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Lab 20 Flashcards

1
Q

Erythrocytes

A

also known as red blood cells, carry oxygen around the body on an iron-containing protein called hemoglobin

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2
Q

Leukocyte

A

WBC’s

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3
Q

Granulocyte

A

) are cells containing cytoplasmic granules that are visible when stained.

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4
Q

Neutrophil

A

do not interact strongly with either type of dye, and their granules stain a light violet-pink color. They are the most numerous type of leukocyte, making up about 60 to 70 percent of the total leukocytes in the blood.typically have multilobed nuclei, although their nuclei often vary in appearance, which gives rise to their other name: polymorphonucleocytes

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5
Q

Eosinophil

A

and their granules stain bright red. They are far less numerous than neutrophils, accounting for only about 4 percent of the total leukocytes in the blood. As with neutrophils, their nuclei are segmented into lobes, although eosinophils’ nuclei tend to be bilobed. Eosinophils play a role in the immune response to infection with parasitic worms and the allergic response.

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6
Q

Basophil

A

(BAY-zoh-filz) take up the dark purple stain hematoxylin (it is a basic dye, hence their name basophil), and their granules appear dark blue-purple. Like eosinophils, they tend to have bilobed nuclei, but their nuclei are often obscured by their dark granules. They are the least numerous of the leukocytes, making up fewer than 1 percent of the total leukocyte count, and will likely be the most difficult to find on your slide. Basophils are primarily involved in the allergic response.

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7
Q

Agranulocyte

A

The cells known as agranulocytes (AY-gran-yoo-loh-syt’z) lack visible cytoplasmic granules.

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8
Q

TLymphocyte

A

T lymphocytes play numerous roles, including enhancing other aspects of the immune response, destroying cancer cells, and destroying cells infected with viruses.

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9
Q

BLymphocyte

A

B lymphocytes produce proteins called antibodies that bind foreign glycoproteins called antigens.

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10
Q

Monocyte–

A

(MAHN-oh-syt’z) are the largest of the leukocytes and have U-shaped or horseshoe-shaped nuclei with light blue or light purple cytoplasm. They are the third most numerous type of leukocyte, accounting for 3 to 8 percent of the total. Monocytes exit the blood to mature into cells called macrophages (MAK-roh-feyj-uhz), which are very active phagocytes.

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11
Q

Platelets

A

??

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12
Q

ANTIGEN

A

specific glycoproteins called antigens found on the cell surface.

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13
Q

Antiserum

A

. An antiserum is a solution that contains proteins produced by B lymphocytes called antibodies that bind to specific antigens.

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14
Q

Anti-A antiserum contains

A

anti-A antibodies that bind to erythrocytes with A antigens.

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15
Q

■■Anti-B antiserum contains

A

anti-B antibodies that bind to erythrocytes with B antigens.

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16
Q

■■Anti-Rh antiserum contains

A

anti-Rh antibodies that bind to erythrocytes with Rh antigens.

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17
Q

Antibody

A

a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. Antibodies combine chemically with substances which the body recognizes as alien, such as bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances in the blood.

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18
Q

BloodDonation

A

receiving blood from another person

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19
Q

Universaldonor

A

??

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20
Q

Universalrecipient

A

??

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21
Q

Wholebloodconsistsoftwomaincomponents

A

plasma andformedelements

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22
Q

plasma,

A

thefluidportionofblood,

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23
Q

formedelements,

A

orthecellularportionOF BLOOD

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24
Q

Plasmaaccountsforabout__percentofthevolumeofwholebloodandconsistsprimarilyof

A

55; water,proteins,andothersolutessuchasnutrientsandions.

