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digestive glands Flashcards

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1
Q

contrast major vs minor salivary glands

A

major- parotid, submaxillary, sublingual

minor- lingual, von ebner’s glands

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2
Q

what are the functions of saliva?(3)

A

lubrication, initial enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates, antibacterial activity

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3
Q

describe serous cells

A

pyramidal with spherical nuclei
basophilic d/t abundant RER
produce protein-rich, watery secretion

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4
Q

describe mucous cells

A

cuboidal/columnar with flattened nuclei
mucinogen granules at apical ends
arranged in tubules
secrete mucin

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5
Q

describe serous demilunes

A

artifact of fixation but can be used as diagnostic tool; crescent shaped cells that sit atop mucous tubules

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6
Q

where are serous demilunes most common?

A

submandibular gland

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7
Q

what are myoepithelial cells?

A

flat cells located between basal lamina and glandular cells that help push secretions towards duct

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8
Q

what is another name for myoepithelial cells?

A

called basket cells when found in acini

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9
Q

what are the 2 types of intralobular ducts?

A

intercalated ducts and striated ducts

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10
Q

describe intercalated ducts

A

small ducts with squamous or cuboidal epithelium, continuous with acini lumen, lead to striated ducts

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11
Q

describe striated ducts

A

columnar epithelium with basal striations, many mitochondria d/t ion transport, lead to excretory ducts

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12
Q

what are the excretory ducts?

A

interlobular ducts

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13
Q

describe interlobular ducts

A

surrounded by abundant CT, stratified cuboidal or columnar, empty into oral cavity

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14
Q

what is the largest salivary gland? what % of saliva does it make?

A

parotid duct is largest, makes only 25% of saliva

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15
Q

how does partoid gland empty into oral cavity?

A

via stenson’s duct that is found next to the 2nd maxillary molars

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16
Q

what type of acini are found in the partoid gland? other tissue?

A

serous acini only, with adipose tissue

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17
Q

how can the partoid gland be differentiated from the pancreas?

A

partoid gland has numerous striated ducts, pancreas does not

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18
Q

what is contained in the secretory granules of the parotid acini?

A

secretory granules are rich in polysaccharides and high amylase activity

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19
Q

what is contained in the CT of the partoid gland?

A

lymphocytes and plasma cells

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20
Q

what is secreted by the plasma cells of the parotid CT?

A

IgA

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21
Q

what is the function of IgA secreted by the plasma cells in the CT of the partoid gland?

A

complexes with secretory component that is produced by serous acinar cells and duct cells, stabilizes IgA in the lumen from enzymatic degradation

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22
Q

what is another name of the submandibular gland?

A

submaxillary gland

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23
Q

what portion of saliva is produced by the submandibular gland?

A

70%

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24
Q

what duct empties the submandibular gland into the oral cavity?

