ENDOCRINE Flashcards
(452 cards)
1
Q
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM EXERTS CONTROL OVER THE BODY BY
A
BY RELEASING HORMONES
2
Q
WHAT DOES THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM RELEASE’
A
HORMONES
3
Q
WHERE ARE HORMONES RELEASED INTO
A
THE BLOOD
4
Q
HORMONES ARE WHAT
A
CHEMICAL MESSENGERS
5
Q
CHEMICALLY HORMONES ARE CLASSIFIED AS EITHER
A
PEPTIDE/PROTEIN OR STEROID
6
Q
PEPTIDE/PROTEIN HORMONES ARE CHAINS OF
A
AMINO ACIDS THAT BIND TO THE RECEPTORS ON THE CELL SURFACES AT TARGET TISSUES
7
Q
AMINO ACIDS A LINKED WITH WHAT
A
PEPTIDE BONDS
8
Q
CELL MEMBRANE IS A
A
PHOSPHOLIPID BYLAYER
9
Q
PROTEIN HORMONES STIMULATE CHANGE IN WHAT
A
METABOLISM
10
Q
METABOLISM
A
ALL THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS GOING IN ON BODY TO MAINTAIN CHARACTERISITICS OF LIFE; MOVEMENT, CIRCULATION, ETC. SHOULD BE 10 OF THESE
11
Q
RECEPTOR IS JUST A PROTEIN WHERE
A
ON TARGET TISSUE/CELL
12
Q
EXAMPLES OF PEPTIDE/PROTEIN HORMONES
A
INSULIN Glucagon Thyrocalcitonin Pituitary hormones Hypothalamic hormones,
13
Q
INSULIN
A
CHANGES WAY WE METABOLIZE SUGAR
14
Q
ADH
A
ANITDIURETIC HORMONE MAKES YOU RETAIN WATER (ANTI MEANS AGAINST); THIS ALSO AFFECTS YOUR METABOLISM AS ALMOST ALL REACTIONS NEED H2O
15
Q
ILLNESS AND DISEASE CAN DO WHAT TO BLOOD SUGAR
A
RAISE BLOOD SUGAR
16
Q
WHAT IS A PEPTIDE BOND
A
THE BOND THAT HOLDS AMINO ACIDS TOGETHER
17
Q
WHAT ARE THE TWO SYSTEMS THAT REGULATE THE BODY
A
ENDOCRINE AND NERVOUS SYSTEM
18
Q
CHAINS OF AMINO ACIDS ARE WHICH PART OF THE STRUCTURE OF A HORMONE
A
THE PRIMARY STRUCTURE
19
Q
STEROID HORMONES ARE NOT PROTEINS THEY ARE
A
LIPIDS
20
Q
EXAMPLES OF STEROID HORMONES
A
ESTROGEN, TESTOSTERONE, PROGESTERONE
21
Q
STEROID HORMONES BIND TO RECEPTOR MOLECULES IN
A
THE CYTOPLASM OF THE CELL THAT ENTERS THE NUCLEUS
22
Q
IN THE NUCLEUS, STEROID HORMONES CHANGE
A
THE GENETIC MAKEUP OF THE CELL
23
Q
STRUCTURE DETERMINES
A
FUNCTION
24
Q
STEROIDS FIGHT WHAT
A
INFLAMMATION
25
DIENCEPHALON???
MID SAGITAL OF BRAIN???
26
WHAT IS THE NICKNAME OF THE PITUITARY GLAND
THE MASTER GLAND
27
INSULIN IS WHAT TYPE OF HORMONE
A PEPTIDE/PROTEIN HORMONE
28
INSULIN REGULATES WHAT
BLOOD SUGAR, CAUSES BLOOD SUGAR TO DROP - THE SUGAR GOES INTO THE CELLS TO BE USED TO MAKE ENERGY RT insulin-into cell
29
WHAT IS THE MAIN PURPOSE OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS AND REGULATE VARIOUS PROCESSES SUCH AS GROWTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
30
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM CONSISTS OF MANY DIFFERENT GLANDS CONTAINING
SPECIFIC CELLS THAT SYNTHESIZE AND RELEASE CHEMICAL MESSENGERS (HORMONES)
31
HORMONES ENTER THE BLOOD WHERE THEY TRAVEL TO WHAT
THE TARGET TISSUE/CELL
32
THE TARGET TISSUE/CELL HAS WHAT
A RECEPTOR FOR THAT SPECIFIC HORMONE
33
AFTER A HORMONE BINDS TO ITS RECEPTOR WHAT HAPPENS
IT INDUCES A RESPONSE IN THE TARGET TISSUE/CELL
34
WHAT ARE POSSIBLE RESPONSES OF THE TARGET TISSUE/CELL
SECRETE A NEW HORMONE; PRODUCE A NEW ENZYME; INHIBIT CELL FROM DOING A SPECIFIC FUNCTION
35
HORMONE BINDS ONLY TO A TARGET TISSUE/CELL THAT HAS WHAT
A SHAPE SPECIFIC RECEPTOR FOR THE HORMONE
36
GLANDS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
PITUITARY; PINEAL; PARATHYROID; PANCREAS; GONADS; ADRENAL; THYROID Peter paid Paul pretty Good and twice
37
STEROID HORMONES ARE LIPID SOLUBLE AND SYNTHESIZED FROM
CHOLESTEROL
38
BECAUSE STEROID HORMONES ARE LIPID SOLUBLE AND MUST BE TRANSPORTED THROUGH THE WATERY BLOOD, THEY NEED
SPECIAL TRANSPORTERS CALLED PROTEIN CARRIERS
39
PROTEIN CARRIERS PREVENT HORMONES FROM BEING
DEGRADED BY ENZYMES IN THE BLOOD
40
WHAT HAPPENS ONCE HORMONES REACH THEIR TARGET TISSUE/CELL steroid
ENTER NUCLEUS TO STIMULATE DNA TO BEGIN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
41
TWO KEY FEATURES OF STEROID HORMONES
SLOWER ACTION AND NO AMPLIFICATION
42
EXPAND ON SLOWER ACTION OF STEROID HORMONES
PRODUCE A RESPONSE IN HOURS OR DAYS AFTER INITIAL BINDING WITH ITS RECEPTOR; SLOWER THAN NONSTEROIDAL HORMONE protein hormones
43
EXPAND ON NO AMPLIFICATION OF STEROID HORMONE
EFFECTS PRODUCED ARE PROPORTIONAL TO AMOUNT OF HORMONE SECRETED; IE A GREATER AMOUNT OF HORMONE IS NEEDED TO INDUCE A RESPONSE COMPARED WITH A NONSTEROID protein
44
WHICH ARE THE STEROID HORMONES
ALDOSTERONE; CORTISOL; ADROGENS (TESTOSTERONE; ESTROGEN; PROGESTERONE
45
WHAT ARE THE TARGET TISSUES/CELLS OF ALDOSTERONE; CORTISOL AND THE ANDROGENS
ADRENAL GLANDS (CORTEX)
46
WHAT ARE THE TARGET TISSUES OF TESTOSTERONE
TESTES
47
WHAT ARE THE TARGET TISSUES OF ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE
OVARIES
48
WHAT ARE THE TARGET TISSUES OF CALCITRIOL
KIDNEYS
49
STEROID HORMONE TRAVLES THROUGH THE BODY WITH THE HELP OF WHAT
PROTEIN CARRIER
50
ONCE THE HORMONE IS RELEASED FROM THE PROTEIN CARRIER THE HORMONE DOES WHAT
DIFFUSES THROUGH THE PLASMA MEMBRANE INTO THE CYTOPLASM AND INTO THE NUCLEUS THROUGH THE NUCLEAR PORE
51
WHAT DOES THE HORMONE DO ONCE INSIDE THE NUCLEUS
THE HORMONE BINDS WITH ITS HORMONE RECEPTOR
52
HORMONE RECEPTOR COMPLEX
THE RESULT OF THE HORMONE BINDING WITH ITS HORMONE RECEPTOR INSIDE THE NUCLEUS
53
WHAT DOES THE HORMONE RECEPTOR COMPLEX DO
BINDS TO A SHAPE-SPECIFIC RECEPTOR ON DNA LIKE A KEY IN THE LOCK
54
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THE HORMONE RECEPTOR COMPLEX BINDS WITH ITS SHAPE-SPECIFIC RECEPTOR ON DNA
IT STIMULATES DNA TO BEGIN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS;
55
WHAT HAPPENS IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
DNA MAKES A COPY OF ITSELF AS A SINGLE STRANDED MOLECULE (mRNA); THE mRNA IS ABLE TO LEAVE THE NUCLEUS THROUGH THE NUCLEAR PORE; BINDS TO RIBOSOME (PROTEIN FACTORY IN THE CELL) IN CYTOPLASM; THE RIBOSOME FOLLOWS THE INSTRUCTIONS AND STARTS LINKING FREE AMINO ACIDS TO FORM A NEW PROTEIN
56
WHAT IS THE PROTEIN FACTORY IN THE CELL
THE RIBOSOME
57
NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES ARE _________SOLUBLE
