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BIO 202 > Digestive Flash Cards > Flashcards

Digestive Flash Cards

1
Q

WATER HELPS WITH BOTH OF THESE TYPES OF BLOATING

A

AIR AND WATER BLOATING

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2
Q

LARGE INTESTINE IS LARGEST ORGAN THAT NEEDS WHAT

A

H20

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3
Q

CAN FIBER BE DIGESTED

A

NO; HELPS KEEP YOU REGULATED; CLEANS OUT ANYTHING HANGING OUT IN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

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4
Q

WHICH IS BETTER - SATURATED OR UNSATURATED FATS

A

UNSATURATED; EASIER FOR BODY TO DIGEST; MORE COMPLEX FATS ARE HARDER FOR BODY TO BREAKDOWN

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5
Q

DO WE WANT FOOD WITH TRANS FATS

A

NO - HARD FOR BODY TO UTILIZE THESE

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6
Q

5 PHASES OF DIGESTION

A

INGESTION / MOVEMENT / MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL DIGESTION / ABSORPTION / ELIMINATION

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7
Q

DOES CORN GET DIGESTED

A

NO, IT IS FIBER

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8
Q

WHY IS THROWING UP BILE A VERY SERIOUS SIGN YOU ARE DEHYDRATED

A

SHOWS STOMACH IS EMPTY AND YOUR WORKING ON CONTENTS FROM YOUR INTESTINES

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9
Q

HOW MANY TIMES SHOULD YOU CHEW BEFORE SWALLOWING

A

MIN OF 20

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10
Q

WHAT ARE GALLSTONES

A

HARDENED LIPIDS; MADE OF CHOLESTEROL; FORM STONES IN GALLBLADDER; THEY JUST TAKE OUT YOUR GALLBLADDER

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11
Q

WHERE IS BILE MADE AND STORED? WHAT DOES IT DO

A

MADE IN LIVER; STORED IN GALLBLADDER; DIGESTS LIPIDS

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12
Q

WHAT IS THE NUMBER ONE SOLVENT

A

H20

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13
Q

IS MECHANICAL DIGESTION THE SAME AS CHEMICAL DIGESTION

A

NO

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14
Q

WHAT ARE THE ACCESSORY ORGANS

A

LIVER; GALLBLADDER; PANCREAS

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15
Q

WHAT DOES AN IRON DEFICIENCY CAUSE PEOPLE TO CRAVE

A

ICE; CHEWING ON THE ICE RELEASES O2

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16
Q

CAN YOU ELIMINATE OUT OF THE ORAL CAVITY

A

YES; EMESIS; SPITTING OUT

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17
Q

WHAT IS THE SECRET TO KNOWING WHETHER OR NOT YOU ARE HUNGRY OR JUST THIRSTY

A

DRINK H20 AND WAIT 20 MIN TO SEE IF STILL HUNGRY

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18
Q

EMESIS

A

THROWING UP; ALSO CALLED re·gur·gi·ta·tion

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19
Q

APPROX HOW LONG IS ADULT DIGESTIVE TRACT

A

28-30 FEET

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20
Q

HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE FOR FOOD TO MOVE THROUGH SMALL INTESTINE

A

6-8 HOURS

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21
Q

WHEN DOES ELIMINATION USUALLY START

A

AFTER 24 HOURS WITH TOTAL ELIMINATION TAKING SEVERAL DAYS

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22
Q

WHICH HORMONE STIMULATES HUNGER

A

GHRELIN

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23
Q

WHICH HORMON ACTS AS AN APPETITE SUPPRESENT

A

PEPTIDE YY

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24
Q

WHICH TWO HORMONES WORK IN CONCER TO REGULATE FOOD INTAKE

A

GHRELIN AND PEPTIDE YY

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25
Q

WHAT BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS ARE PROTEINS BROKEN DOWN INTO BY DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

A

AMINO ACIDS

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26
Q

WHAT ARE FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROLS THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF

A

TRIGLYCERIDES; LIPDS

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27
Q

WHAT ARE SIMPLE SUGARS THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF

A

COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES OR POLSACCHARIDES

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28
Q

HOW MANY 8 OZ GLASSES OF H20 SHOULD BE CONSUMED DAILY

A

8

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29
Q

WHAT HELPS LUBRICATE SURFACES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM; SERVES AS A SOLVENT FOR VITAMINS AND MINERALS

A

H20

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30
Q

WHAT PERCENTAGE OF H20 IS THE HUMAN BODY

A

70%

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31
Q

WHAT SHOULD AMERICANS INCREASE IN THEIR DIET

A

FIBER INTAKE; FOODS RICH IN FIBER PASS MORE EASLIY THROUGH ALIMENTARY CANAL

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32
Q

WHAT TYPES OF FOODS ARE RICH IN FIBER

A

VERGETABLES; FRUITS, WHOLE GRAINS

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33
Q

THE DIGESTIVE TRACT IS ALSO CALLED WHAT

A

THE ALIMENTARY CANAL

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34
Q

WHAT IS THE DIGESTIVE TRACT

A

LARGE HOLLOW TUBE THAT EXTENDS FROM THE MOUTH TO THE ANUS

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35
Q

WHAT DOES FIBER DO TO STOOL

A

GIVES STOOL MORE BUILK, THIS CAN PREVENT CONSTIPATION AND DIARRHEA

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36
Q

CAN SMOKING INCREASE THE RISK OF DIGESTIVE PROBLEMS

A

YES, BOTH MINOR AND SERIOUS DIGESTIVE PROBLEMS

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37
Q

WHAT KIND OF PROBLEMS CAN SMOKING CONTRIBUTE TO IN THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

A

HEARTBURN, PEPTIC ULCERS

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38
Q

WHAT CAN NICOTINE IN TOBACCO LEAD TO IN THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

A

INCREASE IN STOMACH ACIDS; DECREASE IN SODIUM BICARBONATE; INCREASES AIR SWALLOWED

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39
Q

WHY CAN A REDUCTION IN SODIUM BICARBONATE BE BAD IN THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

A

SODIUM BICARBONATE NEUTRALIZES STOMACH ACIDS

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40
Q

WHAT CAN HAPPEN AS A RESULT OF EXCESS AIR BEING SWALLOWED DURING SMOKING

A

EXCESS BELCHING; EXCESS BLOATING

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41
Q

IS SMOKELESS TOBACCO DANGEROUS

A

YES. JUST AS DANGEROUS AS OTHER TOBACCOS

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42
Q

3 THINGS THAT CAN FREQUENTLY CAUSE OBSTRUCTIONS IN SMALL INTESTINE

A

ADHESIONS; HERNIAS; TUMORS

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43
Q

ADHESION

A

BANDS OF SCAR TISSUE- CAN BIND NORMALLY SEPARATE ORGANS TOGETHER - ESPECIALLY INTESTINES

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44
Q

HERNIAS

A

CAUSE BLOCKAGE WHEN AN AREA OF SMALL INTESTINE BULGES THORUGH AN ABNORMAL OPENING ( when an organ pushes through a weak spot in surrounding area - major symptom is the bulging of the affected area - usually occurs in abdomen)

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45
Q

TUMORS

A

BENIGN OR MALIGNENT ; CAUSE DESTRUCTION BY EITHER PRESSING ON OUTSIE OF INTESTINE AND PINCHING IT CLOSED OR GROWING WITHIN WALL OF INTESTINE AND SLOWLY BLOCKING ITS PASSAGEWAY

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46
Q

WHERE DO MOST POLYPS OCCUR

A

LARGE INTESTINE - IN RECTUM OR COLON

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47
Q

WHAT ARE POLYPS

A

SMALL GROWTH; MOST ARE BENIGN

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48
Q

CAN POLYPS DEVELOP IN ANY PART OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

A

YES; CAN HAPPEN IN ESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH - BUT THESE ARE RARE

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49
Q

TWO MAIN TYPES OF DIGESTION

A

MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL

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50
Q

TERMS FOR MECHANICAL DIGESTION (3)

