products of digestion are absorbed in one of the 3 main portions o the small intestine?

Answer 28

Jejunum

Question 29

function of the liver?

Answer 29

- emulsifies fat | - activates lipase

Question 30

function of the pancreas?

Answer 30

-help the body to digest fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.

Question 31

three enzymes of the pancreas?

Answer 31

1) amylase 2) lipase 3) trypsin

Question 32

function of amylase enzyme?

Answer 32

-converts starch to maltose and other disacchriades

Question 33

function of trypsin?

Answer 33

- converts proteins to peptides and amino acids

Question 34

what are 3 disacchraideses?

Answer 34

1) lactase 2) maltase 3) sucrose

Question 35

function of mucus?

Answer 35

lubricates

Question 36

function of the large intestine?

Answer 36

1) complete the absorption of food 2) to make certain vitamins (bacteria and other micro-organisms are present 3) recover water 4) reform and excel feces

Question 37

what is the name of the sphincter at junction of small and large intestine called?

Answer 37

Ileocecal valve

Question 38

3 sections of the large intestine?

Answer 38

1) ascending colon 2) transverse colon 3) descending colon

Question 39

The pyloric sphincter controls movement of food from the _____ to the _____.

Answer 39

stomach , small intestine

Question 40

tiny glands that produce juices to digest food, found in the mouth, stomach and small intestine.

Answer 40

mucuosa

Question 41

what is the name of the acid that neutralizes?

Answer 41

sodium bicarbonate

Question 42

what are the 4 enzymatic functions?

Answer 42

1- regulates cell metabolism 2-reusable during a chemical reaction 3- catalyzes a specific reactions (catalyst is a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed) 4-controls the reactions by lowering the activation energy ( amount of energy it takes to have the reaction start)

Question 43

what kind of nutrient are enzymes?

Answer 43

proteins

Question 44

what is the lock and key theory?

Answer 44

special shape of each enzyme- locks only certain substrates together

Question 45

what happens when you increase the temperature of an enzyme?

Answer 45

initially decreases activation energy

Question 46

what is feedback inhibition ( enzyme repression- no more enzymes being made)?

Answer 46

creating the end produce in the required prevents the manufactured of further product ex- >>>> maltose>>>maltase+h20>>>> 2 glucose

Question 47

what is competitive inhibition?

Answer 47

enzyme action blocked by incorrect foreign substance or substrate fitting into active site ex- pesticides prevent normal functioning, sulfur drug, cancer, chemotherapy

Question 48

what is co-factors/co-enzymes?

Answer 48

molecules or elements required to make the enzyme work | ex- carotene>>>>>vitamin A >>>>retinol>>>>>rhodopsin

Question 49

precursor activation?

Answer 49

certain substances required to activate the enzyme | ex- HCl causes pepsinogen to change to pepsin

Question 50

what material is released from the pancreas to protect the duodenum?

Answer 50

sodium bicarbonate

Question 51

_______nodes are found abundantly near the intestines

Answer 51

lymph

Question 52

an enzyme that breaks down peptide bonds released from the intestinal epithelium?

Answer 52

peptidase

Question 53

an enzyme that breaks down lactose and released from the intestinal epithelium?

Answer 53

lactase

Question 54

what is produced by the bacteria in the large intestine?

Answer 54

vitamins

Question 55

what is the lesion of the digestive lining?

Answer 55

villi

Question 56

an auxiliary digestive organ that produces bile?

Answer 56

liver

Question 57

a disacchraide that is digested with the help of lactase?

Answer 57

lactose

Question 58

an organ that is both exocrine and endocrine functions?

Answer 58

pancreas

Question 59

Benedict's test?

Answer 59

- reducing sugars - positive test turned orange,yellow, or green - ex glucose,maltose

Question 60

iodine test?

Answer 60

- starches - positive test turned dark blue/black - ex potato

Question 61

translucent test?

Answer 61

- fats - positive test would turn the paper translucent - ex meat

Question 62

biuret test?

Answer 62

- proteins - positive test turned pink/purple - ex milk

Question 63

what are three digestive agents that salivary glands produce?

Answer 63

mucus amylase maltase

Question 64

what are 6 digestive agents that the pancreas produce?

Answer 64

``` sodium bicarbonate 28 digestive enzymes amylase peptidase lipase trypsinogen --> trypsin ```

Question 65

what are 7 digestive agents that the small intestine produce?

Answer 65

``` maltase sucrase lactase enterokinase peptidases eresin phosphatases ```