WATER SOLUBLE AND EASILY TRANSPORTED THROUGH THE BLOOD; MANY ARE PROTECTED BY PROTEIN CARRIERS TO PREVENT DEGRADATION FROM ENZYMES IN THE BLOOD
58
NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES BIND TO WHAT
AT RECEPTORS LOCATED AT THE PLASMA MEMBRANE - THIS TRIGGERS A CASCADE INSIDE THE CELL THAT LEADS TO CELLULAR CHANGES
59
TWO KEY FEATURES OF NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES
RAPID ACTION; AMPLIFICATION
60
EXPAND ON RAPID ACTION OF NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES
PRODUCE A RESPONSE WITHIN SECONDS OR MINUTES AFTER HORMONE INITIALLY BINDS TO ITS RECEPTOR
61
EXPAND ON AMPLIFICATION OF NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES
THE CHAIN REACTION IN THE CELL AMPLIFIES THE EFFECTS OF THE HORMONE; A LITTLE HORMONE PRODUCES A BIG RESPONSE
62
FOUR DIFFERENT CHEMICAL CATEGORIES OF NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES
PROTEINS; GLYCOPROTEINS; PEPTIDES; AMINO ACID DERIVATIVES
63
EXS OF PROTEIN ON-STEROIDAL HORMONES
INSULIN; GLUCAGON; GROWTH HORMONE(GH)
64
EXS OF GLYCOPROTEIN NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES
FOLLICLE STIMULATIN HORMONE(FSH); LUTEINIZING HORMONE(LH)
65
EXS OF PEPTIDE NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE(ADH); AND OXYTOCIN(OT)
66
EXS OF AMINO ACID DERIVATIVES NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES
EPINEPHRINE; NOREPINEPHRINE; AND THYROXINE(T4)
67
??
MEMBRANE RECEPTORS FOR THE HORMONE
68
NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES BIND WITH THE MEMBRANE RECEPTORS TO FORM WHAT
HORMONE RECEPTOR COMPLEX
69
WITH NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES, THE HORMONE RECEPTOR COMPLEX IS REFERRED TO AS WHAT
THE FIRST MESSENGER
70
WHY IS IT CALLED THE FIRST MESSENGER
BECAUSE IT BEGINS THE CHAIN REACTION WITHIN THE TARGET TISSUE/CELL
71
MANY HORMONE RECEPTOR COMPLEXES TRIGGER THIS PROTEIN
G PROTEINS - THEY ARE CONVERTED FROM AN INACTIVE TO ACTIVATED FORM
72
ACTIVATED G PROTEINS DO WHAT
TRIGGER AN ENZYME CALLED ADENYLATE CYCLASE TO BECOME ACTIVATED
73
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF ADENYLATE CYCLASE
TO CATALYZE THE CONVERSION OF ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP) INTO CYCLIC AMP (cAMP)
74
cAMP ACTS AN ENZYME TO CATALYZE THE CONVERSION OF WHAT
CATALYZE THE CONVERSION OF AN INACTIVE PROTEIN KINASE INTO AN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE
75
ENZYMES ARE JUST
CATALYSTS
76
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF ANY KINASE
TO TRANSFER A PHOSPHATE GROUP FROM ONE SUBSTANCE TO ANOTHER
77
cAMP IS ALSO CALLED THE WHAT
SECOND MESSENGER
78
WHY IS cAMP CALLED THE SECOND MESSENGER
BECAUSE IT IS A CRITICAL PLAYER IN THE CHAIN REACTION OF NON-STEROIDAL HORMONES
79
WHAT MUST BE REACHED IN A CELL FOR A RESPONSE TO BE INDUCED FROM A NON-STEROIDAL HORMONE
A THRESHOLD LEVEL OF cAMP???
80
WHAT DOES ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE DO
IT TRANSFERS A PHOSPHATE GROUP FROM ATP ONTO A PROTEIN
81
WHAT IS A PHOSPHORYLATED PROTEIN
A PROTEIN THAT HAS HAD AN ATP TRANSFERRED ONTO IT
82
PHOSPHORYLATED PROTEINS EVENTUALLY PRODUCE WHAT
CELLULAR CHANGES WITHIN THE TARGET CELL
83
WHAT IS THE FINAL FATE OF cAMP
IT IS EITHER DEACTIVATED WITHIN THE TARGET CELL OR IT DIFFUSES OUT OF THE CELL
84
WHAT ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS
AMINO ACIDS
85
HOW ARE AMINO ACIDS LINKED TOGETHER
WITH A PEPTIDE BOND
86
PROTEINS ARE CHAINS OF ______ THAT LOOK FOR WHAT
AMINO ACIDS; LOOK FOR RECEPTORS ON TARGET TISSUE/CELL
87
RECEPTORS ARE ALSO WHAT
PROTEINS
88
HYPOPHYSIS
PITUITARY GLAND - SMALL GLAND LOCATED ON A STALK HANGING FROM THE BASE OF THE BRAIN
89
STALK HANGING FROM THE BASE OF THE BRAIN THAT HOLDS THE PITIUTARY IS CALLED THE
in·fun·dib·u·lum
90
THE MASTER GLAND OR PITUITARY GLAND/HYPOPHYSIS IS CONTROLLED BY THE
HYPOTHALAMUS
91
PITUITARY GLAND IS WHERE IN THE CHAIN OF EVENTS
INSIDE
92
WHAT IS THE TARGET TISSUE OF THE HORMONES RELEASED BY THE HYPOTHALAMUS
THE PITUITARY GLAND
93
PRIMARY FUNCTION OF MASTER GLAND
TELL OTHER GLANDS WHAT TO DO
94
WHY IS PITUITARY GLAND CAUSED THE MASTER GLAND
TELLS OTHER GLANDS/TARGET TISSUES WHAT TO DO
95
MASTER GLAND PRODUCES MANY ______; SECRETION IS CONTROLLED BY ___________
HORMONES; HYPOTHALAMUS
96
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK HAVE NOTHING TO DO WITH
GOOD AND BAD
97
HYPOTHALLAMUS CONTROLS THE
PITIUTARY GLAND
98
HYPOTHALAMUS IS LOCATE IN THE
DIENCEPHALON??
99
TROPIC HORMONES
CHAIN REACTIONS WILL OCCUR EX HYPHTHALAMUS TO PITUITARY TO TARGET TISSU/CELL
100
TWO TYPES OF FEEDBACKS
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK; HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH GOOD OR BAD
101
HYPOTHALAMUS HORMONES
GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE; GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE; PROLACTIN RELEASING HORMONE; PROLACTIN INHIBITING HORMONE; PROLACTIN RELEASING HORMONE; PROLACTIN INHIBITING HORMONE; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE
102
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK CAN DO WHAT
STOP OR REVERSE CURRENT TREND; BRING BODY BACK TO HOMEOSTASIS; RETURN TO HOMEOSTASIS;
103
EX OF POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP
BIRTH
104
ANYTHING THAT COMES FROM THE ADRENAL CORTEX IS A
STEROID
105
TROPIC MEANS
CHAIN REACTIONS WILL OCCUR EX HYPHTHALAMUS TO PITUITARY TO TARGET TISSU/CELL
106
HYPOTHALAMUS IS RELEASING THE ACTUAL HORMONES THEMSELVES; TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
107
THYROTROPIN HORMONE TARGETS WHAT TISSUE
THYROID
108
GONADOTROPIN HORMONE TARGETS WHAT TISSUE
GONADS
109
PROLACTIN RELEASING HORMONE TARGETS WHAT TISSUE
MAMMARY GLANDS
110
CORTICOTROPIN HORMONE TARGETS WHAT TISSUE
ADRENAL CORTEX
111
CORTICO IS ALWAYS WHAT TYPE OF HORMONE
STEROID
112
adenohypophysis
the anterior part of the pituitary gland that is derived from the embryonic pharynx and is primarily glandular in nature. — called also anterior lobe, anterior pituitary.