A

; MASTICATION; PERISTALSIS; MACERATION

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51
Q

WHAT DO DIGESTIVE ENZYMES DO

A

BREAK DOWN COMPLEX SUBSTANCES INTO SIMPLER SUBSTANCES THAT CAN BE ABSORBED BY THE BODY

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52
Q

WHAT LEVEL DO NUTRIENTS NEED TO BE AT TO BE ABSORBED

A

BUILDING BLOCK LEVEL

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53
Q

3 EX OF MACROMOLECULES

A

COMPLEX PROTEINS; CARBOHYDRATES; LIPIDS (FATS)

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54
Q

WHAT ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF COMPLEX PROTEINS

A

AMINO ACIDS

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55
Q

WHAT ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF CARBOHYDRATES

A

MONOSACCHARIDES

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56
Q

WHAT ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIPIDS

A

MONGLYCERIDES And FATTY ACIDS

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57
Q

HOW MANY LAYERS IS THE DIGESTIVE TRACT MADE OF

A

4 - SEROUS (OUTER LAYER); MUSCULARIS (SECOND LAYER); SUB-MUCOSA (THIRD LAYER); MUCOSA (FOURTH LAYER)

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58
Q

SEROSA - SEROUS LAYER OF DIGESTIVE TRACT

A

smooth tissue membrane (of two layers of mesothelium), which secrete serous fluid; partition between internal organs and the abdominal cavity; secrete a serous fluid that provides lubrication to reduce friction; connective tissue layer provides blood vessels and nerves

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59
Q

MUSCULARIS – MUSCULAR LAYER OF DIGESTIVE TRACT

A

two layers of smooth muscle, an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer. Within these two layers is the second nerve plexus called the myenteric nerve plexus that controls the contraction of these layers. An important action of this layer is its ability to generate peristalsis contractions which propel the food through the tract

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60
Q

SUBMUCOSAL LAYER OF DIGESTIVE TRACT

A

areolar connective tissue that binds the mucosa to the muscularis. It contains many blood and lymphatic vessels that receive absorbed food molecules. The network of neurons in this layer known as the submucosal plexus; ALL BLOOD AND LYMPHATIC VESSELS ARE HERE; PUSHES NUTRIENTS TO BLOODSTREAM;

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61
Q

MUCOSAL LAYER OF DIGESTIVE TRACT

A

innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract; surrounds lumen of the tract; comes into direct contact with digested food (chyme). The mucosa itself is made up of three layers: Stratified Columnar epithelium - has goblet cells - the innermost layer. It is where most digestive, absorptive and secretory processes occur; also called the gastric mucosa

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62
Q

WHAT IS FUNCTION OF MUCOSA

A

ABSORPTION; SECRETION; PROTECT LINING OF DIGESTIVE TRACT

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63
Q

FOOD PATH

A

MOUTH - PHARYNX - EPIGLOTTIS - ESOPHAGUS - STOMACH - DUODENUM - JEJUNUM - ILEUM - CECUM - ASCENDING COLON - TRANSVERSE COLON - DESCENDING COLON - SIGMOID COLON - RECTUM - ANAL CANAL - ANUS

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64
Q

WHAT ARE THE 4 DESCRIPTIVE AREAS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE

A

ASCENDING COLON; TRANSVERSE COLON; DESCENDING COLON; SIGMOID COLON

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65
Q

THE LIPS PROTECT THE MOUTH FROM

A

FOOD THAT IS TO BIG OR TO ROUGH

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66
Q

THE MOUTH IS ALSO CALLED WHAT

A

THE ORAL CAVITY

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67
Q

WHAT CHEEK MUSCLES HELP CHEW FOOD IN THE MOUTH (ORAL CAVITY)

A

Buccinator; Masseter; TEMPORALIS

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68
Q

WHICH MUSCLE IS THE PRIME MOVER IN MASTICATION

A

MASSETER

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69
Q

WHICH MUSCLES ARE THE SYNERGEST MOVERS IN MASTICATION

A

BUCCINATOR; TEMPORALIS

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70
Q

FOOD IS TAKEN INTO THE MOUTH AND CHEWED WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF WHAT

A

CHEEK MUSCLES

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71
Q

HARD PALATE

A

HARD ANTERIOR PORTION OF PALATE (MADE UP OF Palatine bone) WITH IRREGULAR RIDGES OF MUCUS MEMBRANES

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72
Q

WHAT ARE THE IRREGULAR RIDGES OF MUCUS MEMBRANES ON THE HARD PALATE

A

RUGAE

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73
Q

WHAT IS THE SOFT PALATE MADE UP OF

A

UVULA

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74
Q

WHICH TWO SETS OF TONSILS ARE INCLUDED IN THE ORAL CAVITY? WHAT OTHER ORGAN SYSTEM DO THE TONSILS BELONG TO

A

LINGUAL AND PALATINE; IMMUNE SYSTEM; NEUTRALIZES BACTERIA ON DIGESTED FOOD

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75
Q

WHAT DO THE TEETH DO

A

MECHANICALLY BREAK DOWN FOOD

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76
Q

THE TONGUE MIXES FOOD WITH WHAT

A

SALIVA

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77
Q

SALIVA CONTAINS WHAT

A

AMYLASE; BREAKS DOWN STARCHES

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78
Q

WHAT IS A STARCH

A

POLYSACCHARIDES

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79
Q

DOES EVERYONE HAVE 32 TEETH

A

NO; NOT EVERYONE HAS ROOM FOR EXTRA 4 MOLARS SO HAVE 28 TEETH

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80
Q

WHAT ARE OUR TWO SETS OF TEETH

A

BABY AND ADULT

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81
Q

WHAT ARE THE 4 TYPES OF TEETH

A

CANINES (TEARING) ; INCISORS (CUTTING) ; MOLARS (CRUSHING AND GRINDING); PREMOLARS (CRUSHING AND GRINDING)

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82
Q

WHAT DOES EPIGLOTTIS DO

A

PREVENTS FOOD FROM ENTERING LARYNX WHEN SWALLOWING; remains upright and allows air to pass freely into the larynx and lungs. When you swallow, however, the epiglottis inverts to cover the larynx and prevent liquids and foods from entering the airway and lungs

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83
Q

WHAT DOES UVULA DO

A

ACTS AS A SPEEDBUMP IF FOOD IS TO BIG / GAG REFLEX

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84
Q

SCIENTIFIC TERM FOR CHEWING

A

MASTICATION

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85
Q

WHY DOES TONGUE MOVE FOOD AROUND; WHAT DOES THIS ACCOMPLISH

A

MIXES FOOD WITH SALIVA; PUSHES FOOD TO BACK OF ORAL CAVITY

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86
Q

WHAT DOES AMYLASE DO

A

BREAKS DOWN POLYSACCHARIDES

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87
Q

WHAT IS SCIENTIFIC TERM FOR SWALLOWING

A

de·glu·ti·tion

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88
Q

WHAT IS FOOD CALLED ONCE IT IS SWALLOWED

A

BOLUS

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89
Q

PAPILLAE

A

SMALL RAISED AREAS ON TONGUE AND THEY CONTAIN TASTE BUDS; CAN BE KERATINZED (TONGUE/ HARD PALATE) MOST WEAR AND TEAR AREAS; OR NON-KERATINIZED (UNDER TONGUE/SOFT PALATE)

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90
Q

WHY CAN FOOD TASTE DIFFERENT IF YOU MOVE IT AROUND IN YOUR MOUTH

A

DIFFERENT AREAS OF YOUR TONGUE CAN HAVE DIFFERENT TASTE BUDS; CAN CHANGE OVER TIME WITH CHANGES IN HORMONES (ABOUT EVERY 7 YEARS)

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91
Q

THIS PIECE OF TISSUE CONNECTS TONGUE TO FLOOR OF THE MOUTH; ALSO PREVENT TONGUE FROM STICKING TO FAR OUT

A

LINGUAL FRENULUM

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92
Q

NAMES OF THREE SALIVARY GLANDS; WHICH IS LARGEST; WHICH PRODUCES MOST

A

PAROTID (BY EAR - LARGEST) ; SUBMANDIBULAR (UNDER MANDIBLE) ; SUBLINGUAL (UNDER TONGUE - PRODUCES MOST)

