Flash Cards from Lecture - Urinary
1
Q
RENAL CORTEX
A
MOST SUPERFICIAL REGION; DARK BROWN; MANY BLOOD VESSELS
2
Q
RENAL MEDULLA
A
MIDDLE REGION; CONTAINS RENAL PYRAMID; AKA MEDULLARY PYRAMIDS
3
Q
MEDULLARY PYRAMID
A
RENAL PYRAMID; CONTAIN LOOPING TUBULES OF NEPHRONS (AVG 7-11) ALSO CALLED LOBES; DARK CONE SHAPED; CONTAIN URINE COLLECTING TUBULES
4
Q
RENAL COLUMN
A
PART OF RENAL CORTEX; SEPARATE RENAL PYRAMIDS FROM EACH OTHER; INWARD EXTENSIONS OF CORTEX; CONTAIN GLOMERULA
5
Q
RENAL PELVIS
A
BASIN FOR COLLECTING URING; INNERMOST REGION OF KIDNEY; MAJOR CALYCES DRAIN INTO IT
6
Q
MAJOR/MINOR CALYCES
A
FLUID FROM RENAL PAPILLA DRAIN INTO MINOR THEN INTO MAJOR CALYCES THEN INTO RENAL PELVIS
7
Q
RENAL PAPILLA
A
At apex of renal pyramid; collecting ducts pass through; where urine flows into minor calyces
8
Q
URETER
A
FIRST PART OF URINARY TRACT; LINED WITH TRANSISITIONAL EPITHELIUM; WALLS ARE SMOOTH MUSCLE FOR PERSITALSIS females is is short in males 4x longer 3 parts in males prostatic prostate gland) membranous c s pelvic diaphragm spongy( penis)
9
Q
URINARY BLADDER
A
URETERS DRAIN INTO BLADDER VIA URETERAL ORIFICES; TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM; SMOOTH MUSCLE SOMETIMES CALLED DETRUSOR MUSCLE; 3 layers of muscle?? End narrows to form internal urethral sphincter
10
Q
URETHRA
A
FINAL ORGAN OF URINARY SYSTEM;
11
Q
NEPHRON
A
BLOOD FILTERING STRUCTURES OF KIDNEY; 2 PARTS RENAL CORPUSCLE AND RENAL TUBULE
12
Q
GLOMERULUS
A
BALL OF LOOPING CAPILLARIES; NOT PRIMARY SITE OF GAS/NUTRIENT EXCHANGE
13
Q
PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES
A
EFFERENT ARTERIOLE BRANCHES FORM THIS; SURROUND TUBULES OF NEPHRON; DIFFUSION OF 02 AND CO2/NUTRIENTS DRAIN INTO INTERLOBULAR VEINS
14
Q
PROXIMAL CONVULUTED TUBE
A
FIRST PART OF RENAL TUBE; TOUCHES GLOMERULUS
15
Q
NEPHRON LOOP
A
PART OF RENAL TUBE
16
Q
DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBE
A
LAST PART OF RENAL TUBE, TOUCHES COLLECTION DUCT
17
Q
CORTICAL COLLECTING DUCT
A
COLLECTING SYSTEM; NOT PART OF NEPHRON LOOP; IN RENAL CORTEX
18
Q
MEDULLARY COLLECTING DUCT
A
COLLECTING SYSTEM; NOT PART OF NEPHRON LOOP; IN MEDULLA CORTEX
19
Q
PAPILLARY DUCT
A
MEDULLARY COLLECTION DUCTS ENLARGE INTO THESE; EMPTY INTO MINOR CALYCES
20
Q
RENAL CORPUSCLE 2 PARTS
A
GLOMERULUS AND ??
21
Q
2 LAYERS OF GLOMERULUS CAPSULE
A
OUTER PARIETAL LAYER AND INNER VISCERAL LAYER THAT CONTAINS PODOCYTES
22
Q
PODOCYTES
A
??