113
neu·ro·hy·poph·y·sis
the posterior lobe of the hypophysis (pituitary gland), which stores and releases oxytocin and vasopressin produced in the hypothalamus.
114
WHAT DOES THE GROWTH RELEASING HORMONE AND THE GROWTH INHIBITING HORMONE TELL THE PITUITARY
TELLS THE PITUITARY TO RELEASE GROWTH HORMONE; TELLS THE PITUITATY TO STOP RELEASING THE GROWTH HORMONE
115
THE TARGET TISSUE FOR ALL HORMONES RELEASED BY THE HYPOTHALAMUS
THE PITUITARY GLAND
116
WHAT TWO HORMONES ARE STORED IN THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS; WHERE ARE THEY MADE
OXYTOCIN (OT) AND ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) OR VASOPRESSIN; MADE IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS
117
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) IS ALSO KNOWN AS
VASOPRESSIN
118
NERVE IMPULSES FROM THE HYPOTHALAMUS REGULATE SECRETION OF WHICH TWO HORMONES
OXYTOCIN (OT) AND ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) OR VASOPRESSIN
119
HOW IS THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY REGULATING WHAT IT STORES AND RELEASES
BY NERVE IMPULSES BY THE HYPOTHALAMUS
120
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS PRIMARILY REGULATES WHAT
OTHER ENDOCRINE GLANDS
121
THIS PART OF THE PITUITARY IS RARELY A FACTOR IN ENDOCRINE EMERGENCIES
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
122
THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY (ADENOHYPOPHYSIS) IS REGULATED BY HORMONES RELEASED BY
THE HYPOTHALAMUS
123
THE TWO AREAS OF THE PITUITARY ARE COMPLETELY DIFFERENT IN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION: TRUE OF FALSE
TRUE
124
THIS PAIN RELEIVING PROCEDURE CAN CAUSE CONTRACTIONS
EPIDURAL
125
THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS IS REGULATED BY WHILE THE ADENOPHYSIS IS REGULATED BY
NERVE IMPULSES OF HYPOTHALAMUS VS HORMONES RELEASED BY THE HYPOTHALAMUS
126
OXYTOCIN IS THE NATURAL FORM OF
PITOCIN
127
WHAT IS THE TARGET TISSUE OF OXYTOCIN
UTERUS AND MAMMARY GLANDS; UTERINE CONTRACTIONS; LET DOWN MILK (NOT PUMPING OR MAKING MILK-THAT IS ANOTHER HORMONE); ALSO CRAMPING DURING MENSTRUAL CYCLE
128
PITOCIN IS WHAT TYPE OF HORMONE
SYNTHETIC HORMONE
129
WHAT ARE THE KEY FUNCTIONS OF OXYTOCIN
MAKES UTERUS CONTRACT TO HELP PUSH BABY OUT; LETS MILK DOWN
130
SYNTHETIC HORMONES ARE MORE HARSH ON THE BODY THAN NATURAL HORMONES: TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
131
WHAT ARE THE OTHER TWO NAMES FOR ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES (ADH)
VASOPRESSIN;
132
WHAT IS TARGET TISSUE FOR ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
KIDNEYS
133
WHAT ARE KEY FUNCTIONS OF ADH
TELLS KIDNEYS TO HOLD ONTO WATER
134
VASO MEANS WHAT
VASCULAR (ARTERIES/VEINS)
135
PRESSIN MEANS WHAT
PRESSURE
136
WHAT HAPPENS IN DEHYDRATION
KIDNEYS HAVE TO WORK HARDER; PUTS MORE STRESS ON ARTERIES AND VEINS
137
KIDNEYS HAVING TO WORK HARDER IMPACTS WHAT
BLOOD PRESSURE
138
DIURECTIC MEANS WHAT
LOSES H2O
139
PITOCIN - A SYNTHETIC HORMONE - CAN MAKE THIS WORSE
LABOR/CONTRACTIONS
140
WHY IS IT DANGEROUS TO BE DEHYDRATED
KIDNEYS ARE NOT RELEASING WASTES
141
ANTIDIURETIC MEANS WHAT
HOLD H2O
142
WHAT ARE THE TWO NAMES FOR TSH
THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE; THYROTROPIN
143
WHAT IS TARGET TISSUE FOR THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)
THYROID
144
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)
STIMULATE THYROID
145
EVERY CHAIN REACTION STARTS WHERE
THE HYPOTHALAMUS
146
WHAT ARE THE OTHER TWO NAMES FOR GROWTH HORMONE (GH)
GROWTH HORMONE
147
WHAT IS THE TARGET TISSUE OF GROWTH HORMONE (GH)
WHOLE BODY
148
WHAT ARE THE KEY FUNCTIONS GROWTH HORMONE (GH)
TISSUE GROWTH/CELL DIVISION
149
WHAT DOES CORTICO MEAN
CORTEX
150
ACTH IS
ad·re·no·cor·ti·co·tro·pic
151
WHAT IS THE TARGET TISSUE OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE
ADRENAL CORTEX
152
EVERYTHING IN THE ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS (ADENOHYPOPHYSIS) COMES FROM WHERE
HYPROTHALAMUS
153
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE
SECRETION OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS
154
WHAT IS FSH
FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH)
155
WHAT IS LH
LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH)
156
WHAT ARE THE TARGET TISSUES OF FHS AND LH
THE GONADS
157
WHAT ARE THE KEY FUNCTIONS OF FSH AND LH
TELLS GONADS TO SECRETE HORMONES (EGGS AND SPERM) ??
158
WHAT IS PRL
PROLACTIN RELEASING HORMONE (PRL)
159
WHAT IS THE TARGET TISSUE OF PRL
MAMMARY GLANDS
160
WHAT ARE THE KEY FUNCTIONS OF PRL
KEEP BREAST MILK PUMPING
161
WHERE DOES PRL COME FROM
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
162
PINEAL GLAND IS LOCATED WHERE
DEEP IN THE INTERIOR OF THE BRAIN; BATHED IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; CALCIFIES WITH AGE; MORE TOWARDS THE BACK OF THE BRAIN
163
WHAT HORMONE DOES PINEAL GLAND SECRETE
MELATONIN
164
PINEAL GLAND IS PART OF WHICH THALAMUS
THE EPITHALAMUS
165
One particular nomenclature that refers to the duality of the brain is the
DIENCEPHALON
166
WHERE IS THE HYPOTHALAMUS, THE EPITHALAMUS; AND THE THALAMUS LOCATED
DIENCEPHALON
167
The diencephalon is comprised of the:
EPITHALAMUS; THALAMUS; SUBTHALAMUS; METATHALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS
168
WHAT IS THE TARGET TISSUE OF MELATONIN
THE BRAIN
169
MELATONIN IS ALSO CALLED THE _______HORMONE
SLEEP HORMONE
170
WHAT IS KEY FUNCTION OF MELATONIN
REGULATES OUR SLEEP (CIRCADIAN RHTHYMS) MELATONIN INCREASES DURING EVENINGS/NIGHT AND DROPS DURING DAY
171
EXPLAIN THE PATTERN OF HOW MELATONIN WORKS
LIGHT ACTIVATES MELATONIN; SO TV/SCREEN TIME CAN MESS WITH IT?? EXPAND ON THIS; SURING DAY WE SHOULD BE AWAKE; AT NIGHT SHOULD BE ASLEEP; LESS LIGHT (IE CLOUDY DAY) FEEL MORE TIRED
172
WHAT HAPPENS TO THE PINEAL GLAND AS WE GET OLDER
IT CALCIFIES AND PRODUCES LESS MELATONIN; AS WE GET OLDER WE BECOME MORE SENSITIVE TO LIGHT; WHY OLDER PEOPLE MAY SLEEP LESS
173
WHAT EFFECT TO MELATONIN SUPPLEMENTS HAVE ON OUR BODIES
THEY CAN CAUSE OUR BODIES TO PRODUCE LESS MELATONIN
174
WHAT CERTAIN POPULATIONS MAY BE IMPACTED WITH REGARD TO MELATONIN AND WHY
THE BLIND; NO LIGHT TO EVER ACTIVATE MELATONIN; ALSO VERY DIFFICULT FOR PEOPLE WHO WORK AT NIGHT; PLACES WHERE THERE IS NOT A LOT OF LIGHT
175
CIRCADIAN RYTHYMS
EXPAND ON THIS
176
WHERE IS THE THYROID GLAND LOCATED
ANTERIOR PORTION OF NECK BELOW
177
HOW MANY LOBES DOES THE THYROID GLAND HAVE
2
178
HOW ARE THE LOBES OF THE THYROID JOINED
THE ISTHMUS - A NARROW BAND OF TISSUE
179
SACS INSIDE THE THYROID GLAND FILLED WITH WHAT FLUID
COLLOID
180
WHAT TYPE OF CELLS ARE AROUND THE COLLOID
THYROID FOLLICULAR CELLS
181
Thyroid follicular cells (thyrocytes OR THYROID EPITHELIAL CELLS) form
form a simple cuboidal epithelium and are arranged in spherical thyroid follicles surrounding a fluid filled space known as the colloid. They form the single layer of cuboidal epithelium that makes up the outer structure of the almost spherical thyroid follicle.