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93
Q

THREE SECTIONS OF PHARYNX; DESCRIBE IT

A

NASO; ORO; LARYNGO; 5 INCHES LONG; MUSCULAR TUBE; ALSO KNOWN AS OROPHARYNX; TRANSMITS BOLUS FROM PHARYNX TO ESOPHAGUS

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94
Q

NASOPHARYNX

A

WHERE NASAL CAVITY AND PHARYNX MEET

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95
Q

OROPHARYNX

A

WHERE ORAL CAVITY AND PHARYNX MEET

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96
Q

LARYNGOPHARYNX

A

WHERE LARYNX AND PHARYNX MEET

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97
Q

DESCRIBE THE ESOPHAGUS

A

10 INCHES; JUST A FOOD CHUTE; SOME DIGESTION - NOT MUCH; SECRETES MUCUS; MOVES FOOD BY PERSTALSIS

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98
Q

WHY IS THE MUCUS THE ESOPHAGUS SECRETES IMPORTANT

A

BECAUSE WE ARE MORE OFTEN DEHYDRATED AND NEED THAT EXTRA MOISTURE TO HELP LUBRICATE

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99
Q

WHAT HAPPENS IF ACID FROM THE STOMACH GETS INTO ESOPHAGUS

A

CALLED ACID REFLUX/ HEARTBURN; SEVERE IS CALLED GERD; CAN CAUSE ULCERS IN ESOPHAGUS AS THERE IS NOT ENOUGH MUCUS IN ESOPHAGUS TO NEUTRALIZE STOMACH ACIDS; ANOREXICS AND BULEMICS CAN EVEN DAMAGE TEETH WITH CONSTANT EMESIS OF ACID

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100
Q

GERD

A

GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE;

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101
Q

WHAT IS THE GROUP OF MUSCLES AT THE INFERIOR END OF THE ESOPHAGUS

A

LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER OR GASTROESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; PREVENTS FOOD AND ACID FROM BACKING UP INTO ESOPHAGUS

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102
Q

DESCRIBE THE STOMACH

A

POUCH LIKE, MUSCULAR BAG SHAPED LIKE “J”; LOCATED IN LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION OF ABDOMEN

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103
Q

WHEN THE STOMACH MIXES GASTRIC JUICES WITH BOLUS - IT BECOMES WHAT

A

A SEMI FLUID MASS CALLED CHYME

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104
Q

WHAT ENZYME DIGEST MOST PROTEINS? WHAT DOES IT NEED TO WORK?

A

PEPSIN; HAS TO HAVE HCL (HYDROCHLORIC ACID) TO WORK; HCL ACTIVATES PEPSIN

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105
Q

WHAT IS FUNCTION OF MUCUS IN STOMACH

A

MUCUS IS ALKALINE - SO IT NEUTRALIZES ACIDS (HCL); PROTECTS INSIDE STOMACH WALL WITH AN ALKALINE LAYER

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106
Q

WHY IS THE TOP PART OF THE STOMACH BIGGER THAN THE LOWER PART

A

BECAUSE THIS IS WHERE THE BOLUS COMES IN. STILL SOMEWHAT SOLID AND TAKES UP A LOT OF SPACE

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107
Q

GASTRIN

A

stimulates secretion of gastric juice and is secreted by the stomach wall in response to the presence of food.

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108
Q

WHAT GETS BROKEN DOWN IN STOMACH

A

PROTEINS; CARBS; FATS

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109
Q

IS IT MORE CHEMICAL OR MECHANICAL DIGESTION IN STOMACH

A

CHEMICAL; THOUGH THERE IS SOME MECHANICAL WITH THE RUGAE MOVING AND GRINDING ON FOOD

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110
Q

ACID KILLS WHAT IN STOMACH

A

BACTERIA/ BACTERIA ON FOOD OR BACTERIA CAUGHT IN RESPIRATORY UPPER RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND PASSED TO STOMACH

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111
Q

THE MOUTH ONLY CHEMICALLY BREAKS DOWN WHICH NUTRIENTS

A

CARBOHYDRATES

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112
Q

WHAT ARE THE FOUR REGIONS OF THE STOMACH

A

CARDIA ( CLOSEST TO HEART); FUNDUS ( UPPER ROUNDED PORTION); BODY ( MIDDLE PORTION); PYLORUS( NARROWED BOTTOM PART THAT EMPTIES INTO SMALL INTESTINE)

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113
Q

WHY IS IT GOOD TO NOT LIE DOWN AFTER EATING AND EVEN TO REMAIN ACTIVE

A

GRAVITY AIDS IN DIGESTION; MOVEMENT HELPS EVERYTHING MOVING AND AIDS IN DIGESTION

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114
Q

WHAT SPHINCTER CONTROLS THE EMPTYING OF THE STOMACH

A

PYLORIC SPHINCTER

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115
Q

HIATAL HERNIA

A

A condition in which the upper part of the stomach bulges through an opening in the diaphragm; FUNDUS PUSHES THROUGH DIAPHRAGM; MAKES IT HARD TO DIGEST AS STOMACH CANNOT MOVE FREELY;

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116
Q

WHY IS IT BETTER FOR FOOD TO BE IN A MORE LIQUID STATE BEFORE ENTERING SMALL INTESTINE

A

BECAUSE THAT IS WHERE MAJORITY OF ab·sorp·tion HAPPENS; EASIER TO ABSORB FROM A LIQUIDY MATERIAL THAN A SOLID MATERIAL; CANNOT ABSORB ALOT FROM A SOLID

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117
Q

WHAT IS A SPHINCTER

A

CIRCULAR MUSCLE THAT OPENS AND CLOSES

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118
Q

THREE PARTS OF SMALL INTESTINE

A

DUODENUM; JEJUNUM; ILEUM

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119
Q

WHERE IS THE PANCREAS LOCATED

A

IN THE FOLDS OF THE DUODENUM

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120
Q

WHY IS DIAMETER OF SMALL INTESTINE SMALLER THAN LARGE INTESTINE; IS THIS WHY IT IS CALLED SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINE?

A

BECAUSE CHYME IS A MORE LIQUID SUBSTANCE - LESS SPACE IS REQUIRED;

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121
Q

PERITONEUM

A

large membrane in the abdominal cavity that connects and supports internal organs; AREA THAT HOLDS MAJORITY OF ORGANS IN ABDOMINAL CAVITY; INTESTINES ARE INSIDE OF PERITONEUM WHEREAS KIDNEYS ARE RETROPERITONEAL

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122
Q

MESENTERY

A

YELLOW WEBBING THAT HOLDS SMALL INTESTINES TOGETHER; COMPOSED OF ADIPOSE AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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123
Q

LESSER OMENTUM

A

double layer of peritoneum THAT COVERS/PROTECTS STOMACH TO LIVER AT TOP PART OF INTESTINES

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124
Q

GREATER OMENTUM

A

DOUBLE LAYER OF PERITONEUM THAT COVERS MAJORITY OF SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINES; greater omentum is A CURTAIN LIKE STRUCTURE attached to the bottom edge of the stomach and hangs down in front of the intestines. Its other edge is attached to the transverse colon. The lesser omentum is attached to the top edge of the stomach and extends to the undersurface of the liver

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125
Q

SMALL INTESTINE IS THE FIRST SITE OF WHAT

A

MAJOR ABSORPTION/DIGESTION

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126
Q

NUTRIENTS PASS FROM INTESTINAL WALLS INTO WHAT

A

BLOODSTREAM

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127
Q

WHERE DOES THE HIGHEST RATE OF DIGESTION HAPPEN

A

SMALL INTESTINE

128
Q

4 LAYERS OF DIGESTIVE TRACT/ al·i·men·ta·ry CANAL

A

SEROUS; MUSCULARIS; SUB MUCUSOAL; MUCOSAL

129
Q

ILEOCECAL VALVE

A

WHERE ILEUM AND CECUM MEET; sphincter muscle valve that separates the small intestine and the large intestine

130
Q

WHERE IS THE ONLY PLACE IN SMALL INTESTINE THAT DUODENAL GLANDS (ALSO CALLED BRUNNER GLANDS) ARE FOUND; WHY?

