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Anatomy And Physiology 2 > digestive and urinary system > Flashcards

digestive and urinary system Flashcards

(96 cards)

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1
Q

What are the tissue layers that make up the digestive tract?

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

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2
Q

mucosa

A

innermost layer of digestive tract

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3
Q

submucosa

A

middle layer of digestive tract layers

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4
Q

muscularis

A

outermost muscular layer with 2 types of muscle:

longitudinal and circular

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5
Q

serosa

A

the outermost layer of the digestive tract, houses the other three layers inside it

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6
Q

peritoneum

A

serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity

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7
Q

mesenteries

A

2 layers of peritoneum fused together that anchor organs to the cavity wall

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8
Q

mouth

A

ingestion, tasting, and chewing

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9
Q

pharynx

A

muscular funnel which connects mouth to esophagus

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10
Q

esophagus

A

used for swallowing, no digestive purposes

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11
Q

stomach

A

mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

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12
Q

small intestine

A

nearly all chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

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13
Q

3 segments of the small intestine

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

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14
Q

large intestine

A

absorbs water and salts and eliminates feces

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15
Q

liver

A

secretes bile that contributes to digestion

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16
Q

pancreas

A

produces most of the digestive enzymes in their zymogen form

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17
Q

gallbladder

A

stores bile for future use

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18
Q

amylase

A

produced in mouth
breaks down starch
enzyme

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19
Q

trypsin

A

produced by pancreas
digests protein
enzyme

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20
Q

gastrin

A

produced in stomach
stimulates acid production
hormone

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21
Q

cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

produced in duodenum in response to fat

stimulates gallbladder to release bile

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22
Q

secretin

A

produced by small intestine in response to chyme
stimulate liver and pancreas to secrete bicarbonate
buffers HCL

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23
Q

pepsin

A

secreted by chief cells in the stomach
digests protein
enzyme

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24
Q

carboxypeptidase

A

produced by pancreas
removes amino acids from end of chain
enzyme

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25
Dipeptidase
produced in pancreas splits dipeptides to release 2 peptides Enzyme
26
Lysozyme
produced in salivary glands kills bacteria enzyme
27
pancreatic juice
produced by pancreas | mix of zymogens released into duodenum
28
HCL
produced in stomach breaks down food particles in the stomach acid
29
bicarbonate
produced in stomach maintains ph in body hormone
30
bile salts
produced in liver aids in fat digestion steroid
31
disaccharidase
produced in pancreas breaks down disaccharides enzyme
32
somatostatin
produced in stomach inhibits acid production hormone
33
what controls/contributes to HCL production?
stimulation by ACh, histamine, and gastrin | high if all three ligands bind, low if it is only one
34
enteric NS
located between layers of the digestive system
35
short reflexes
stretching or chemical stimulation triggers contraction of smooth muscle
36
long reflexes
autonomic nerves trigger contraction of smooth muscle
37
mechanical breakdown
physical breakdown of food, chewing and swallowing
38
chemical breakdown
use of chemicals, enzyme, and hormones to break down food
39
what are proteins broken down into?
broken down into shorter peptide chains
40
what are fats broken down into?
2 free fatty acids and a monoglyceride by lipase's
41
what are carbohydrates broken down into?
eventually broken down into glucose
42
components of saliva
mainly water + mucus, lysozymes, amylase, and lingual lipase
43
zymogens
inactive enzymes
44
segmentation
movement of haustra in the intestine
45
peristalsis
muscular contraction that pushed food through a tube
46
cephalic phase of gastric function
stomach responds to smell, sight, taste, or thought of food
47
gastric phase of gastric function
swallowed food activates gastric activity
48
intestinal phase of gastric function
duodenum responds to chyme and moderates gastric activity through hormones and nervous reflexes
49
three phases that control gastric function
cephalic gastric intestinal
50
how are carbohydrates absorbed
turned into glucose and used as energy
51
how are lipid's absorbed
broken down and reformed over and over again until it cant be anymore
52
how are proteins absorbed
broken down into free amino acids, then taken away by hepatic portal circulation
53
Lacteals
absorb fat from the digestive system in the small intestine
54
sphincters
esophageal pyloric ileocecal anal
55
functions of bacterial flora in the colon
extract the nutrients we cant | digest things we cant like pectin
56
2 reflexes that control defecation
1. intrinsic defecation reflex | 2. parasympathetic defecation reflex
57
intrinsic defecation reflex
involuntary but also relatively weak | drives feces towards the anus
58
parasympathetic defecation reflex
stretching signal sends signal to spinal cord which sends back signal to intensify peristalsis in descending and sigmoid colon and relax internal anal sphincter
59
functions of the urinary system
excretion of waste regulation of blood volume and pressure regulation of solutes in the blood
60
nephron
regulates water and solutes by filtration of the blood
61
renal corpuscle
houses bowman's capsule and glomerulus
62
bowman's capsule
houses filtrate, surrounds glomerulus
63
glomerulus
place where blood comes to the kidney for filtration
64
renal tubule
duct that leads away from the glomerulus | separated into 4 parts
65
proximal tubule
majority of absorption
66
nephron loop
releases water in descending tube and releases solutes in ascending tube
67
distal tubule
active transportation of sodium
68
collecting tube
one for many nephrons | collects almost finished product and finished final filtration
69
kidney
filters blood contents and forms urine
70
ureter
tubes connecting kidneys to bladder
71
bladder
holds final urine product for excretion
72
urethra
tube leading from bladder to the outside of body for expulsion
73
3 stages of urine formation
filtration reabsorption secretion
74
filtration
movement of materials across filtration membrane
75
reabsorption
solute reabsorbed across wall of nephron
76
secretion
solute secreted from peritubular capillary into filtrate
77
hydrostatic pressure
glomerular capillary BP, very high
78
colloid osmotic pressure
pulls water back into capillary
79
hydrostatic pressure
fluid inside bowman's capsule opposing fluid movement into capsule
80
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
the rate the kidneys filter blood | depends on pressure in and around glomerulus
81
renal autoregulation
ability of nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without external help
82
2 methods of renal autoregulation
Myogenic mechanism | tubuloglomerular feedback
83
myogenic mechanism
tendency of smooth muscle to contract when stretched
84
tubuloglomerular feedback
circle of nerves wrapped around distal tubules that cause contraction when stretched
85
renin
increases BP
86
ADH
increases BP
87
ANH
lowers BP
88
renal clearance
volume of blood plasma from which a particular waste is completely removed in 1 minute
89
countercurrent multiplier
ascending tubule of nephron loop
90
countercurrent exchange system
descending tubule of nephron loop
91
micturition reflex
peeing
92
transport maximum
the highest rate of transfer in and out of the nephron loop
93
what affects tubular reabsorption
hydration, functionality of kidney's, saltiness of ones diet
94
what maintains the concentration gradient of the renal medulla?
a constant exchange of salts and water
95
diuretics
any chemical that increases urine volume | acts on nephron loop to inhibit ascending tubules ability by making medulla less salt
96
PTH
increases phosphate content and decreases Ca content of urine responds to Ca deficiency in blood

Anatomy And Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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