23
Q
RENAL TUBE IS ALSO KNOW AS SLANG TERM
A
PLUMBING FOR THE KIDNEY
24
Q
3 PARTS OF RENAL TUBE
A
PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE; DESCENDING AND ASCENDING LIMBS OF NEPHRON LOOP; DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
25
WHERE IS THE MAJORITY OF THE RENAL TUBULE LOCATED
IN RENAL CORTEX; ONLY NEPHRON LOOPS SLIP DOWN INTO MEDULLARY
26
NEPHRON IS MADE UP OF 2 PARTS
RENAL CORPUS AND RENAL TUBULE : DBL CHECK THIS
27
RENAL CORPUS 2 PARTS
GLOMERULUS AND GLOMERULAR CAPSULE
28
GLOMERULUS
BALL OF LOOPING CAPILLARIES
29
WHAT DO THE KIDNEYS FILTER OUT OF THE BLOOD
TOXINS, METABOLLIC WASTES; EXCESS H20 AND IONS
30
KIDNEYS FILTER WHAT
BLOOD
31
WHAT 3 NITROGENOUS WASTES FROM BLOOD DO THE KIDNEYS FILTER
UREA; URIC ACID; CREATINE
32
UREA COMES FROM
PROTEIN BREAKDOWN
33
URIC ACID COMES FROM
ALMOST INSOLUBLE; FROM PURIES (BEER/NUTS/BEANS)
34
CREATINE COMES FROM
PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
35
MAIN FUNCTIONS OF URINARY SYSTEM
FILTER BLOOD; REMOVE NITROGENOUS AND OTHER WASTES; REGULATE H20 AND ELECTROLYTES
36
KIDNEY AS A WHOLE IS WHAT TYPE OF ORGAN
A DIURETIC ORGAN; MEANING IT LOSES H20
37
WHAT HORMONE TELLS BODY TO HOLD ONTO H20
ADH ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE - MADE BY HYPOTHALAMUS AND STORED IN NEUROHYPOPHYSIS (POSTERIOR PITUITARY); BALANCES H20
38
WHAT HORMONE TELLS BODY TO RELEASE H20
ALDOSTERONE (STEROID) FROM ADRENAL CORTEX; BALANCES ELECTROLYTES
39
WHAT IS PROTECTING THE KIDNEYS POSTERIOLY
OBLIQUES; LATISIMUS DORSI; GLUTES
40
KIDNEYS ARE WHAT TYPE OF FANCY WORD POSITIONING
RETROPERITONEAL
41
RETROPERITONEAL MEANS
BEHIND THE PERITONEAL CAVITY
42
WHAT 3 LAYERS ARE THE KIDNEYS ENCASED IN
RENAL FASCIA; ADIPOSE CAPSULE; RENAL CAPSULE
43
RENAL FASCIA
??
44
ADIPOSE CAPSULE
??
45
RENAL CAPSULE
??
46
WHAT IS THE LOCATION, POSITIONING AND APPEARANCE OF EACH KIDNEY
RETROPERITONEAL - LOCATED BEHING THE PERITONEAL CAVITY; SUPERIOR PORTION OF KIDNEY IS LOCATED IN FRONT OF LOWEST RIB BONE/ CHECK THE RIB PART WITH TEACH
47
WHERE IS THE HILUS LOCATED AND WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE
??
48
2 MAJOR REGIONS OF THE KIDNEY
RENAL CORTEX (OUTER REGION); MEDULLA (INNER REGION)
49
HOW MANY LOBES DO HUMAN KIDNEYS HAVE
IS THIS THE MEDULLARY PYRAMID????