A

IN THE DUODENUM; secrete an alkaline mucoid substance that serves to neutralize gastric juice; PG 564 AND 643

131
Q

WHERE ARE THE VILLI AND MICROVILLI LOCATED

A

IN THE MUCOSA; MICROVILLI ARE ON THE EDGES OF THE VILLI

132
Q

LACTEAL

A

A LYMPHATIC VESSEL; chyle, a type of lymph, through the intestines. This can help to keep lymph circulating through the small intestine. Lacteals can also help to transfer nutrients from the small intestine into the blood stream

133
Q

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF MICROVILLI

A

TO INCREASE SURFACE AREA FOR INCREASED ABSORPTION

134
Q

PEYERS PATCHES

A

LYMPHATIC TISSUE; ONLY IN ILEUM; IMPORTANT BECAUSE ILEUM CONNECTS TO CECUM WHICH IS FULL OF FECES AND BACTERIA; PEYERS IMPORTANT IF THERE IS ANY BACKFLOW OF FECES INTO ILEUM; KEEPS SMALL INTESTINE CLEAN; PG 564 AND 643

135
Q

HOW OFTEN ARE EPITHELIAL CELLS REPLACED IN THE INTESTINES

A

EVERY 3-4 DAYS; BECOME PART OF CYHME

136
Q

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MALABSORPTION AND MALNUTRITION

A

MAY HAVE ALL THE FOOD YOU NEED, BUT NUTRIENTS NOT BEING ABSORBED PROPERLY - COULD HAPPEN FROM UNUSUALLY HIGH METABOLISM; MAY NOT HAVE ALL THE FOOD YOU NEED OR EATING THE WRONG KINDS OF FOODS FOR GOOD HEALTH

137
Q

WHAT TYPE OF EPITHELIAL CELLS ARE IN THE INTESTINE

A

SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

138
Q

NUTRIENTS FROM FOOD PASS INTO BLOODSTREAM THROUGH WHAT

A

SMALL INTESTINE WALLS

139
Q

IF SOMEONE DOES NOT HAVE THE ENZYME LACTASE, THEY ARE

A

LACTOSE INTOLERANT; THEY CANNOT BREAK DOWN LACTOSE THAT IS FOUND IN LOT OF DAIRY PRODUCTS; THEY JUST FERMENT THE CARBS AND THAT CAUSES GAS AND EXPLOSIVE DIARRHEA (FROM ALL THE GAS)

140
Q

WHAT KINDS OF THINGS ARE ABSORBED IN SMALL INTESTINE

A

80% INGESTED WATER; VITAMINS (A,D,E,K,C, ETC); MINERALS; CARBOHYDRATES; PROTEINS; LIPIDS

141
Q

WHAT VITAMIN DO YOU HAVE TO HAVE TO BE ABLE TO ABSORB CALCIUM

A

D

142
Q

WHAT ARE THE 3 MAJOR ORGANIC SUBSTANCES

A

CARBOHYDRATES; PROTEINS; LIPIDS - ALL MUST BE AT BASIC BUILDING BLOCK LEVELS TO BE ABSORBED

143
Q

SMALL INTESTINES SECRETE DIGESTIVE ENZYMES LIKE

A

LACTASE, SUCRASE, MALTASE,

144
Q

Amylase, produced in the mouth. It helps break down WHAT

A

starch molecules into smaller sugar molecules.

145
Q

Pepsin, produced WHERE AND DIGESTS WHAT

A

gastric chief cells of the stomach lining; NEEDS HCL TO ACTIVATE

146
Q

Trypsin, produced WHERE? DIGESTS WHAT

A

PANCREAS; PROTEINS

147
Q

lipase, produced WHERE? DIGESTS WHAT?

A

the pancreas, and stomach; DIGESTS LIPIDS

148
Q

Deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease, produced in the pancreas.

A

PANCREASE; NUCLEOTIDES

149
Q

WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE

A

CECUM; 4 DESCRIPTIVE AREAS; RECTUM

150
Q

4 DESCRIPTIVE AREAS OF LARGE INTESTINE

A

ASCENDING COLON; TRANSVERSE COLON; DESCENDING COLON; SIGMOID COLON (S SHAPED)

151
Q

WHERE DOES THE MAJORITY OF MECHANICAL DIGESTION HAPPEN

A

IN THE MOUTH; SOME HAPPENS BY RUGAE IN STOMACH

152
Q

IS IT BETTER TO EAT 5-6 LITTLE MEALS A DAY OR 3 BIG ONES

A

5-6 LITTLE ONES; KEEPS METABOLISM GOING; KEEPS EVERYTHING WORKING

153
Q

HOW LONG CAN UNDIGESTED WASTE REMAIN IN LARGE INTESTINE

A

12-24 HOURS - DEPENDS ON METABOLLIC RATE (IE HOW FAST NUTRIENTS ARE BEING BROKEN DOWN)

154
Q

WHAT IS THE WORMLIKE POUCH FILLED WITH LYMPHATIC TISSUE THAT EXTENDS FROM THE CECUM

A

APPENDIX; DOESN’T DO ANYTHING FOR US ANYMORE; FULL OF TOXINS (SINCE IT IS LYMPHATIC TISSUE - SO WHEN IT RUPTURES - IT POISONS ALL OF THE TISSUES )

155
Q

WHERE DOES THE PROCESS OF TURNING WASTE MATERIAL INTO SEMISOLID WASTE BEGIN

A

IN THE CECUM

156
Q

WHAT IS MAIN FUNCTION OF LARGE INTESTINE

A

COMPRESSING CHYME IN A SOLID FORM

157
Q

3 ACCESSORY ORGANS TO DIGESTIVE PROCESS

A

PANCREAS; LIVER; GALLBLADDER

158
Q

SIGMOID COLON IS AN S SHAPED STRUCTURE THAT CONNECTS TO

A

RECTUM; RECTUM THEN CONNECTS TO ANAL CANAL AND THEN TO ANUS

159
Q

ANUS

A

JUST SMALL CIRCULAR OPENING

160
Q

WHAT DOES LIVER DO

A

MAKES BILE; THAT IS THEN STORED IN THE GALLBLADDER

161
Q

WHAT DOES BILE DO

A

IT EMULSIFIES FATS; BREAKS THEM DOWN INTO SMALLER PIECES

162
Q

WHAT IS THE FUCNTION OF THE RECTUM

A

TO STORE FECES; JUST STORES IT; DOESN’T FORM IT

163
Q

WHAT IS THE RELEASE OF FECES FROM THE BODY CALLED

A

DEFICATION

164
Q

HEPATITIS

A

INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER TISSUE

165
Q

HEMORROIDS

A

Hemorrhoids (HEM-uh-roids), also called piles, are swollen veins in your anus and lower rectum, similar to varicose veins. Hemorrhoids can develop inside the rectum (internal hemorrhoids) or under the skin around the anus (external hemorrhoids); CAN PUSH OUT OF ANAL CANAL AND MAY HAVE TO BE LANCED/CUT OFF/CAUTERIZED

166
Q

DARK RED STOOL COULD INDICATE

A

INTERNAL BLEEDING; NEEDS TO BE CHECKED OUT; BRIGHT RED BLOOD USUALLY NO CAUSE FOR CONCERN

167
Q

ONCE YOU LEAVE SMALL INTESTINE THE MAJORITY OF THIS HAS BEEN DONE

A

ABSORPTION

168
Q

WHY IS LARGE INTESTINE A LARGER DIAMETER THAN SMALL

A

BECAUSE FECAL MASS REQUIRES IT MORE SO THAN LIQUID CHYME

169
Q

ABOUT HOW LONG IS THE LONG INTESTINE

A

5 FEET

170
Q

THE LARGE INTESTINE ACCEPTS WHAT

A

WHAT SMALL INTESTINES DID NOT; GOOD STILL BE GOOD STUFF IN THERE; BUT IT IS NOT TIME TO BE COMPACTED INTO FECES

171
Q

EAT YOGURT TO BUILD THIS UP

A

GOOD BACTERIA IN YOUR GUT

172
Q

KEY FUNCTIONS OF LARGE INTESTINE

A

FERMENT CARBS; PROTEIN BREAKDOWN; ABSORB MORE WATER; CONCENTRATE WASTE; BACTERAIL DIGESTION

173
Q

KNOW MY POOP CHART

A

HAHA

174
Q

WHERE IS THE LIVER LOCATED

A

IN THE UPPER RIGHT QUADRANT OF ABDOMINAL CAVITY

175
Q

HOW MANY LOBES DOES THE LIVER HAVE>? WHY?