182
Thyroid follicular cells (thyrocytes OR THYROID EPITHELIAL CELLS) ARE THE MAJOR CELL TYPE IN THE THYROID GLAND AND PRODUCE AND SECRETE WHAT
the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).
183
T3
TRIIODOTHYRONINE; tri-i-o-do-thy-ro-nine
184
T4
tetraiodothy-ro-nine
185
WHAT CAUSES BUMPY LOOK OF THYROID
??
186
WHAT MINERAL IS REQUIRED FOR T3 AND T4 TO WORK PROPERLY
IODINE
187
HOW MOST OF GET THE MINERAL FILL THIS IN
IODIZED TABLE SALT; NOT ALL SALTS (EX HIMYLAYAN SEA SALT) MAY NOT HAVE IODINE; FISH HAVE A LOT OF IODINE
188
WITHIN THE COLLOID ARE THE THYROID HORMONES
T3 AND T4
189
WHAT ARE THE TWO OTHER NAMES FOR T4
tetraiodothy-ro-nine; THYROXINE
190
WHAT IS THE OTHER NAME FOR T3
TRIIODOTHYRONINE; tri-i-o-do-thy-ro-nine
191
WHEN T3 AND T4 ARE RELEASED; WHAT ARE THEY RELEASED INTO
THE BLOOD; EXOCRINE GLAND
192
WHAT IS THE TARGET TISSUE OF T3 AND T4
??
193
WHAT IS THE KEY FUNCTION OF T3 AND T4
SPEEDS UP METABOLISM
194
"C" CELLS WITHIN THE THYROID PRODUCE WHAT HORMONE
CALCITONIN
195
WHAT IS THE OTHER NAME FOR "C" CELLS
PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS
196
ARE THE THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLANDS THE SAME GLANDS
NO
197
WHY IS IT GOOD THAT EXTREME COLD CAN ACTIVATE THYROID GLAND
INCREASED METABOLISM WILL HELP KEEP US WARM ? CONFIRM THIS
198
ARE C CELLS THE SAME AS THE FOLLICULAR CELLS
NO
199
CALCITONIN COMES FROM WHAT GLAND
THYROID
200
WHAT DOES CALCITONIN DO
TONES YOUR BONES; ; ACTIVATES OSTEOBLASTS
201
WHAT IS IT CALLED IF YOU HAVE INADEQUATE LEVELS OF THYROID HORMONES (BELOW NORMAL LEVELS)
HYPOTHYROIDISM
202
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF
FACIAL BLOATING; WEAKNESS; COLD INTOLERANCE; LETHARGIC; ALTERED MENTAL STATUS; OILY SKIN/HAIR; WEIGHT GAIN
203
WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR LOW THYROID HORMONE LEVELS
MEDS; SYNTHROID OR GENERIC LEVOTHYROXINE - SYNTHETIC VERSION OF T3 AND T4
204
WHAT DO OSTEOBLASTS DO
BUILD BONE; MAKE BONE STRONGER
205
WHY IS IT GOOD TO HAVE HIGH BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS
ALLOWS YOU TO STORE UP CALCIUM FOR DAY WHEN YOU DO NOT HAVE ENOUGH CALCIUM
206
COLD INTLOERANCE MEANS
FEELS LIKE COLD HURTS THEIR BONES
207
CALCITONIN IS EXO OR ENDO
ENDOCRINE; RELEASED DIRECTLY INTO BLOOD
208
HOW DOES BODY STORE CALCIUM
BY C CELLS RELEASING CALCITONIN INTO BLOOD; ACTIVATES OSTEOBLASTS WHICH BUILD BONE (IE STORE CALCIUM)
209
IS HYPOTHYROIDISM GENETIC
YES
210
HORMONAL PROBLEMS CAN CAUSE AN EMOTIONAL TOLL BECAUSE
IT IS A CHEMICAL IMBALANCE
211
WHAT IS IT CALLED IF YOU HAVE INCREASED THYROID HORMONE RELEASE
HYPERTHYROIDISM
212
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HYPERTHYROIDISM
INSOMNIA; FATIGUE; TACHYCARDIA; HYPERTENSION; HEAT INTOLERANCE; WEIGHT LOSS
213
TACHYCARDIA
FAST HEART RATE
214
HYPERTENSION
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
215
HEAT INTOLERANCE MEANS
CANNOT STAND HEAT
216
LONG TERM HYPERTHYROIDISM CAN CAUSE
EXOPHTHALMOS
217
WHAT IS THYROTOXICOSIS
THYROID HAS BECOME TOXIC; TO MUCH T3 AND T4; a condition in which you have too much thyroid hormone in your body
218
EXOPHTHALMOS/Exophthalmos
known as proptosis, is the medical term for bulging or protruding eyeballs
219
WHAT IS MOST SEVERE FORM OF HYPERTHYROIDISM
THYROTOXICOSIS
220
WHAT IS TREATMENT OF HYPERTHYROIDISM
USUALLY KILL OFF PART OF THYROID (RADIATION); IE KILL OFF SOME FOLLICES AND DESTROY SOME COLLOID; CAN KILL OF TOO MUCH AND THEN HYPOTHYROIDISM(MEDS)
221
WHERE ARE THE PARATHYROID GLANDS
ENMBEDDED IN THYROID
222
WHAT DO THE PARATHYROID GLANDS LOOK LIKE
LITTLE PEAS
223
HOW MANY PARATHYROID GLANDS ARE THERE
4 SEPARATE GLANDS
224
WHAT DOES THE PARATHYROID GLANDS PRODUCE
PTH - PARATHYROID HORMONE
225
WHAT DOES PTH DO
ACTIVATES OSTEOCLASTS
226
WHAT IS HYPOCALCEMIA
CALCIUM LEVELS ARE TO LOW; CAN RESULT FROM DAMAGE TO PARATHYROID GLANDS
227
WHEN DOES HYPOCALCEMIA OCCUR
??
