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Anatomy And Physiology 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Lymph

A

Picks up things such as fats, bacteria, and hormones

Clear and colorless

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1
Q

Functions of lymphatic system

A

Fluid balance
Immunity
Absorbing fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive system and transport them to the veins

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2
Q

Lacteals

A

Ducts that pick up fat from the digestive system

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3
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

Transport the lymph

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4
Q

Bone marrow

A

Responsible for hemopoiesis and immunity

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5
Q

Thymus

A

House the developing lymphocytes

Degenerates with age

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6
Q

Tonsils

A

Guard against inhaled and ingested pathogens

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7
Q

Palatine tonsils

A

Most often infected

Located at back of oral cavity

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8
Q

Lingual tonsils

A

Pair of tonsils at the base of tongue

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9
Q

Pharyngeal tonsils

A

Single tonsil on wall of nasopharynx

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10
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Cleanse the lymph

Act as site of T and B cell activation

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11
Q

Spleen

A

Erythrocytes graveyard, RBC disposal
Red pulp-filled with erythrocytes
White pulp-filled with lymphocytes and macrophages

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12
Q

NK cell

A

Attack and destroy bacteria

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13
Q

T-cell

A

Directly attack and destroy invaders

4 kinds

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14
Q

Tc cell

A

Carry out attack on foreign cells

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15
Q

Th cell

A

Promote actions of Tc cells

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16
Q

Tr cells

A

Inhibit multiplication and cytokines excretion

Seem to help prevent autoimmune disease

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17
Q

Tm cells

A

Memory cells, responsible for memory of invaders for future reference

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18
Q

B cells

A

Differentiate into plasma cells in response to infection

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19
Q

Macrophages

A

Phagocytize dead tissue, bacteria, etc.

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20
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Mobile APC’s

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21
Q

Reticular cells

A

Stationary APC’s

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22
Q

First line of defense

A

Skin and mucous membranes

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23
Q

Lysozyme

A

Enzyme that destroys bacterial cells walls

Part of mucous membrane defense

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24
Second line of defense
Also called innate immunity, we are born with this line of defense and it is antigen nonspecific
25
Functions of second line of defense
- Recruiting cells-inflammation and fever - Activation of complement cascade - Identify and remove foreign objects via phagocytosis - Activation of adaptive immunity
26
Lymphokine
Released a cell to call other cells to points of injury or infectio
27
Lymphokine
Produced by activated lymphocyte | -2 types: interferon types one and two
28
Interferon type I
"Kill me" signal secreted by virally infected cell
29
Interferon type II
Activator of macrophages
30
Inflammatory response
Complement system Fever Vasodilation
31
Fever
Abnormal elevation in body temperature Promote interferon activity Inhibits reproduction of bacteria and viruses
32
Pyrogen
Fever inducing substances
33
Anti-pyretic
Fever reducing medications
34
Compliments systems
Classical Alternative Lectin
35
Classical pathway
Antibody mediated | Used for previously encountered pathogens
36
Alternative pathway
Antibody dependent | Only specific antigens can activate this path
37
Lectin pathway
Antibody dependent | Sets off another cascade of C3 production
38
Tissue cleanup
Neutrophils Macrophages Edema
39
Edema
Reduces venous drainage but opens lymphatic capillaries
40
Third line of defense
Adaptive immunity Specific against particular pathogens Specific and memorized for future reference
41
Active immunity
Using ones own antibodies to fight
42
Passive immunity
Using another persons antibodies to fight
43
Leukotriene
Activate/attract neutrophils and eosinophils
44
Histamine
A vasodilator to speed the delivery of leukocyte so to an infected area
45
Heparin
Anticoagulant | Inhibits blood clots that would impede mobility of leukocytes
46
Cellular immunity
Uses T cells to attack foreign invaders
47
Humoral immunity
Uses antibodies to attack invaders
48
Interferon
A protein secreted by cells that have been virally infected
49
Inflammation
Local defense to prevent the spread of pathogens
50
Lectin
Plasma protein that binds to carbs
51
C protein
Inactive protein that flows in the blood | When activated the compliment cascade begins
52
Immune clearance
RBC connects to foreign material and takes it to the spleen or liver. RBC detaches and leaves the foreign object to die there
53
Immune surveillance
NK cells flow in blood on patrol for anything out of the norm
54
Perforins
Released by Nk cells | Create a hole in targets membrane
55
Granzymes
Released by Nk cell after perforins | Protein degrading enzyme dropped into hole
56
Interleukins
Chemical signal from one cell to another
57
Cytokines
Proteins that serve as chemical communication channel between immune cells
58
Chemotaxis
A cellular attraction to chemicals that guide them to sites of infection or injury
59
Antigen
A molecule that triggers an immune response
60
MHCI
Shows self to other cells of the body
61
MHCII
Occurs only on APC's, displays foreign antigen
62
Antibodies
A protein that reacts with an antigen
63
Plasma cell
A cell that secretes antibodies
64
APC's
Bring foreign material to T cells to present what they have found, be it harmful or not
65
Natural active immunity
Production of our own antibodies from natural exposure to disease
66
Artificial active immunity
Our own antibodies as a result of vaccination
67
Natural passive immunity
Temporary immunity that results from acquiring another persons antibodies
68
Artificial passive immunity
Temporary immunity that results from a shot of immune serum (tetanus, snakebite, rabies, etc.)
69
As we breath in, what pressure change occurs?
Pressure in the lungs lowers causing an inflow of air
70
As we breath out, how does the pressure in our lungs change?
Pressure increases in lungs forcing the air out
71
Diapraghm
Relaxes as we exhale and moves up | Contracts as we inhale causing it to move down
72
External intercostals
Lift chest up and out as we inhale
73
Internal intercostals
Bring chest down and in as we exhale
74
Atmospheric pressure
Pressure of the air around us
75
Intrapleural pressure
Pressure between the parietal and visceral pleura
76
Intrapulmonary pressure
Pressure within the lungs
77
Low pH causes our breathing to_________
Increase
78
High pH causes our breathing to _______
Decrease/slow
79
Central chemoreceptors
Brain stem neurons | Respond to pH change in CSF
80
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Located in carotid and aortic bodies of arteries above the heart Respond to O2 and CO2 changes in blood and blood pH
81
Stretch receptors
Respond to inflation of the lungs
82
Irritant receptors
Nerve endings in airways that respond to irritants
83
Surfactants
A mix of phospholipids and proteins that coats the alveoli to prevent them from sticking together
84
Ventilation perfusion
Physiological responses to match airflow and blood flow
85
What affects gas exchange in alveoli?
``` Ventilation-perfusion Pressure gradients of gases Solubility of the gases Membrane thickness Area of membrane ```
86
Some consequences of emphysema
- Alveoli expand and sometimes burst, less effective for breathing - Passages open for airflow in but prevent air from escaping out, air becomes trapped - Person becomes barrel chested and always short of breath for normal everyday tasks

Anatomy And Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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