A

FUNCTIONALLY THERE ARE 4 LOBES - RIGHT; LEFT; CAUDATE; QUADRATE; The liver is divided into two lobes by the middle hepatic vein: the right lobe of liver and the left lobe of liver. The right lobe of liver is larger than the left lobe of liver. The right lobe liver has four sections.

176
Q

CAUDATE LOBE

A

independent part of the liver, supplied by the right and left hepatic artery and portal vein. Blood from the caudate lobe drains directly into the vena cava. It is also known as the lobule of Spiegel.

177
Q

LIVER SECRETES YELLOWISH-BROWN TO GREEN LIQUID CALLED

A

BILE

178
Q

JAUNDICE

A

YELLOWING SKIN AND WHITES OF EYES; FROM EXCESS BILIRUBIN - USUALLY A RESULT OF OBSTRUCTION IN BILE DUCT OR ABNORMALLY HIGH BREAKDOWN OF RBC’S

179
Q

LIVER STORES GLUCOSE IN THE FORM OF

A

GLYCOGEN

180
Q

LIVER CONVERTS FOOD NUTRIENTS INTO USABLE SUBSTANCES

A

CAN CONVERT AMINO ACIDS TO CARBS

181
Q

STORES WHAT VITAMIN

A

A, D, E, K, B12

182
Q

DESTROYS OLD RBC’S

A

REMOVED BY MACROPHAGES IN LIVER; RBC DESTRUCTION IS WHAT PRODUCES THE PIGMENT BILIRUBIN

183
Q

SECRETES BILE PIGMENT CALLED THAT IS COMBINED WITH BILE AND EXCRETED INTO DUODENUM

A

BILIRUBIN

184
Q

WHAT SIDE OF THE BODY IS THE STOMACH ON

A

LEFT SIDE; UNDER THE LIVER

185
Q

WHAT ACCESSORY ORGANS CAN YOU LIVE WITHOUT

A

CAN LIVE WITHOUT THE GALLBLADDER; YOUR LIVER CAN STILL MAKE BILE, THERE IS JUST NO PLACE TO STORE IT; CANNOT LIVE WITHOUT LIVER AND PANCREAS

186
Q

ALL GLANDS HAVE THIS FOR PROTECTION AND INSULATION

A

ADIPOSE TISSUE

187
Q

ARE ALL OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS PAIRED

A

YES

188
Q

WHAT DOES THE HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN DO

A

carries blood to the liver from the intestines, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder; BLOOD ENTERS GENERAL CIRCULATION BY WAY OF HEPATIC VEIN

189
Q

WHAT DOES THE GASTRIC VEIN DO

A

drain deoxygenated blood from the fundus and upper body of the stomach

190
Q

WHAT DOES TEH SUPERIOR MESENTERIC VEIN DO

A

transports blood from the small intestine and the cecum

191
Q

LIVER MONITORS _________ CONTENT

A

BLOOD

192
Q

NUTRIENT MOLECULES TRAVEL IN HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN TO WHERE

A

THE LIVER

193
Q

THE LIVER DIRECTLY AFFECTS DIGESTION BY PRODUCING

A

BILE

194
Q

BILE SALTS HELP DIGEST WHAT

A

FAT; BREAKS THEM DOWN FAT GLOBULES INTO SMALL DROPLETS OF FAT

195
Q

LIVER FILTERS WHAT

A

BLOOD OF TOXINS AND WASTES EX ALCHOHOL AND DRUGS

196
Q

GALLBLADDER STORES BILE FROM WHERE

A

LIVER

197
Q

WHAT 3 DUCTS CONNECT THE LIVER, GALLBLADDER AND DUODENUM FOR THE FLOW OF BILE

A

HEPATIC DUCT (from liver); CYSTIC DUCT (from gallbladder); COMMON BILE DUCT; the hepatic and cycstic come together to form the common bile duct

198
Q

GALLBLADDER RELEASES BILE WHEN IT IS NEEDED FOR THE BREAKDOWN OF FAT CALLED

A

TRIGLYCERIDES ??

199
Q

THE GALLBLADDER STORES BILE FROM TEH LIVER AND RELEASES IT INTO

A

DUODENUM

200
Q

WHAT DOES THE SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY DO

A

provides oxygenated blood and nutrients to the intestines

201
Q

FATTY DIETS CAN CAUSE

A

GALLSTONES

202
Q

WHAT ARE GALLSTONES MADE OF

A

CHOLESTEROL

203
Q

NO MORE THAN WHAT PERCENTAGE OF YOUR DIET SHOULD BE FATS

A

30%

204
Q

PANCREAS SECRETES PANCREATIC JUICE THAT INCLUDES VARIOUS ENZYMES SUCH AS AMYLASE AND WHAT

A

trypsin and chymotrypsin to digest proteins; amylase for the digestion of carbohydrates; and lipase to break down fats; ALSO PROTEASE

205
Q

PANCREAS IS BOTH WHAT (2 TYPES OF ORGAN)

A

ENDOCRINE AND EXOCRINE GLAND

206
Q

EXOCRINE DUCT OF PANCREAS DOES WHAT

A

enzymes secreted by the exocrine gland in the pancreashelp break down carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and acids in the duodenum. These enzymes travel down the pancreatic duct into the bile duct in an inactive form. When they enter the duodenum, they are activated

207
Q

PANCREASE PRODUCES DIGESTIVE ENZYMES TO DIGEST

A

STARCHES; FATS; PROTEINS

208
Q

SECRETIN

A

SECRETED BY DUODENUM INTO BLOODSTREAM (IESPECIALLY IN RESPONSE TO ACIDITY) TO STIMULATE SECRETION BY PANCREAS AND LIVER

209
Q

TRYPSIN

A

DIGESTS PROTEINS; PRODUCED BY PANCREAS

210
Q

HOW DOES THE PANCREASE REGULATE BLOOD SUGAR

A

INSULIN PRODUCED BY BETA CELLS (MUST BE PRESENT FOR CELLS TO ABSORB CARBS); AND GLUCAGON PRODUCED BY ALPHA CELLS; THESE TWO HORMONES ARE ANATAGONIST TO KEEP BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS IN HOMEOSTASIS

211
Q

CATABOLIC REACTIONS

A

THE BREAKDOWN OF LARGE ORGANIC MOLECULES INTO SMALLER SIMPLER ONES (POLYSACCHARIDES TO MONOSACCHARIDES; PROTEINS TO AMINO ACIDS; FATS TO MONOGLYCERIDES (Monoglycerides are a type of glyceride. They are made up of glycerol and one fatty acid chain)

212
Q

WHAT BREAKS DOWN POLYSACCHARIDES

A

SALIVARY AND PANCREATIC AMYLASE - BREAK POLYSACCHARIDES INTO DISACCHARIDES (SUCROSE; LACTOSE; MALTOSE); HAPPENS IN ORAL CAVITY AND SMALL INTESTINE