228
WHY DOES HYPOCALCEMIA OCCUR
USUALLY AS A RESULT OF DAMAGE TO PARATHYROID GLANDS
229
OSTEOCLASTS DO WHAT
BREAK DOWN BONE; THEREFORE RELEASING CALCIUM INTO BLOODSTREAM AND RAISES BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS
230
WHEN BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS ARE LOW WHAT HORMONE IS RELEASED
PARATHYROID HORMONE IS RELEASED BY PARATHYROID GLANDS
231
TO MUCH PTH CAN LEAD TO
OSTEOPOROSIS (BRITTLE BONES)
232
Osteoporosis
CAUSES BRITTLE AND WEAK BONES
233
CACLIUM CANNOT BE ABSORBED WITHOUT THIS VITAMIN
VITAMIN D
234
WHERE IS THE THYMUS LOCATED
LOCATED IN THE me·di·as·ti·num / IS SUPERIOR TO THE HEART/ The anterior mediastinum TO BE PRECISE
235
WHAT HORMONE DOES THE THYMUS PRODUCE
The thymus produces all our T cells before we become teenagers. The thymus also produces a hormone called thymosin that helps make and develop T cells. ALSO PRODUCES Thymopoietin AND THYMULIN
236
WHAT IS THE TARGET TISSUE OF
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM?? CONFIRM THIS
237
WHAT IS THE KEY FUNCTION OF
HELPS DEVELOP THE IMMUNE SYSTEM/LYMPHATIC SYSTEM (T CELLS)
238
WHAT HAPPENS AS WE AGE BOTH ANATOMICALLY AND PHYSIOLOGICALLY
THE THYMUS GLAND GETS SMALLER AND SMALLER. It gradually becomes less active and eventually gets smaller and is replaced by fat tissue
239
WHY IS ___ IMPORTANT FOR CHILDREN
BECAUSE CHILDREN DO NOT HAVE AN IMMUNE SYSTEM WHEN THEY ARE BORN; ONLY IMMUNITY HAVE AT BIRTH IS THE NATURAL PASSIVE IMMUNITY PASSED FROM MOTHER WHICH IS ONLY TEMPORARY
240
WHY ARE T CELLS CALLED T CELLS
BECAUSE THEY MATURE IN THE THYMUS
241
WHERE IS THE PANCREAS LOCATED
DEEP IN ABDOMINAL CAVITY; BEHIND STOMACH AND IN FOLDS OF DUODENUM (IN FOLDS OF THE DUODENUM)
242
DUODENUM
The duodenum, the first and shortest section of the small intestine, is a key organ in the digestive system.
243
DOES PANCREAS HAVE BOTH EXOCRINE AND ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS
YES
244
WHAT ARE THE SPECIALIZED TISSUES THAT ALLOW THE ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS
islet of langerhans
245
WHAT ARE THE THREE TYPES OF CELLS IN THIS SPECIALIZED TISSUE
ALPHA; BETA; DELTA
246
WHAT HORMONE DO ALPHA CELLS SECRETE
GLUCAGON
247
WHAT HORMONE DO BETA CELLS SECRETE
INSULIN
248
WHAT HORMONE DO BETA CELLS SECRETE
Somatostatin; ALSO CALLED growth hormone-inhibiting hormone; A PEPTIDE OR PROTEIN
249
ALPHA CELLS RELEASE WHAT HORMONE
GLUCAGON
250
WHAT FUNCTION DOES GLUCAGON HAVE
INCREASE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL
251
WHAT DOES GLUCOSE + O2 PRODUCES WHAT
ATP + CO2
252
WHEN DOES THIS OCCUR
WHEN BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS DROP
253
WHERE IS THE TARGET TISSUE FOR GLUCAGON HORMONE
LIVER
254
WHY IS THE LIVER THE TARGET TISSUE
BECAUSE THE LIVER HAS STORED SUGAR (GLYCOGEN)
255
WHAT IS GLYCOGEN
STORED GLUCOSE
256
WHEN BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL IS HIGH WHAT HAPPENS
GLUCAGON IS STORED IN LIVER BUT AS GLYCOGEN
257
WHAT IS THE NAME FOR THE PROCESS IN WHICH GLYCOGEN MADE (IE TURNS GLUCOSE INTO GLYCOGEN)
glycogenesis
258
WHAT IS GLYCOGEN MADE FROM
GLUCOSE
259
CAN GLYCOGEN BE RELEASED INTO THE BLOOD
NO
260
WHAT IS THE PROCESS THAT TURNS GLYCOGEN BACK TO GLUCOSE FOR RELEASE
Glycogenolysis
261
IF NO AVAILABLE CARBOHYDRATE MOLECULES ARE AVAILABLE, WHAT CAN THE LIVER DO
CAN MAKE CARBS FROM NON-CARB MOLECULES
262
WHAT IS THIS CALLED
Gluconeogenesis
263
WHY DOES GLYCOGEN HAVE TO BE TURNED BACK INTO GLUCOSE BEFORE RELEASE INTO THE BLOOD
BECAUSE GLYCOGEN CANNOT BE RELEASED INTO THE BLOOD
264
Gluconeogenesis
formation of new glucose molecules in the body as opposed to glucose that is broken down from the long storage molecule
265
CAN YOU LIVE WITHOUT CARBS
NO; LIVER CANNOT MAKE CARBS INDEFINATELY
266
WHY IS KETO DIET DANGEROUS
BECAUSE IT IS AN ALL FAT DIET; BODY FORGETS WHAT TO DO WHEN IT FINALLY DOES RECEIVE CARBS; ALL THE FAT GOES INTO ARTERIES AND VEINS
267
WHAT IS STORED GLUCOSE
GLYCOGEN
268
WHAT HORMONE IS RELEASED BY BETA CELLS
INSULIN
269
WHAT IS THE TARGET TISSUE OF INSULIN
EVERY BODY CELL; ONCE GLUCOSE IS IN THE CELL IT CREATES ATP
270
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF INSULIN
LOWER BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL (WANT TO GET GLUCOSE FROM BLOOD INTO CELLS); TELLS CELLS TO LET GLUCOSE IN
271
WHAT IS THE HELPER THAT ALLOWS/TELLS TO ACCEPT GLUCOSE WHICH IS NORMALLY TO BIG OF A MOLECULE TO DIFFUSE INTO CELL
INSULIN
272
WHAT IS THIS CALLED
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
273
HOW OFTEN IS INSULIN SECRETED
CONSTANTLY
274
WHY
TO MAKE SURE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS ARE AT RIGHT LEVEL (SO CELLS DON'T HAVE TO WAIT TO ACCEPT GLUCOSE); BECAUSE LIVER IS CONSTANTLY BURNING OFF INSULIN;
275
PROBLEMS WITH INSULIN CAN LEAD TO
DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2
276
DELTA CELLS PRODUCE WHAT HORMONE
Somatostatin
277
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF ___HORMONE
TO INHIBIT GLUCAGON AND INSULIN
278
WHAT TYPE OF MOLECULE IS GLUCOSE
monosaccharide
279
WHY CAN IT BE A BATTLE FOR BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS
ALPHA AND DELTA CELLS ARE ANTAGONIST; ??? ASK FOR CONFIRMATION
280
WHAT IS OTHER NAME OF SOMATOSTATIN
GROWTH HORMONE INHIBITING HORMONE
281
SOMATOSTATIN IS PRODUCED IN ______; BUT SECRETED BY DELTA CELLS
??
282
WHERE ARE THE ADRENAL GLANDS
SUPERIOR TO THE KIDNEYS; THERE IS A RIGHT AND LEFT ADRENAL GLAND; ASLO CALLED SUPRA RENAL GLANDS
283
HOW MANY ADRENAL GLANDS ARE THERE
2
284
EACH _____HAS DIVISIONS THAT HAVE
2 - EACH DIVISION HAS A DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS (ADRENAL CORTEX AND ADRENAL MEDULLA)
285
ADRENALL MEDULLA SECRETES WHAT TYPE OF HORMONE
catecholamine
286
WHAT ARE EXAMPLES OF HORMONES SECRETED BY ADRENAL MEDULLA
Dopamine(FEEL GOOD - RELEASED WHEN EXERCISE), epinephrine (adrenaline), and norepinephrine
287
WHICH PART OF THE NERVOUSE SYSTEM ARE _____HORMONES RELATED TO
catecholamine; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM SPECIFICALLY THE SYMPHATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM(AKA FIGHT OR FLIGHT)
288
WHAT ARE THE 3 CLASSES OF ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES
mineralocorticoids; CORTICOIDS; ANDROGENIC
289
ALL ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES ARE CLASSIFIED AS WHAT TYPE OF HORMONES
STEROIDS
290
WHICH TYPE OF HORMONE ACCOUNTS FOR 95% OF ADRENAL CORTEX PROBLEMS
GLUCOCORTICOID
291
EXAMPLE OF GLUCOCORTICOID
CORTISOL/AKA STRESS HORMONE (PRODUCTION AND SECRETION OF THIS HORMONE INCREASES WHEN UNDER STRESS)
292
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF CORTISOL
CORTISOL/INCREASES LEVEL OF GLUCOSE IN YOUR BLOOD;
293
WHEN ARE THE CORTISOL HORMONES RELEASED
WHEN UNDER STRESS (EX. BIG INJURY - CORTISOL GOES UP - BODY THINKS NEED MORE SUGAR TO PRODUCE MORE ENERGY TO REBUILD INJURY)
294
WHY ARE THE CORTISOL HORMONES RELEASED WHEN YOU ARE UNDER STRESS
BECAUSE BODY THINKS YOU NEED MORE ENERGY (ATP)????