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25
Formed elements account for about __ percent of the volume of whole blood. 
45
26
There are three classes of formed elements: 
erythrocytes, platelets, and leukocytes. 
27
1. Erythrocytes. Erythrocytes (eh-RITH-roh-syt’z), also known as 
red blood cells, carry oxygen around the body on an iron-containing protein called hemoglobin (HEE-moh-glohb-in) 
28
are the most numerous blood cells, averaging about 44 percent of the total blood volume. 
1. Erythrocytes. Erythrocytes (eh-RITH-roh-syt’z)
29
 hematocrit (heh-MAEH-toh krit) , is typically higher in 
males (40 to 50 percent) than in females (36 to 44 percent). 
30
Erythrocytes are easily distinguished from the other formed elements by 
their reddish-pink color and the fact that mature erythrocytes lack nuclei and most organelles. 
31
2. Platelets.  (PLAYT-letz) aren’t actually
 cells at all but are instead just small cellular fragments. As such, they lack nuclei and most organelles and are much smaller than the other formed elements. 
32
Platelets are involved in
 blood clotting and make up less than 1 percent of the total blood volume. 
33
20 3. Leukocytes. Leukocytes (LOO-koh-syt’z), also known as 
white blood cells, 
34
20 3. Leukocytes. Leukocytes (LOO-koh-syt’z), PLAY A ROLE IN
immune system and make up less than 1 percent of the total blood volume. 
35
The two subclasses of leukocytes are based upon
 the presence or absence of visible granules in their cytoplasm.
36
Granulocytes. As implied by their name, granulocytes (GRAN-yoo-loh-syt’z) are cells containing
 cytoplasmic granules that are visible when stained. 
37
The three types of granulocytes stain 
differently when treated with the dyes hematoxylin and eosin and are named for the type of stain with which they interact. 
38
Neutrophils (NOO-troh-  are the most
MOST NUMEROUS TYPE OF LEUKOCYTE, MAKING UP ABOUT 60-70% OF TOTAL LEUKOCYTES IN THE BLOOD
39
BAND CELLS
INMATURE NEUTROPHIL
40
Neutrophils are attracted to the site of
 any cellular injury, and are particularly active in ingesting and destroying bacteria. 
41
Eosinophils (ee-oh-SIN-oh-filz)  are 
far less numerous than neutrophils, accounting for only about 4 percent of the total leukocytes in the blood. As with neutrophils, their nuclei are segmented into lobes, although eosinophils’ nuclei tend to be bilobed. Eosinophils play a role in the immune response to infection with parasitic worms and the allergic response. 
42
Basophils (BAY-zoh-filz)  
their granules appear dark blue-purple. Like eosinophils, they tend to have bilobed nuclei, but their nuclei are often obscured by their dark granules. They are the least numerous of the leukocytes, making up fewer than 1 percent of the total leukocyte count, and will likely be the most difficult to find on your slide. 
43
Basophils are primarily involved in the 
allergic response. 
44
b. Agranulocytes. The cells known as agranulocytes (AY-gran-yoo-loh-syt’z)
 lack visible cytoplasmic granules.
45
 The two types of agranulocytes are the following: 
LYMPHOCYTES AD MONOCYTES
46
Lymphocytes (LIMF-oh-syt’z) tend to be 
smaller than granulocytes and have large, spherical nuclei that are surrounded by a rim of light blue-purple cytoplasm. 
47
They are the second most numerous type of leukocyte, making up 20 to 25 percent of the total leukocyte count. 
Lymphocytes (LIMF-oh-syt’z) tend to be 
48
There are two populations of lymphocytes. 
B LYMPHOCYTES AND T LYMPHOCYTES
49
B lymphocytes produce proteins called 
antibodies that bind foreign glycoproteins called antigens. 
50
T lymphocytes play numerous roles, including
 enhancing other aspects of the immune response, destroying cancer cells, and destroying cells infected with viruses. 
51
Monocytes (MAHN-oh-syt’z) are the 
largest of the leukocytes and have U-shaped or horseshoe-shaped nuclei with light blue or light purple cytoplasm. 
52
They are the third most numerous type of leukocyte, accounting for 3 to 8 percent of the total. 
Monocytes (MAHN-oh-syt’z) are the 
53
Monocytes exit the blood to mature into cells called
 macrophages 
54
 macrophages 
very active phagocytes
55
One of the most common blood analyses performed by a laboratory is a
differential white blood cell count.
56
in a differential white blood cell count.
In this procedure, the number and types of leukocytes in a blood sample are counted to determine the relative frequency of each type. This can give important information about the cause of a patient’s illness, because different conditions will cause an elevation of different types of leukocytes.
57
Blood typing is done by
checking the blood for the presence or absence of specific glycoproteins called antigens found on the cell surface.
58
Two clinically relevant antigens are the
A antigen and the B antigen.
59
The blood type is named based upon
which of the antigens is present (Fig. 20.3).
60
■■Type A blood has
A antigens on the cell surface.
61
■■Type B blood has
B antigens on the cell surface.
62
■■Type AB blood has both
A and B antigens on the cell surface.
63
■■Type O blood has
neither A nor B antigens on the cell surface.
64
An additional clinically relevant antigen is the
Rh antigen.
65
■■Blood that has the Rh antigen is denoted as
Rh positive (e.g., A1).
66