213
Q

WHAT ARE THE DISACCHARIDES

A

SUCROSE, MALTOSE, LACTOSE

214
Q

WHICH ENZYMES BREAK DOWN DISACCHARIDES INTO MONOSACCHARIDES

A

SUCRASE; MALTASE, LACTASE; HAPPENS IN SMALL INTESTINE

215
Q

WHAT ARE THE MONOSACCHARIDES

A

FRUCTOSE, GALACTOSE, GLUCOSE

216
Q

WHAT ENZYME BREAKS DOWN PROTEINS TO LARGE POLYPEPTIDES

A

PEPSIN; HAPPENS IN STOMACH

217
Q

WHAT ENZYME BREAKS DOWN LARGE POLYPEPTIDES TO SMALL POLYPEPTIDES

A

TRYPSIN, CHYMOTRYPSIN; CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; HAPPENS IN SMALL INTESTINE

218
Q

WHAT ENZYME BREAKS SMALL POLYPEPTIDES INTO AMINO ACIDS

A

AMINOPEPTIDASE, CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; DIPEPTIDASE; HAPPENS IN SMALL INTESTINE

219
Q

WHICH ENZYME BREAKS DOWN LIPIDS INTO TRIGLYCERIDES

A

BILE; HAPPENS IN SMALL INTESTINE

220
Q

WHICH ENZYME BREAKS DOWN TRIGLYCERIDES TO MONOGLYCERIDES AND FATTY ACIDS

A

LIPASE; HAPPENS IN SMALL INTESTINE

221
Q

ACCESSORY GLANDS OF DIGESTION

A

SALIVARY; LIVER; GALLBLADDER; PANCREAS

222
Q

MUCOSAL LAYER OF DIGESTIVE TRACT (3 PARTS)

A

EPITHELIUM; LAMINA PROPRIA; MUSCULARIS MUCOSA

223
Q

FUNCTIONS OF MUCOSA

A

CAN SERVE AS EITHER PROTECTION, ABSORPTION, OR SECRETION DEPENDING ON WHERE IT IS IN DIGESTIVE TRACT; AREOLAR AND CONNECTIE TISSUE

224
Q

SUBMUCOSA

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE; HOUSES BLOOD AND LYMPHATIC VESSELS; GLANDS, NEURONS

225
Q

MUSCULARIS EXTERNA

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE; 2 LAYERS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE, INNER CIRCULAR LAYER; OUTER LONGITUDINAL LAYER - CREATES PERISTALSIS

226
Q

SEROSA (VISCERAL PERITONEUM)

A

AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE; OUTER SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL LAYER; SECRETES TO MAINTAIN LUBRICATION OF DIGESTIVE TRACT AGAINST OTHER ORGANS

227
Q

STUCTURALLY, THE LAYERS OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT ARE LIKE

A

TUBES WITHIN TUBES

228
Q

THE REGULATION OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTME IS CONTROLLED SIMULTANEOUSLY BY WHAT 2 THINGS

A

THE ANS (AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM - UNCONSCIOUS CONTROL) AND HORMONES

229
Q

3 PHASES OF DIGESTION

A

CEPHALIC (ORAL CAVITY THROUGH ESOPHAGUS); GASTRIC (STOMACH); INTESTINAL (BEGINS AT DUODENUM

230
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTROLS WHAT

A

SITMULATION OF SECRETIONS AND MOTILITY (UNCONSCIOUS CONTROL)

231
Q

SYMPATHETIC DIVISION CONTROLS WHAT

A

INHIBITS SECRETION AND MOTILITY (UNCONSCIOUS CONTROL)

232
Q

HORMONAL REGULATION OF DIGESTION CONTROLLED BY WHAT 3 HORMONES

A

GASTRIN; SECRETIN; CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK)

233
Q

WHAT DOES GASTRIN DO

A

EXPANSION OF STOMACH STIMULATES SECRETION OF GASTRIN; SECRETED BY G CELLS IN MUCOSA OF STOMACH; STIMULATES SECRETION OF GASTRIC JUICE

234
Q

WHAT DOES SECRETIN DO

A

STIMULATED BY ACIDIC CHYME IN DUODENUM; SECRETED BY S CELLS IN DUODENUM; STIMULATES SECRETION OF PANCREATIC JUICE; RIGH IN BICARBONATE TO NEUTRALIZE ACID IN CHYME

235
Q

WHAT DOES CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK) DO

A

STIMULATED BY TRIGLYCERIDES, FATTY ACIDS AND AMINO ACIDS IN DUODENUM; SECRETED BY CCK CELLS IN DUODENUM; STIMULATES PRODUCTION OF PANCREATIC JUICE W/ ENZYMES LIKE LIPASE; STIMULATES CONTRACTION OF GALLBLADDER TO RELEASE BILE;

236
Q

WHAT MAKES UP GASTRIC JUICE

A

HCL; MUCUS, PEPSINOGEN

237
Q

ORAL CAVITY CONTAINS TWO TYPE OF EPITHELIUM

A

KERATINIZED (COVERS SURFACES THAT GET MOST ABRASION - LIKE TONGUE, HARD PALATE, GUMS) AND NON-KERATINIZED (INFERIOR TONGUE, FLOOR OF MOUTH, SOFT PALATE)

238
Q

DOES THE SOFT PALATE CONTAIN BONE

A

NO

239
Q

WHAT DANGLES FROM THE MIDDLE OF THE BACK OF THE SOFT PALATE

A

UVULA - HOLDS FOOD IN ORAL CAVITY AND PREVENTS IT FROM ENTERING OROPHARYNX

240
Q

SALIVARY GLANDS CONTAIN WHAT TWO TYPES OF CELLS

A

MUCOUS (SECRETE MUCIN THAT BECOMES MUCOUS) AND SEROUS (SECRETE WATERY SECRETION CONTAINS ELECTROLYTES AND SALIVARY AMYLASE)

241
Q

SALIVARY GLANDS ARE CONTROLLED BY WHAT PART OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

ANS - SO BOTH PARASYMPATHETIC AND SYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS

242
Q

IS SALIVA ACIDIC

A

MILDLY; ABOUT 6.4-6.8

243
Q

LYSOZYME

A

IN MUCUS; ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT; INHIBITS BACTERIA

244
Q

WHICH TEETH HAVE FLAT CHISELED EDGE FOR FOR CUTTING FOOD

A

INCISORS

245
Q

WHICH TEETH HAVE POINTED EDGES FOR PUNCTURING AND TEARING

A

CANINES

246
Q

WHICH TEETH HAVE LARGE, FLATTENED SURFACES FOR GRINDING AND CRUSHING

A

MOLARS AND BISCUSPIDS (PRE MOLARS)

247
Q

PRE MOLARS ARE ALSO CALLED

A

BISCUSPIDS

248
Q

3 STAGES OF SWALLOWING

A

ORAL; PHARYNGEAL, ESOPHAGEAL

249
Q

ORAL STAGE OF SWALLOWING

A

VOLUNTARY; BEGINS WHEN SUBSTANCES ARE INGESTED; TONGUE MIXES FOOD WITH SALIVA TO FORM BOLUS; TONGUE PUSHES BOLUS TO OROPHARYNX - MARKS END OF ORAL STAGE

250
Q

PHARYNGEAL STAGE OF SWALLOWING

A

INVOLUNTARY PROCESS; BEGINS WHEN BOLUS IS PUSHED AGAINST OROPHARYNX; ENDS AFTER PHARYNGEAL MUSCLES CONTRICT AND FORCE BOLUS INTO ESOPHAGUS

251
Q

WHAT 3 THINGS HAPPEN IN PHARYNGEAL STAGE

A

SOFT PALATE AND UVULA MOVE UP TO PREVENT BOLUS FROM ENTERING NASAL ; BOLUS MOVES INTO OROPHARYNX; MUSCLES RAISE LARYNX FORWARD AND UPWARD SO EPIGLOTTIS CLOSES OVER GLOTTIS TO PREVENT BOLUS FROM ENTERNING LARYNX OR TRACHEA

252
Q

ESOPHAGEAL STAGE OF SWALLOWING

A

INVOLUNTARY; BEGINS AS UPPER ESOPHAGELA SPHINCTER RELAXES TO ALLOW BOLUS TO ENTER ESOPHAGUS; EPIGLOTTIS SPRINGS BACK INTO UPRIGHT POSITION; PERISTALSIS PROPELS FOOD INTO STOMACH; TAKES ABOUT 8 SECONDS

253
Q

WHAT ARE FUNCTIONS OF SALIVA

A

LUBRICATE FOOD; CLEANS ORAL CAVITY STRUCTURES; CATALYZE DIGESTION OF CARBS; INHIBIT BACTERIAL GROWTH; DISSOLVE FOOLD MOLECULES TO ALLOW FOR TASTE

254
Q

WHAT SOLUTES ARE FOUND IN SALIVA

A

ELECTROLYTES; LYSOZYME; MUCUS; SALIVARY AMYLASE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN A

255
Q

INNERMOST LINING OF STOMACH IS CALLED WHAT? COATED WITH WHAT?