295
WHAT DOE THIS REMIND YOU OF
FIGHT OR FLIGHT
296
IF YOU HAVE PROLONGED INCREASE OF PRODUCTION OF CORTEX HORMONES, YOU COULD DEVELOP
CUSHING'S DISEASE - MIMICS DIABETES (HAVE HIGH BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS)
297
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF CUSHING'S DISEASE
BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS; UNUSUAL BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION; RAPID MOOD SWINGS
298
THESE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS CAN REMIND YOU OF
DIABETES MELLITUS SPECIFICALLY TYPE 2
299
WHAT DO MINERALOCORTICOIDS DO
INFLUENCE MINERALS IN BODY (INORGANIC SALTS (ELECTROLYTES) - SPECIFICALLY SODIUM AND POTASSIUM
300
EX'S OF MINERALOCORTICOIDS
Aldosterone
301
IF THERE IS AN INCREASE IN MINERALOCORTICOIDS, SERIOUS PROBLEMS MAY DEVELOP(IE WHEN MINERALOCORTICOIDS OUT OF WACK)
HYPOKALEMIA
302
WHAT IS HYPOKALEMIA
LOW POTASSIUM LEVELS IN BLOOD(IE PEED ALL POTASSIUM OUT) - IE WOULD HAVE HIGH POTASSIUM LEVELS IN URINE
303
WHAT IS HYPOTRANATREMIA
LOW SODIUM LEVELS IN BLOOD(KIDNEYS ARE RETAINING SODIUM) IE WOULD HAVE LOW SODIUM IN URINE
304
PROBLEMS WITH IMBALANCES OF ELECTROLYTES CAN CAUSE WHAT
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE (IE HYPERTENSION)(HYPOTRANATREMIA); WHAT IS OTHER ISSUE (HYPOKALEMIA) CAN CAUSE Dysrhythmia; CAN ALSO LEAD TO COMA; STROKE; KILL YOU; IMPORTANT TO DRINK WATER TO HELP KEEP ELECTROLYTES BALANCED
305
WHAT ENDOCRINE GLANDS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH REPRODUCTION
TESTES AND OVARIES
306
FEMALE GONAD
OVARY
307
FEMALE SEX CELL
EGG(OOCYTE)
308
MALE GONAD
TESTIS
309
MALE SEX CELL
SPERM
310
WHERE ARE THE OVARIES LOCATED
IN THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY
311
OVARIES UNDER THE CONTROL OF FSH AND LH; OVARIES MANUFACTURE WHAT HORMONE
LUTEINIZING HORMONE AND FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE ARE PRODUCED
312
WHAT SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH FEMALE HORMONES
BREASTS; HIPS WIDEN IN PREP FOR DELIVERY
313
WHAT OTHER FUNCTIONS DO ESTROGENAND PROGESTERON DO
DEVELOP MORE FAT AND GET A LITTLE POUCH IN LOWER ABDOMEN; THERE TO PROTECT UTERUS; DEVELOP HAIR UNDERARMS AND PUBIC
314
WHERE ARE THE TESTES LOCATING
OUTSIDE THE BODY IN THE BALL SAC/SCROTUM
315
WHAT IS THE KEY HORMONE OF THE TESTES
TESTOSTERONE
316
WHAT ARE THE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH MALE HORMONES
DEEPER VOICE; HAIRY; MUSCLE MASS; HIGHER SEX DRIVE; BROAD SHOULDERS; NARROW WAIST
317
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THIS MALE HORMONE
??
318
DO BOTH MALES AND FEMALS HAVE THESE HORMONES
YES
319
WHAT HAPPENS IF THESE HORMONES GET OUT OF BALANCE
CAN IMPACT PRODUCTION OF SEX CELLS; AND APPEARANCE OF SECONDARY OF SEX CHARACTERISTICS
320
WHAT HAPPENS TO WOMEN AS THEY GET OLDER
TESTOSTERONE GOES UP; ESTROGEN GOES DOWN; HAIR ON CHIN; DEEPER VOICE
321
WHAT IS THE ISSUE IN DIABETES MELLITUS
GLUCOSE METABOLISM IS THE ISSUE
322
THIS SIMPLE SUGAR IS REQUIRED BY THE BODY TOE PRODUCE ENERGY (ATP)
GLUCOSE/DEXTROSE
323
MOST SUGARS IN THE HUMAN DIET ARE _________ AND MUST BE BROKEN DOWN INTO SIMPLE SUGARS BEFORE USE
COMPLEX
324
BREAKDOWN OF SUGARS IS CARRIED OUT BY
ENZYMES IN GASTRO-INTESTINAL SYSTEM
325
MORE THAN 95% OF SUGARS ENTER BODY AS
GLUCOSE/DEXTROSE - #1 MONOSACCHARIDE
326
TO BE CONVERTED INTO ENERGY WHAT MUST HAPPEN TO GLUCOSE
IT MUST FIRST BE TRANSMITTED THROUGH CELL MEMBRANE
327
GLUCOSE MOLECULE IS LARGE SO
IT DOES NOT READILY DIFFUSE THROUGH CELL MEMBRANE'
328
HOW DOES GLUCOSE PASS INTO CELL
BY BINDING TO A SPECIAL CARRIER PROTEIN ON THE CELLS SURFACE
329
WHAT IS FACILITATED DIFFUSION
DOESN'T USE ENERGY (PASSIVE); CARRIER PROTEIN BINDS WITH GLUCOSE AND CARRIES IT INTO THE CELL
330
WHAT IS REQUIRED TO GET GLUCOSE INTO CELL
INSULIN
331
THE RATE AT WHICH GLUCOSE CAN ENTER THE CELL IS DEPENDENT ON
INSULIN LEVELS
332
INSULIN SERVES AS
MESSENGER - TRAVELS VIA BLOOD TO TARGET TISSUE
333
WHAT DOES INSULIN COMBINE WITH
SPECIFIC INSULIN RECEPTORS ON THE SURFACE OF THE CELL MEMBRANE
334
RIGHT AND LEFT OREINTATION IS BASED ON WHAT
PATIENTS OREINTATION
335
WHAT ARE THE TEN GLANDS;
PINEAL; HYPOTHALAMUS; PITUITARY; THYROID; THYMUS; ADRENAL GLAND; PANCREAS; PARATHYROID GLANDS; GONDAS(TESTES AND OVARIES)
336
WHAT IS NUCLEUS CALLED
BRAIN OF THE CELL
337
IF STEROIDS GO INTO NUCLEUS, WHAT ARE THEY GOING TO DO
GOING TO CHANGE THE GENETIC MAKEUP OF THE CELL
338
ESTROGEN IS WHAT TYPE OF HORMONE
STEROID
339
ESTROGEN AND TESTOSTERONE TARGET TISSUE IS WHAT
GONADS
340
ESTROGEN AND TESTOSTERONE ARE IN BOTH ------
MALES AND FEMALES; CAN CHANGE OUR GENETIC MAKEUP; CHANGE OUR VOICE, THE WAY WE LOOK, ETC.