50
WHAT DOES THE LOBE CONSIST OF
?? ASK IS THIS THE MEDULLARY PYRAMID
51
RENAL PELVIS (BASIN)
SERVES AS A BASIN FOR COLLECTING URINE FROM MAJOR CALYCES
52
MAJOR AND MINOR CALYCES
FLUID FROM RENAL PAPILLA DRAIN INTO MINOR CALYCES THEN TO MAJOR CALYCES AND THEN TO RENAL PELVIS/BASIN
53
WHAT ENTERS THROUGH RENAL ARTERY
OXYGENATED UNFILTERED BLOOD (IE BLOOD/WASTER/H20)
54
WHAT LEAVES THROUGH RENAL VEIN
DEOXYGENATED FILTERED BLOOD (IE BLOOD WITHOUT WASTE/EXCESS WATER)
55
WHAT LEAVES THROUGH THE URETHRA
URINE (PROCESSED BLOOD PLASMA) (IE( EXCESS H20 AND TOXIC WASTE IN THE FORM OF URINE)
56
3 KEY ENTRY POINTS
MAY HAVE MISHEARD BUT CHECK - RENAL ARTERY IS ONLY WAY INTO KIDNEY
57
WHAT ARE THE MAIN STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
KIDNEY; URETER; BLADDER; URETHRA
58
WHAT ARE WAYS TO TELL THE IVC FROM THE ABDOMINAL AORTA
AORTA HAS MANY MORE BRANCHES COMING OFF IT THAN IVC
59
RENAL ARTERY IS CARRYING WHAT
OXYGENATED BLOOD AND UNFILTERED
60
RENAL VEIN IS CARRYING
DEOXYGENATED FILTERED BLOOD
61
URETER CARRIES WHAT
WASTES GO INTO URETEER (CALLED URINE) AND EXCESS H20
62
WHICH SIDE OF THE BODY IS THE PULMONARY CIRCUIT
RIGHT SIDE; CALLED PULMONARY BECAUSE BLOOD IS FLOWING TO THE LUNGS (PUMONARY)
63
WHICH SIDE OF THE BODY IS THE SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT
LEFT SIDE; CALLED SYSTEMIC BECAUSE BLOOD IS FLOWING TO EVERY SYSTEM IN THE BODY
64
HOW DOES OXYGENATED BLOOD LEAVE THE GLOMERULUS
VIA THE EFFERENT TUBE
65
WHAT TYPE OF BLOOD ENTERS THE AFFERENT TUBE AND EXITS THE EFFERENT TUBE
OXYGENATED
66
HOW DOES BLOOD ENTER THE GLOMERULUS
THE AFFERENT TUBE
67
PUBIS SYMPHYSIS
WHERE PUBIC BONES MEET; KEEPS BONES TOGETHER; LARGER AREA UNDERNEATH IN FEMALES FOR CHILD BIRTH
68
WHAT ARE SOME WAYS TO TELL THE LEFT SIDE OF THE BODY FROM THE RIGHT SIDE
LEFT KIDNEY SITS A LITTLE HIGHER: WHY??; LOTS OF BRANCHES OFF AORTA AND SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT IS LEFT SIDE OF BODY
69
WHY DO VEINS REQUIRE LESS ENERGY TO MOVE BLOOD
ARE WIDER AND THEREFORE UNDER LESS PRESSURE; ARTERIES ARE MORE NARROW AND SO REQUIRE MORE PRESSURE TO MOVE FLUID THROUGH; HEART PUMPING CREATES THAT PRESSURE
70
WHAT IS THE BLOOD FLOW PATH IN THE KIDNEY FROM AORTA TO IVC
AORTA - ASCENDING AORTA - AORTIC ARCH - DESCENDING AORTA - THORACIC AORTA - ABDOMINAL AORTA - RENAL ARTER - SEGMENTAL ARTERIES - INTERLOBAR ARTERIES - ARCUATE ARTERIES - AFFERENT ARTERIOLE - INTERLOBULAR ARTERY - GLOMERULAR CAPSULE - EFFERENT ARTERIOLE - PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES - INTERLOBULAR VEIN - ARCUATE VEIN - INTERLOBAR VEIN - RENAL VEIN - INFERIOR VENA CAVA
71
BLOOD FLOW
AORTA GIVES RISE TO R/L RENAL ARTERIES - RENAL ARTERIES DIVIDE TO SEGMENTED ARTERIES - SEGMENTED ARTERIES BRANCH INTO LOBAR ARTERIES - LOBAR ARTERIES BRANCH INTO INTERLOBULAR ARTERIES - DIVIDE INTO ARCUATE ARTERIES - ARCUATES GO INTO CORTEX (ASK THIS DOES NOT MAKE SENSE - TURNS INTO CORTICAL RADIATE ARTERIES GIVES RISE TO GLOMERULAR ARTERIOLES.