A

MUCOSA; COATED WITH A PROTECTIVE LAYER OF ALKALINE MUCUS

256
Q

FOLDS OF MUCOSA IN STOMACH ARE CALLED

A

RUGAE; AID IN WHAT LITTLE MECHANICAL DIGESTION HAPPENS IN STOMACH; INCREASE SURFACE AREA OF STOMACH TO MAXIMIZE GASTRIC JUICE

257
Q

WHEN GASTRIC JUICE COMBINES WITH FOOD, A MIXTURE CALLED WHAT IS FORMED

A

CHYME

258
Q

TO RELEASE GASTRIC JUICE, THE MUCOSA MANUFACTURES WHAT

A

PEPSIN - INITIATES PROTEIN DIGESTION ?? DOULBLE CHECK THIS ONE

259
Q

MUCOSAL LINING OF STOMACH HAS WHAT 4 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CELLS

A

MUCOUS CELLS; CHIEF CELLS; PARIETAL CELLS; G CELLS

260
Q

MUSOUS CELLS OF STOMACH SECRETE WHAT

A

ALKALINE MUCUS TO PROTECT STOMACH LINING FROM ACIDIC GASTRIC JUICE

261
Q

CHIEF CELLS OF STOMACE SECRETE WHAT

A

PEPSINOGEN; AN INACTIVE ENZYME THAT REQUIRES HCL TO BE CONVERTED TO ACTIVE ENZYME PEPSIN

262
Q

PARIETAL CELLS OF STOMACH SECRETE WHAT

A

HCL (HYDROCHLORIC ACID); HCL HELPS CONCERT PEPSINOGEN INTO ACTIVE ENZYME PEPSIN

263
Q

G CELLS OF STOMACH SECRETE WHAT

A

SECRETE HORMONE GASTRIN; WHICH INCREASES SECRETION FROM CHIEF AND PARIETAL CELLS; ALSO INDUCES SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION IN STOMACH WALL

264
Q

MEN CAN PASS GAS (MUCOUS CELLS, CHIEF CELLS, PARIETAL CELLS, G CELLS)

A

MEN PASS HOT GAS (MUCUS, PEPSINOGEN, HCL, GASTRIN)

265
Q

GASTRIC MOTILITY

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS OF STOMACH WALL; REGULATED BY ANS AND HORMONE GASTRIN; WAVES OF PERISTALSIS MOVE THROUGH STOMACH REGULARLY

266
Q

WHERE DOES PERSTALSIS IN STOMACH BEGIN AND END

A

BEGIN AT LES AND CONTINUE TO PYLORIC SPHINCTER

267
Q

GASTRIC EMPTYING

A

MOVEMENT OF CHYME INTO DUODENUM

268
Q

WHAT STIMULI TRIGGER PROCESS OF GASTRIC EMPTYING

A

CAFFEINE, ALCOHOL, PARTIALLY DIGESTED PROTEINS, DISTENSION OF STOMACH WALL

269
Q

WHAT IS THE ENDOCRINE RESPONSE TO GASTRIC EMPTYING STIMULI? WHAT IS THE NERVOUS SYSTEM RESPONSE

A

INCREASE IN GASTRIN SECRETION; STIMULATION OF VAGUS NERVE; LES CLOSES AND PYLORIC OPENS

270
Q

DESCRIBE SMALL INTESTINE

A

HOLLOW MUSCULAR TUBE; 20 FEET; LINKS STOMACH TO LARGE INTESTINE; 3 PARTS DUODENUM (10 INCHES), JEJUNUM (8 FEET) , ILEUM (12 FEET)

271
Q

MESENTERY

A

VASCULAR SEROUS MEMBRANE THAT ANCHORS SMALL INTESTINE TO POSTERIOR WALL OF ABDOMINAL CAVITY

272
Q

WHAT ARE THE FOLDS IN THE SMALL INTESTINE

A

CIRCULAR FOLDS (PLICAE CIRCULARES), VILLI, MICROVILLI - ALL INCREASE SURFACE AREA TO BETTER FACILITY ABSORPTION

273
Q

WHAT ARE VILLI

A

SMALL FINGERLIKE PROJECTIONS COVERED BY SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM; CONTAINS GOBLET CELLS THAT SECRETE MUCUS

274
Q

MICROVILLIE - WHAT HAPPENS HERE

A

NUTRIENTS MUST PASS THROUGH MICROVILLI, THEN THROUGH THE CELL TO ENTER THE VILLUS

275
Q

WHAT IS IN THE VILLUS

A

BLOOD CAPILLARY AND A LYMPHATIC CAPILLARY CALLED A LACTEAL

276
Q

WHAT KINDS OF THINGS DOES THE SMALL INTESTINE ABSORB

A

WATER, VITAMINS, MINERALS, AMINO ACIDS, FATTY ACIDS, GLYCEROL, MONOSACCHARIDES, NUCELOTIDES

277
Q

SMALL INTESTINE IS MAJOR SITE OF WHAT

A

CHEMICAL DIGESTION AND NUTRIENT ABSORPTION

278
Q

THE MUSCULARIS LAYER DOES WHAT WHEN CONTRACTED

A

THE CIRCULAR LAYER PINCHES THE INTESTINE; THE LONGITUDINAL LAYER SHORTENS IT; THROUGH THE PROCESS OF PERISTALSIS AND SEGMENTATION, UNDIGESTED MATERIALS ARE MOVED ALONG

279
Q

AREAS OF DIGESTIVE TRACT WHERE PERISTALSIS OCCURS

A

ESOPHAGUS, STOMACH, SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINE

280
Q

AREA OF DIGESTIVE TRACT WHERE SEGMENTATION HAPPENS

A

SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINE

281
Q

PERISTALSIS

A

RYTHMIC WAVE OF SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION; RESULTS IN PROPULSION OF CHYME THROUGH DIGESTIVE TRACTS; IT IS AN ALTERNATING COORDINATION OF CIRCULAR AND LONGITUDINAL LAYERS OF MUSCLE IN MUSCULARIS LAYER

282
Q

WHAT HAPPENS IN PERISTALSIS (TUBE OF TOOTHPASTE)

A

THE CIRCULAR LAYER CONTRACTS BEHIND MASS OF MATERIAL, RESULT IS INTESTINE IS PINCHED TIGHTER; A LONGTIDUINAL LAYER IN FRONT OF PINCHED REGION CONTRACTS (MAKING IT SHORTER)

283
Q

WHAT IS SEGMENTATION

A

PINCHING OF INTESTINE INTO COMPARTMENTS TO AID MIXING OF CHYME WITH INTESTIONAL SECRETIONS

284
Q

WHAT HAPPENS IN SEGMENTATION (HAND MIXER)

A

CIRCULAR LAYER IS MORE ACTIVE THAN LONGITUDINAL LAYER; NO NET MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS OCCURS; CIRCULAR LAYER PINCHES OFF INTESTINE INTO SMALLER AND SMALLER SEGMENTS AS UNDIGESTED MATERIAL IS MOVED BACK AND FORTH (WASHING MACHINE); MATERIALS ARE MIXED WITH INTESTINAL SECRETIONS