341
STEROID HORMONES IMPACT WHAT
YOUR GENETICS
342
ANY HORMONE CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS
STEROID OR PROTEIN HORMONE
343
ENDO MEANS WHAT
MEANS INTO (IE INTO THE BLOOD)
344
WHAT ARE TARGET TISSUES
WHERE THE HORMONE IS GOING
345
EXOCRINE GLANDS - EXO MEANS WHAT
STILL SECRETING; BUT SECRETE TO TARGET TISSUES VIA DUCTS; BLOOD IS NOT NECESSARILY USED WITH EXOCRINE GLANDS
346
ENDOCRINE GLANDS DERIVE THEIR NAME FROM THE FACT THAT
THE VARIOUS GLANDS RELEASE THE HORMONES DIRECTLY INTO THE BLOOD; THE BLOOD THE TRANSPORTS THE HORMONES TO THE TARGET TISSUES VIA DUCTS
347
EXAMPLES OF EXOCRINE GLANDS
SWEAT GLANDS (SUDORIFERIOUS GLANDS): MAMMARY GLANDS; THE LIVER
348
Sudoriferous glands, also known as
also known as sweat glands, are either of two types of secretory skin glands, eccrine or apocrine. Merocrine, Eccrine and apocrine glands reside within the dermis and consist of secretory cells and a central lumen into which material is secreted. SECRETE SWEAT
349
ENDOCRINE GLANDS SECRETIONS HAVE TO GO WHERE FIRST
THE BLOOD
350
GLAND MEANS WHAT
SOMETHING IS BEING SECRETED
351
ENDOCRINE GLANDS PUT HORMONES DIRECTLY INTO BLOOD; BUT EXOCRINE GLANDS SECRETE THROUGH
DUCTS
352
SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS
SWEAT GLANDS
353
MAMMARY GLANDS SECRETE AS WHAT TYPE OF GLAD
EXOCRINE GLANDS; SECRETE COLUSTRUM AND MILK
354
ALL GLANDS DO WHAT
SECRETE
355
TWO LOBES OF PITIUTARY GLAND
ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR
356
NUCLEI OF HYPOTHALAMUS CONTAINS
PARAVENTRICULAR AND SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS
357
ADENHYPOPHYSIS
ANTERIO PITIUTARY
358
ANTERIOR LOBE HORMONES
FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONES; LUTEINIZING HORMONES; THYRHOID STIMULATING HORMONE; ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONES; PROLACTIN; GROWTH HORMONE
359
HYPOTHALAMUS HORMONES
GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE; THRYOTOPIN RELEASING HORMONE' CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE; PROLACTIN INHIBITING HORMONE' GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE; SOMATOSTATIN
360
WHERE IS THE NUCLEI OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS
THIRD VENTRICLE OF THE BRAIN
361
NEUROPHYSIS IS COMPOSED OF WHAT PARTS
MEDIAN EMINENCE; HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL TRACT; STALK iINFINDIBULUM); AND POSTEIR LOBE
362
WHICH HORMONES ARE SECRETED BY THE HYPOTHALAMUS
OXYTOCIN AND ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE ???
363
THE PITIUTARY GLAND IS DIVIED INTO TWO AREAS WHICH DIFFER HOW
STRUCTURALLY AND FUNCTIONALLY
364
EACH LOBE OF THE PITIUTARY HAS
A SEPARATE TYPE OF HORMONE PRODUCTION
365
NEUROPHYSIS STORES AND RELEASES TWO TYPES OF HORMONES THAT ARE MADE INT HE HYPOTHALAMUS
STORES AND RELEASES OXYTOCIN AND ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE ???POSERIOR PUTIUTARY - DOES NOT MAKE HORONES;
366
WHICH HORMONES ARE MADE IN HYPOTHALAMUS
OXYTOCIN AND ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH), ALSO CALLED VASSOPRESSIN
367
NERVE IMPULSES FROM HYPOTHALAMUS REGULATE SECRETION OF'
OXYTOCIN AND ADH/VASSOPRESSIN
368
NERVE IMPULSES FROM HYPOTHALAMUS REGULATE SECRETION OF'
OXYTOCIN AND ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) ALSO CALLED VASSOPRESSIN
369
HOW IS POSTERIOR PITUITARY REGULATING AND SECRETING
NERVE IMPULSES FROM THE HYPOTHALAMUS
370
ADENOHYPOPHYIS
ANTERIOR PITUITARY (FRONT PORTION OF PITUITARY GLAND (BROWN PART)
371
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS PRIMARILY REGULATES AND CONTROLS OTHER
ENDOCRINED GLANDS
372
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS IS RARELY A FACTOR IN
ENDOCRINE EMERGENCIES
373
ADENOHYPOPHYIS IS REGULATED BY
HORMONES RELEASED BY THE ???
374
POTOCIN
SYNTHETIC FORM OF OXYTOCIN
375
HYPOTHALAMUS SEND HORMONES TO ACTIVATE
ANTERIOR PITUITARY (FRONT PORTION OF PITUITARY GLAND (BROWN PART)
376
SYNTHETIC HORMONES ARE
HARDER ON THE BODY THAN NATURAL HORMONES
377
BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS ARE CONTROLLED BY WHAT TWO HORMONES
CALCITONIN (CT) AND PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH)/ AKA PARATHORMONE
378
WHERE IS CALCITONIN (CT) PRODUCED
THE THYROID GLAND
379
WHERE IS THE PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) PRODUCED
THE PARATHYROID GLANDS
380
CALCITONIN (CT) AND PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) ARE ANTAGONISTS BECAUSE
THEY WORK AGAINST EACH OTHER (IE HAVE OPPOSITE FUNCTIONS)
381
WHAT DOES CALCITONIN (CT) DOES WHAT TO BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS
CAUSES BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS TO DECREASE
382
PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) DOES WHAT TO BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS
CAUSES BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS TO INCREASE
383
ARE BOTH CALCITONIN AND PARATHYROID HORMONE ESSENTIAL FOR LIFE
NO; ONLY PTH IS ESSENTIAL FOR LIFE; BUT CT IS NOT (ONLYIN PREGNANT WOMEN)
384
WHAT HAPPENS WITHOUT PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH)
CALCIUM LEVELS WOULD FALL SO LOW THAT IT WOULD IMPAIR NORMAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION AND BLOOD CLOTTING
385
WHAT IS THE OUTER REGION OF ADRENAL GLAND CALLED
ADRENAL CORTEX
386
WHAT IS THE INNER REGION OF THE ADRENAL MEDULLA CALLED
ADRENAL MEDULLA
387
WHY IS THE ADRENAL GLAND LOOK YELLOW AND BUBBLY
ADIPOSE TISSUE (PART OF LIPID FAMILY) SURROUNDING ORGAN - PROVIDES PROTECTION
388
WHAT ARE TWO PARTS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
389
WHAT ARE TWO PARTS OF PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
AUTONOMIC (AUTOMATIC) AND SOMATIC (VOLUNTARY)
390
WHAT ARE TWO PARTS OF AUTOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
SYMPATHETIC (FIGHT OR FLIGHT) AND PARASYMPATHETIC
391
ANDROGENIC HORMONES INFLUENCE WHAT OTHER HORMONES
OTHER SEX HORMONES
392
androgynous
SHOWING SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS OF BOTH MALES AND FEMALES ?? CONFIRIM SECONDARY????
393
GLUCOCORTICOID HORMONES INFLUENCE WHAT
INFLUENCES HOW YOU USE GLUCOSE
394
WHY ARE HIGH CORTISOL LEVELS BAD
BECAUSE YOU USUALLY ALREADY HAVE ENGOUGH GLUCOSE AND THE EXTRA GLUCOSE JUST TURNS INTO FAT(USUALLY HAVE A SPARE TIRE - HIGH CORTISOL LEVELS FOR A LONG TIME)
395
WHAT IS BEST WAY TO MANAGE YOUR STRESS
EXERCISE - IMPORTANT TO MANAGE STRESS LEVEL - WHICH MAY REDUCE CORTISOL LEVELS
396
WHY IS IT SO IMPORTANT FOR DIABETICS TO MANAGE THEIR STRESS LEVELS
BECUASE THEY ALREADY HAVE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL ISSUES
397
SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP EFFECTS WHAT ORGANS
KIDNEYS???