72
WHERE DO THE INTERLOBARS ARTERIES DIVIDE INTO THE ARCUATE ARTERIES
AT THE JUNCTION OF THE MEDULLA AND CORTEX
73
WHERE DO THE RENAL ARTERIES DIVIDE INTO SEGMENTED ARTERIES
AT THE HILUS
74
WHERE DO THE NEPHRONS START
AT THE GLOMERULAR CAPSULE
75
URINIFEROUS TUBULE
?? ANATOMICAL UNIT FOR FORMING URINE
76
WHAT ARE TWO PARTS OF URINIFEROUS TUBULE
NEPHRON AND COLLECTING DUCT
77
2 PARTS OF NEPHRON
RENAL CORPUSCLE AND TUBULAR SECTION
78
RENAL CORPUSCLE 2 PARTS, WHERE LOCATED
GLOMERULUS (TUFT OF CAPILLARIES) AND GLOMERULAR (BOWMANS) CAPSULE
79
BOWMANS CAPSULE
ALSO CALLED GLOMERULAR CAPSULE
80
WHAT ARE THE THREE SECTIONS OF THE TUBULAR SECTION
PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (TOUCHES GLOMERULUS); LOOP OF HENLE (NEPHRON LOOP); DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (TOUCHES COLLECTING DUCT
81
WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR NEPHRON LOOP
LOOP OF HENLE?? DOUBLE CHECK THIS
82
ALL BLOOD HAS TO PASS THROUGH THIS TO BE FILTERED
GLOMERULUS IN CORTEX
83
WHERE ELSE CAN GLOMERULUS BE FOUND
IN RENAL COLUMN AS THAT IS CORTEX AS WELL
84
RENAL PELVIS IS ALSO CALLED RENAL____
RENAL BASIN
85
MEDULLARY COLLECTING DUCTS FLOW INTO
MINOR CALYCES
86
MEDULLARY COLLECTING DUCTS
??
87
GLOMERULUS IS ALWAYS LOCATED WHERE
IN THE CORTEX
88
WHERE IS THE NEPHRON LOOP ALWAYS LOCATED
IN THE MEDULLA
89
WHAT ARE ABMNORMAL CONSTITUTES OF URINE
ALBUMIN; FINISH THIS
90
WHAT ARE THE THREE KEY STEPS TO THE FUNCTION OF THE URINIFEROUS TUBULES
FILTRATION; REABSORPTION; SECRETION
91
WHAT HAPPENS IN FILTRATION
FILTRATION HAPPENS IN GLOMERULUS (FLUID IS SQUEEZED OUT OF THE GLOMERULAR CAPILLARY BED) - HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE IN GLOMERULUS FORCES BLOOD/WASTES INTO GLOMERULAR CAPSULE (CALLED FILTRATE HERE); DOUBLE CHECK THIS
92
WHAT HAPPENS IN REABSORPTION
FILTRATE FLOWS INTO PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE TO NEPHRON LOOP TO DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE AND THEN TO COLLECTING DUCT
93
MOST NUTRIENTS/H20/ESSENTIAL IONS ARE RETURNED TO BLOOD OF THE PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES
IS THIS A CORRET STATEMENT - ASK TEACH
94
WHERE IS THE LAST PLACE THAT EXCESS H20 CAN BE REABSORBED
IN THE COLLECTING DUCT; AFTER THAT IT IS GONE
95
WHAT HAPPENS IN SECRETION
MOVES ADDITIONAL UNDESIRABLE MOLECULES INTO TUBULE FROM BLOOD PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES; DOUBLE CHECK THIS
96
WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE DIURETIC
RELEASING H20
97
WHAT HORMONES PLAY ROLES IN THE FUNCTIONING OF THE KIDNEY
ADH AND ALDOSTERONE
98
ADH
ANTI DIURETIC HORMONE (RETAIN H20);
99
ALDOSTERONE
(REABSORB H20/SODIUM; SECRETE POTASSIUM; DOUBLE CHECK THIS
100
HOW MUCH DO THE KIDNEYS FILTER EACH DAY
180 LITERS
101
HOW MUCH IS REABSORBED EACH DAY
ABOUT 95% OR 178 - 179 LITERS
102
URINIFEROUS TUBULE - 2 PARTS
??