■■Blood that lacks the Rh antigen is denoted as
Rh negative (e.g., A2).
67
The prevalence of different blood types in the United States varies with
different ethnic groups.
68
In general, we can say that the most common type is
O1, followed by A1, and then B1.
69
The antigens present on the surface of an erythrocyte can be determined by
combining it with a solution called an antiserum.
70
An antiserum is a solution that contains
proteins produced by B lymphocytes called antibodies that bind to specific antigens.
71
When antibodies bind to antigens on erythro cytes, they cause
agglutination (uh-gloo-tin-AY-shun), ,
72
agglutination (uh-gloo-tin-AY-shun), ,
or clumping of the erythrocytes
73
The antisera used to determine the blood type of a sample are named according to
the antigen they bind:
74
■■Anti-A antiserum contains
anti-A antibodies that bind to erythrocytes with A antigens.
75
■■Anti-B antiserum contains
anti-B antibodies that bind to erythrocytes with B antigens.
76
■■Anti-Rh antiserum contains
anti-Rh antibodies that bind to erythrocytes with Rh antigens.
77
Blood transfusion,
the infusion of a recipient with a donor’s blood cells, is a commonly performed medical procedure.
78
Before a recipient is given a blood transfusion, the medical team must first learn the patient’s blood type and then find a suitable, or “matching,” donor. This is necessary because of
the A, B, and Rh antigens on the surface of the donor erythro-cytes and the presence of preformed antibodies in the recipient’s blood.
79
If a donor’s erythrocytes have antigens the recipient’s immune system recognizes as foreign, the recipient’s antibodies will
agglutinate the foreign erythrocytes.
80
The agglutinated erythrocytes are then destroyed by
the immune system, a process known as hemolysis (heem-AW-lih-sis).
81
This is called a
transfusion reaction, and it is a medical emergency that can lead to kidney failure and death.
82
To ensure that a transfusion reaction does not occur, we must make sure the donor blood does
not have antigens the recipient’s immune system will recognize as foreign.
83
For the ABO blood group, our immune systems produce antibodies to any antigen
not present on the surface of our own cells
84
.■■People with type A blood have _________ and so produce ___________anitbodies
A antigens and so produce anti-B antibodies.
85
■■People with type B blood have __________and so produce__________antibodies
B antigens and so produce anti-A antibodies.
86
■■People with type O blood have_________and so produce _________antibodies
neither A nor B antigens and so produce anti-A and anti-B antibodies.
87
■■People with type AB blood have ________and so produce_______antibodies
both A and B antigens and so produce neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies.
88
Felix has type B blood, which means that he has
anti-A antibodies.
89
What will happen if we give Felix blood from a donor with:■■Type A blood?
There are A antigens on these donor erythrocytes, and Felix’s anti-A antibodies would agglutinate them. X
90
What will happen if we give Felix blood from a donor with:■■Type B blood?
Felix’s anti-A antibodies would have no effect on the B antigens on these donor erythrocytes, so this blood is safe. U
91
What will happen if we give Felix blood from a donor with:■■Type O blood?
There are no antigens on these donor erythrocytes, so Felix’s anti-A antibodies would have no effect on them, and this blood is safe. U
92
What will happen if we give Felix blood from a donor with:■■Type AB blood?
There are both A and B antigens on these donor erythrocytes, and Felix’s anti-A antibodies would bind and agglutinate the A antigens.
93
The blood of an Rh-negative person does not contain
preformed antibodies to the Rh antigen.
94
However, anti-Rh antibodies are made if an Rh-negative person is
exposed to the Rh antigen.
95
In an emergency setting, it is generally not possible to determine if an Rh-negative person has been exposed to the Rh antigen, so health-care professionals do what
err on the side of caution and assume that the person has anti-Rh antibodies.
96
:■■People with Rh-positive blood do not produce
anti-Rh antibodies.■■
97
People with Rh-negative blood do produce
anti-Rh antibodies
98
.Lourdes has A2 blood, which means that she has
anti-B and anti-Rh antibodies.
99
What will happen if we give Lourdes blood from a donor with:■■Type A` blood?
There are A and Rh antigens on these donor erythrocytes, and Lourdes’ anti-Rh antibodies would agglutinate the Rh antigens. X
100
What will happen if we give Lourdes blood from a donor with:■■Type B2 blood?
There are B antigens on these donor erythrocytes, and Lourdes’ anti-B antibodies would agglutinate them. X
101
What will happen if we give Lourdes blood from a donor with:■■Type O2 blood?
There are no antigens on these donor erythrocytes, so Lourdes’ anti-B and anti-Rh antibodies would have no effect on them, and this blood is safe. U
102
What will happen if we give Lourdes blood from a donor with:■■Type AB1 blood?
There are A, B, and Rh antigens on these donor erythrocytes, and Lourdes’ anti-B and anti-Rh antibodies would agglutinate the B and Rh antigens. X
103
Hematocrit
) test measures the proportion of red blood cells in your blood

BIO 202 (14 decks)

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