285
Q

ABSORPTION

A

MOVEMENT OF SMALL DIGESTED SUBSTANCES INTO BLOOD OR LYMPH

286
Q

EACH CELL OF THE SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL CELLS OF SMALL INTESTINE CONTAIN HAVE WHAT TWO SURFACES THAT NUTRIENTS MUST PASS THROUGH

A

APICAL AND BASAL; NUTRIENTS MUST FIRST PASS THROUGH APICAL SURFACE THAT CONTAINS THE MICROVILLI; THEN THROUGH THE CYTOSOL; THEN CROSS THE BASAL SURFACE THAT LINES THE INSIDE OF THE VILLI

287
Q

WHAT IS THE NUTRIENT PATH

A

LUMEN - EPITHELIAL CELL - APICAL SURFACE - CYTOSOL - BASAL SURFACE - BLOOD OR LYMPH

288
Q

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF CHEMICAL DIGESTION

A

TO BREAK DOWN MACROMOLECULES INTO THEIR SIMPLEST BUILDING BLOCKS

289
Q

WHAT ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES

A

MONOSACCHARIDES

290
Q

WHAT ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS

A

AMINO ACIDS, DIPEPTIDES, TRIPEPTIDES

291
Q

WHAT ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF TRICLYCERIDES

A

MONOGLYCERIDES, FATTY ACIDS,

292
Q

WHAT PERCENTAGE OF ABSORPTION HAPPENS IN SMALL INTESTINE

A

90%

293
Q

WHY DOES 90% OF ABSORPTION HAPPEN IN SMALL INTESTINE

A

VILLI AND OTHER STRUCTURES MAKE IT ANATOMICALLY SPECIALIZED FOR THIS; FINAL PRODUCTS OF CATABOLISM ARE NOT EVEN PRESENT TILL THIS STAGE; 20 FOOT TUBE MAXIMIZES TIMES FOR ABSORPTION

294
Q

3 TYPES OF MONOSACCHARIDES

A

GLUCOSE, GALACTOSE, FRUCTOSE

295
Q

FRUCTOSE IS FOUND WHERE: HOW IS IT TRANSPORTED

A

FRUIT AND FRUIT JUICES; FACILITATED DIFFUSION ACROSS APICAL AND BASAL SURFACE

296
Q

HOW ARE GLUCOSE AND GALACTOSE TRANSRPORTED

A

SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT WITH SODIUM ION PUMP; SODIUM ION GRADIENT IS DRIVING FORCE FOR THESE TWO SUGARS TO CROSS APICAL SURFACE; ONCE INSIDE THE CELL, THEY CROSS BASAL SURFACE BY FACILITIATED DIFFUSION

297
Q

WHAT DO MOST AMINO ACIDS USE TO CROSS THE APICAL SURFACE

A

ACTIVE TRANSPORT; ALSO USE ACTIVE TRANSPORT ONCE INSIDE THE CELL TO CROSS THE BASAL SURFACE

298
Q

WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF LIPID

A

TRIGLYCERIDES

299
Q

HOW DO SHORT CHAIN FATTY ACIDS CROSS THE APICAL AND BASAL SURFACES

A

DIFFUSION; THEY ARE CHEMICALLY SIMILAR TO THE PHOSOPOLIPIDS IN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE OF THE CELL

300
Q

HOW DO LONG CHAIN FATTY ACIDS CROSS THE APICAL AND BASAL SURFACES

A

DIFFUSION THROUGH APICAL SURFACE, ONCE INSIDE THE CELL, THEY ARE FURTHER BROKEN DOWN INTO GLYCEROL AND SINGLE FATTY ACID CHAIN; THE GLYCEROL IS REASSEMBLED INTO A TRIGLYCERIDE (CHYLOMICRON) WHICH LEAVES THE CELL BY EXOCYTOSIS AND ENTER THE LACTEAL (TO LARGE TO ENTER BLOOD CAPILLARY)

301
Q

DO CHYLOMICRONS EVENTUALLY RETURN TO THE BLOOD

A

YES, THEY ARE DEPOSITED INTO BLOOD VIA LEFT SUBCLAVIAN VEIN

302
Q

CHYLOMICRON

A

TRIGLYCERIDE FORMED INSIDE EPITHELIAL CELL

303
Q

WHAT ARE TRIGLYCERIDES BROKEN DOWN INTO

A

THREE FATTY ACID CHAINS ARE BROKEN OFF FROM GLYCEROL BACKBONE; RESULTS IN A MONOGLYCERIDE AND FATTY ACIDS

304
Q

DESCRIBE THE PANCREAS

A

5-6 INCHES LONG; 3 SECTIONS - HEAD (WIDEST PORTION), BODY (CENTRAL REGION), TAIL (BLUNT TAPERING END); INDIVIDUAL NODES ARE CALLED LOBULES; INSIDE IS PANCREATIC DUCT (RUNS THROUGH MIDDLE OF GLAND AND TERMINATES AT DUODENUM) SMOOTH MUSCLE FORMS AROUND THIS OPENING TO FORM THE HEPATOPANCREATIC SPHINCTER

305
Q

HEPATOPANCREATIC SPHINCTER

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE OPENING TO DUODENUM FROM PANCREATIC DUCT THAT RUNS DOWN MIDDLE OF PANCREAS

306
Q

PANCREAS HAS DUAL FUNCTIONS AS

A

ENDOCRINE AND EXOCRINE GLAND

307
Q

ACINI CELLS OF PANCREAS (EXOCRINE PORTION)

A

PRODUCE WATERY SECRETIONS INTO PANCREATIC DUCT AND THEN INTO DUODENUM; AMYLASE; LIPASE; PROTEASES; NUCLEASES; PANCREATIC JUICES THAT GO THROUGH THE DUCT INTO DUODENUM TO AID IN BREAKING DOWN CYME

308
Q

PANCREATIC ISLETS (ISLETS OF LANGERHANS) - ENDOCRINE FUNCTION

A

RELEASE HORMONES; GLUCAGON; INSULIN; SOMATOSTATIN; PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE

309
Q

WHAT IS THE FIRST STEP IN LIPID DIGESTION

A

BILE; EMULSIFIES LIPIDS IN CHYME SO LIPASE CAN WORK

310
Q

LIVER HAS HOW MANY LOBES

A

2 MAJOR THE RIGHT AND LEFT; DIVIDED BY FALCIFORM LIGAMENT - INCLUDES THE ROUND LIGAMENT DERIVED FORM THE UMBICAL VEIN; 2 SMALLER LOBES = CAUDATE AND QUADRATE

311
Q

WHAT ANCHORS THE LIVER TO THE DIAPHRAGM

A

CORONARY LIGAMENT

312
Q

HEPATIC LOBULE

A

FUNDAMENTAL FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF LIVER; AT THE CENTER OF EACH LOBE IS A CENTRAL VEIN

313
Q

HEPATIC TRIAD

A

CLUSTER OF THREE VESSELS - HEPATIC ARTERY; BRANCH OF HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN; BILE DUCT

314
Q

WHAT CELLS IN THE LIVER PRODUCE BILE

A

HEPATOCYTES; DRAINS INTO BILE DUCTS TO BE TRANSPORTED TO GALLBLADDER FOR STORAGE

315
Q

MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF LIVER

A

SYNTHESIS OR PROTEINS, BILE, CLOTTING FACTORS; STORAGE OF IRON, GLYCOGEN, METABOLISM - CONVERTS GLUCOSE TO GLYCOGEN AND BACK; MAINTAINS BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS; DETOXIFIES ALCOHOL AND DRUGS; MAKES SUBSTANCE WATER SOLUBLE (CONJUGATION)

316
Q

WHAT HAPPENS IN THE LARGE INTESTINE

A

REABSORPTION OF WATER; ABSORPTION OF SOME VITAMINS; COMPACTING AND TEMPORARY STORAGE OF FECAL WASTE

317
Q

WHAT IS APPENDIX ALSO CALLED

A

VERMIFORM APPENDIX - VERMIFORM MEANS WORMLIKE

BIO 202 (14 decks)

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