103
WHAT ARE THE STRUCTURES IN THE UNIFERIOUS TUBULE
??
104
2 MAJOR AREAS OF NEPHRON
??
105
WHAT ARE THE 3 KEY TUBULAR REGIONS OF THE NEPHRONS TUBULAR SECTION
??
106
WHAT HAPPENS IN EACH REGION
??
107
WHAT HAPPENS IN EACH REGION
??
108
WHAT HAPPENS IN EACH REGION
??
109
WHAT ARE THE KEY MINERALS??
??
110
COLLECTING DUCTS FUNCTION TO
??
111
HOW DOES ADH PLAY A ROLE IN THE COLLECTING DUCTS
??
112
WHAT IS THE PATH OF FILTRATE
GLOMERULAR CAPRSULE TO PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE TO NEPHRON LOOP TO DISTAL CONVOLUTED LOOP TO COLLECTING DUCT
113
ALL THE GLOMERULUS DOES IS
FILTER AND ONLY LOCATED IN CORTEX AND COLUMNAR CORTEX
114
NEPHRON LOOP IS ONLY LOCATED IN WHAT AREA
MEDULLA
115
WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF THE URETER
THE FIRST PART OF THE URINARY TRACT; LINED WITH TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM; SMOOTH MUSCLE WALLS FOR PERISTALSIS
116
WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF THE BLADDER
TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM; SMOOTH MUSCLE (DETRUSOR MUSCLE); FOLDS CALLED RUGAE (EXPAND WHEN FILLED WITH URINE); INFERIOR PORTION IS A TRIANGULAR SHAPED AREA CALLED TRIGONE THAT OPENS INTO URETHRA
117
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE BLADDER
??
118
WHAT IS THE STRUCUTRE OF THE URETHRA
FINAL ORGAN OF URINARY SYSTEM; IN FEMALES THEY ARE VERY SHORT; IN MALES THEY ARE LONG; 2 RINGS OF MUSCLE; INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER (SMOOTH MUSCLE) AND EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER (SKELETAL MUSCLE) - WHEN BOTH SPHINCTERS RELAX - URINE IS RELEASED
119
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE URETHRA
??
120
TRIGONE
??
121
WHERE IS THE URETHRA LOCATED IN FEMALES
ANTERIOR TO VAGINA; INFERIOR TO UTERUS (THIS IS WHY PREGNANT WOMEN HAVE TO PEE ALL THE TIME - ENLARGED UTERUS SITS ON BLADDER)
122
IN MALES THE URETHRA HAS 3 DIVISIONS
PROSTATIC URETHRA; MEMBRANOUS URETHRA; SPONGY URETHRA
123
PROSTATIC URETHRA
??
124
MEMBRANOUS URETHRA
??
125
SPONGY URETHRA
??