398
WHY IS HYPOTRANATREMIA DANGEROUS
HIGH SODIUM PUTS PRESSURE ON VASCULAR SYSTEM (HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE)
399
Dysrhythmia
pertains to the irregular heartbeat rhythm, and this condition could be detrimental
400
GONAD
MEANS PRODUCES A SEX CELL (SPREM OR EGG)
401
OVARIES SINGULAR VERSION
OVARY
402
TESTES SINGULAR VERSION
TESTIS
403
WHAT IS NUMBER ONE HORMONE THAT TESTES PRODUCE
TESTOSTERONE
404
EXAMPLES OF PROTEIN HORMONES
Insulin, glucagon, thyrocalcitonin, pituitary hormones, and hypothalamic hormones; ADH
405
ALL HORMONES ARE CLASSIFIED AS ONE OF THESE
PROTEIN OR STEROID
406
STEROIDS ARE MEMBERS OF WHAT FAMILY
LIPID FAMILY
407
EXAMPLES OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS
THYROID; PITUITARY
408
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EXOCRINE AND ENDOCRINE GLANDS
ENDO GLANDS RELEASE INTO BLOOD AND EXO RELEASE INTO DUCTS
409
WHAT DO MAMMARY GLANDS SECRETE
COLOSTRUM AND MILK
410
ENOD AND EXOCRINE GLANDS BOTH TARGET
TARGET TISSUES/CELLS
411
REGULATION OF BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS IS CONTROLLED BY WHAT TWO HORMONES
INSULIN AND GLUCAGON
412
INSULIN AND GLUCAGON ARE CALLED ANTAGONIST BECAUSE
THEY HAVE OPPOSITE FUNCTIONS
413
INSULIN CAUSES BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS TO_______; GLUCAGON CAUSES BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS TO_____
DECREASE; INCREASE
414
WHERE IS INSULIN AND GLUCAGON PRODUCED
IN THE PANCREAS
415
GLUCOSE LEVELS TYPICALLY RISE AFTER
A MEAL RICH IN CARBOHYDRATES; SUCH AS BAKED POTATOES OR CORN FLAKES
416
HIGH GLUCOSE LEVELS ARE DETECTED BY
INSULIN SECRETING CELLS WITHIN THE PANCREAS
417
WHEN BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS RISE WHAT HAPPENS TO THE INSULIN SECRETING CELLS IN THE PANCREAS
THEY SECERET MORE INSULIN INTO THE BLOOD - INSULING IS THE 'FEEDING HORMONE"
418
AS INSULIN TRAVELS THROUGH THE BLOOD; IT INDUCES TWO MAJOR RESPONSES
STIMULATES STORAGE OF EXCESS GLUCOSE IN THE FORM OF GLYCOGEN WITHIN THE LIVER AND SOME OTHER TISSUES; STIMULATES UPTAKE OF GLUCOSE BY MOSE BODY CELLS
419
WHAT DOES INSULIN DO
BINDS TO RECEPTORS IN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE WHICH OPENS CHANNELS FOR GLUCOSE TO PASS THROUGH
420
WHEN LOOKING AT GLANDS ON THE RIGHT AND LEFT SIDE OF THE BODY AND MARKING THEM, WHAT DO YOU NEED TO REMEMBER
TO MARK THEM AS RIGHT OR LEFT (FROM PATIENT VIEW) AND SINGULAR VS. PLURAL (GONADS/TESTIS; TESTES; OVARY; OVARIES
421
GLUCOSE IS METABOLIZED TO PRODUCE WHAT
LARGE AMOUNTS OF THE ENERGY MOLECULE ATP
422
WHEN DOES INSULIN SECRETION STOP
WHEN BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS FALL BACK TO NORMAL LEVELS
423
IF YOU HAVE NOT EATEN IN A LONG TIME, WHAT HAPPENS TO BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS
THEY FALL BELOW NORMAL AND IS DETECTED BY GLUCAGON SECRETING CELLS IN THE PANCREAS; THEY THEN SECRETE GLUCAGON - 'THE STARVATION HORMONE" INTO THE BLOOD
424
PANCREAS IS AN EXO OR ENDO GLAND
EXOCRINE - SECRETES DIRECTLY INTO THE BLOOD
425
WHAT ORGAN DOES GLUCAGON TARGET
THE LIVER; SKELETAL TISSUE(GLYCOGEN IS STORED)
426
WHAT DOES GLUCAGON DO
STIMULATES CONVERSION OF GLYCOGEN INTO GLUCOSE; THE RESULT IS GLUCOSE RISES TO NORMAL LEVELS
427
GLUCAGON SECRETION STOPS WHEN
BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS RISE TO NORMAL LEVELS
428
DIABETES MELLITUS
CAUSED BY BODY'S INABILITY TO PRODUCE OR USE INSULIN; RESULTS IN ABNORMALLY HIGH BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS
429
WHAT IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON ENDOCRINE DISORDUSERS AND ONE OF THE LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH IN THE
DIABETES MELLITUS
430
WHAT IS ONE METHOD OF DETECTING DIABETES MELLITUS
DETECTION OF HIGH LEVELS OF GLUCOSE IN THE URINE
431
IF DIABETES MELLITUS IS LEFT UNTREATED, IT CAN LEAD TO
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE, VISION PROBLEMS, KIDNEY DAMAGE AND NERVE DAMAGE
432
TWO TYPES OF DIABETES MELLITUS
TYPE 1 (INSULIN DEPENDENT) AND TYPE 2(NON-INSULIN DEPENDENT
433
TYPE I DIABETES MELLITUS IS WHAT
INSULIN DEPENDENT; RESULT OF BODY'S INABILITY TO PRODUCE INSULIN; NO CURE; OFTEN OCCURS IN CHILDREN (JUVENILE DIABETES); LESS COMMON; REQUIRES SELF-MONITORING OF BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS; DAILY INSULIN INJECTIONS/INSULIN PUMP
434
TYPE 11 DIABETES MELLITUS IS
NON-INSULIN DEPENDENT; MORE COMMON; TYPICALLY OBESE ADULTS; PRODUCE INSULIN BUT BODY CELLS BECOME RESISTANT TO IT; TREATMENT IS BEHAVIOUR MODIFICATION - DIET/EXERCISE/WEIGHT LOSS
435
CALCIUM RICH FOODS INCLUDE
MILK; BROCCOLI; TOFU; CAUSE BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS TO RISE
436
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS RISE
CALCITONIN PRODUCING CELLS WITHIN THE THYROID GLAND SENSE THIS AND SECRETE CALCITONIN (CT) INTO BLOOD
437
WHAT ARE THE TARGET TISSUES OF CALCITONIN (CT)
OSTEOCLASTS
438
OSTEOCLASTS
BONE DEGRADING CELLS WITHIN THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
439
CT BINDS TO WHAT ON OSTEOCLASTS
PLASMA MEMBRANES ON OSTEOCLASTS CONTAIN RECEPTORS FOR CT
440
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN CT BINDS TO CT RECEPTORS ON OSTEOCLASTS
INHIBITS OSTEOCLASTS FROM DOING NORMAL JOB OF DEGRADING BONE
441
DOES CT EFFECT OSTOBLASTS
NO
442
OSTEOBLASTS
BONE FORMING CELLS - NORMAL FUNCTION IS DEPOSITING CALCIUM SALTS IN BONE
443
CT CAUSES BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS IN BLOOD TO RISE OR FALL
FALL
444
WHEN DOES CT STOP BEING PRODUCED
WHEN BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS RETURN TO NORMAL
445
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS FALL TO LOW
DETECTED BY PARATHYROID GLANDS - PTH IS RELEASED INTO THE BLOOD
446
WHAT IS PTH
PARATHYROID HORMONE
447
WHAT IS PTH TARGET TISSUE/CELLS
OSTEOCLASTS
448
OSTEOCLASTS
BONE DEGRADING CELLS WITHIN THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
449
OSTEOCLASTS CONTAIN RECEPTORS FOR WHICH HORMONE
PTH
450
WHAT DOES PTH CAUSE ONCE IT BINDS WITH OSTEOCLASTS
STIMULATES OSTEOCLASTS TO DECOMPOSE BONE AND RELEASE CALCIUM INTO THE BLOOD; RAISING BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS
451
WHEN IS PTH NO LONGER PRODUCED
WHEN BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS RETURN TO NORMAL
452
DOES PTH CAUSE BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS TO RISE OR FALL
RISE