126
WHERE IS URETHRA LOCATED IN MALES
ANTERIOR TO RECTUM
127
WHAT IS MICTURATION - OTHER NAMES FOR IT
VOIDING; URINATING; EMPTYING THE BLADDER; PEEING
128
WHAT AREA OF THE BRAIN CONTROLS MICTURATION
PONS
129
WHAT PART OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTROLS THE URGE TO VOID
PARASYMPATHERIC
130
WHAT PART OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTROLS THE URGE TO INHIBIT MICTURATION
SYMPATHETIC
131
NORMAL CONSTITUTES OR URINE
AMMONIA; SULPHATE; PHOSPHATE; CHLORIDE; MAGNESIUM; CALCIUM; POTASSIUM; SODIUM; CREATINE; URIC ACID; UREA
132
WHAT IS MOST PROMINENT CONSTITUENT OF URINE
UREA
133
WHAT IS URINE MADE UP OF
95% H20; NITROGENOUS WASTES, EXCESS IONS
134
WHAT IS AVERAGE OUTPUT OF URINE IN A DAY
POTASSIUM; HYDROGEN; URIC ACID
135
WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM URINE
PRESENCE OF CHEMICALS; TOXINS; DISEASE; INJURY
136
WHY USE URINALYSIS
??
137
WHAT IS NORMAL COLOR OF URINE
LIGHT YELLOW - COMES FROM METABOLIC BREAKDOWN OF HEMOGLOBIN BY BILE
138
WHAT IS ABNORMAL COLOR OF URINE
??
139
WHAT IS NORMAL ODOR OF URINE
AMMONIA LIKE;
140
WHAT IS ABNORMAL ODOR OF URINE
IF A FRUITY ODOR COULD DENOTE DIABETE MELLITUS
141
WHAT COULD ABNORMAL COLOR IN URINE MEAN
??
142
WHAT COULD ABNORMAL ODOR IN URINE MEAN
??
143
WHAT IS NORMAL pH OF URINE
??
144
WHAT CAN ABNORMAL pH MEAN
??
145
WHAT DOES SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF URINE MEAN
DENSITY OF URINE VS DENSITY OF CONTROL (EX H20)
146
WHAT IS NORMAL SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF URINE
??
147
WHAT COULD A LOW SPECIFIC GRAVITY INDICATE
DRINKING EXCESS H20; INJURY OR TUMOR OF PITUITARY GLAND
148
WHAT COULD ABNORMAL SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF URINE MEAN
??
149
WHAT CAN FINDING GLUCOSE IN URINE MEAN
GLUCOSURIA - EXCESS CARB INTAKE; STRESS; DIABETES MELLITUS
150
WHAT CAN FINDING PROTEINS IN URINE MEAN (INCLUDING ALBUMIN)
CAUSES INCREASE IN GLOMERULAR MEMBRANE THAT MAY BE ALLOWING OTHER MOLECULES TO PASS THAT NORMALLY WOULD NOT BE ABLE TO
151
WHAT CAN FINDING KETONES IN URINE MEAN
KETONURIA - DIABETES MELLITUS
152
WHAT CAN FINDING BILE PIGMENTS IN URINE MEAN
BILIRUBINURIA - LIVER ISSUES; HEPATITIS; CIRRHOSIS
153
WHAT CAN FINDING RED BLOOD CELLS IN URINE MEAN
HEMOGLOBINURIA - FRAGMENTATION OF HEMOLYSIS OF RBC'S; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; TRANSFUSION REACTIONS; BURNS; RENAL DISEASE
154
WHAT CAN FINDING WHITE BLOOD CELLS IN URINE MEAN
PYURIA - UTI'S; INFLAMMATION OF URINARY TRACT
155
WHAT CAN FINDING CASTS IN URINE MEAN
HARDENED CYLINDRICAL CELL FRAGMENTS; INDICATE RENAL DAMAGE; COULD BE WBC'S, RBC'S, OR FATTY CASTS