A

Wharton’s duct, found on either side of the frenulum

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25
what is the glandular composition of the submandibular gland?
mixed: serous>mucous
26
what feature of the serous submandibular cells suggest role in electrolyte and water transport?
extensive lateral and basement membrane infolding
27
where are serous demilunes in the submandibular gland?
serous cells that are assoc with mucous cells
28
what is the general appearance of most ducts in the submandibular gland?
most are striated
29
what % of saliva is made by the sublingual glands?
5%
30
what is the histologic composition of the sublingual gland?
mixed: mucous>serous
31
how are most serous cells of the sublingual glands found?
as serous demilunes
32
are striated ducts found in the sublingual gland?
rarely. hard to find
33
what gland is histologically similar to the exocrine pancreas?
parotid gland
34
what is the main structure of the endocrine pancreas?
islets of langerhans
35
what is produced by the islets of langerhans? (5)
glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, gastrin, pancreatic polypeptide
36
how can the pancreas be differentiated from the parotid gland? (3)
- pancreas has NO striated ducts - pancreas has islets of langerhans - pancreas has centroacinar cells
37
what are centroacinar cells?
light staining cells in the acini lumens
38
what cells compose the pancreatic acini in the exocrine portions?
serous cells
39
describe the serous cells of the exocrine pancreas
spherical cells, polarized nuclei: basally with RER and apically with zygomen granules
40
what enzymes are secreted by the exocrine pancreas? (3) stimulated by?
proteases, lipases, nucleases; stimulated by CCK and vagal parasympathetic stimulation
41
what is secreted by the pancreatic ducts?
watery, bicarbonate rich fluid
42
what triggers secretion from pancreatic ducts?
secretin from enteroendocrine cells of the duodenum
43
what is the path of secretion for the pancreas?
centroacinar cells intercalated (cuboidal) ducts small interlobular ducts interlobular ducts
44
what epithelium compose the interlobular ducts of the pancreas?
columnar epithelium
45
where do interlobular duct lead to?
main pancreatic duct or accessory pancreatic ducts
46
what is the path of main pancreatic duct?
main pancreatic duct | joins with common bile duct at ampulla of vater, drains into duodenum
47
what is the path of accessory pancreatic duct?
drains directly into duodenum
48
4 main functions of the liver:
- metabolize and store nutrients - make bile - dextoxify - make blood proteins (albumin, fibrinogen, lipoproteins)
49
describe the liver stroma
connective tissue capsule made of collagen I and collagen III
50
describe liver parenchyma
hepatocytes arranged in plates that are 1-2 cell layers thick
51
what is the embryologic tissue of origin for hepatocytes?
endoderm
52
what is the blood supply of the liver?
Dual: portal vein (75%)- O2 poor/nutrient rich, hepatic artery (25%)- O2 rich
53
what are the 3 ways to organize the liver
classic lobule portal lobule hepatic acinus
54
what is the organization of the classic liver lobule?
hexagonal | central vein in the center surrounded by 3-6 portal triads
55
what are the components of portal triad?
portal vein hepatic artery bile duct
56
from where does the bile duct receive bile?
receive bile from bile ductules (canals of Herring) that drain the bile canaliculi
57
are lymphatics seen near portal triad?
yes, but not included as part of it
58
describe the central vein
located at center of classic lobule thin walled receives blood from sinusoids
59
described hepatocyte plates
cords of hepatocytes that radiate from central vein to lobule periphery separated by sinuoids
60
describe hepatic sinusoids
capillaries of the liver, drain into central vein, receive mixture of arterial and venous blood, supply nutrients to hepatocytes and receive secretions from hepatocytes
61
what is the classic liver lobule based on?
direction of blood flow
62
what is the portal lobule based on?
direction of bile flow
63
what is the structure of a portal lobule?
triangular with portal triad in the center and central veins at the corners; contains portions of 3 adjacent classic liver lobules
64
what is the hepatic acinus?
method of dividing the liver that is best for correlation among blood perfusion, metabolic activity and liver pathology
65
what is the structure of a hepatic acinus?
diamond shaped, 4 corners: 2 portal triads and 2 central veins
66
what is the short axis of the hepatic acinus?
imaginary line between the portal triads
67
how is the hepatic acinus divided into 3 zones?
from the short axis, zone 1 is most central, then zone 2 followed by zone 3
68
what is located in the center of the hepatic acinus?
terminal branches of portal venues, hepatic arterioles, bile ducts
69
describe zone 1
closest to the portal triads 1st to receive O2, nutrients higher metabolic rate more susceptible to toxins 1st to show changes with bile duct occlusion LAST to die when there is circulatory impairment and the FIRST to regenerate
70
describe zone 3
farthest from the distributing vessels 1st to show- necrosis, fatty accumulation 1st to respond to bile duct occlusion and toxins
71
how is liver pathology described?
in terms of the classic liver lobule
72
how does the description per classic liver lobule affect zone 3?
"centrolobular" disease per classic lobule definition referred to zone 3 as it is closest to the central vein
73
what are the 3 phases of alcoholic liver disease?
fatty liver alcoholic hepatitis cirrhosis
74
describe changes in fatty liver
fat accumulates in cells of zone 3 (centrolobular cells), liver can become up to 3x normal weight, reversible with cessation
75
describe changes in alcoholic hepatitis
inflammation and necrotizing disease, zone 3 exhibits neutrophilic inflammatory disease and necrosis
76
describe the changes in cirrhosis
scarring of the liver, can lead to portal HTN/liver failure, fibrous septa will form around hepatocellular nodules and disturb normal functioning
77
what cell types are found in the liver?
hepatocytes (80%) Kupffer cells (macrophages) Ito cells
78
describe hepatocytes
large, eosinophilic lots of glycogen and lipid euchromatic nuclei, sometimes binucleate (4n)
79
what organelles are abundant in hepatocytes? (3)
peroxisomes SER golgi
80
what is the fxn of peroxisomes in hepatocytes?
oxidative fxns in gluconeogenesis, metabolism of purines/alcohol and lipids, contain alcohol dehydrogenase that converts about 50% of etOH consumed into acetaldehyde
81
what is the fxn of SER in hepatocytes?
detoxifies, synthesizes cholesterol and lipids
82
under what situations will SER in hepatocytes hypertrophy?
ingestion of phenobarbitol, alcohol or anabolic steroids
83
where are golgi abundant in the liver?
near bile canaiculi, may be involved in exocrine secretion
84
what is the Space of Disse?
site of nutrient exchange between hepatocytes and capillaries
85
describe the direction of bile vs blood flow in the liver
direction of bile flow is opposite direction of blood flow in the liver
86
describe the bile canaliculi
narrow intercellular channels formed by shallow grooves in the surface of adjacent hepatocytes, sealed by tight junctions, receive bile secretions from hepatocytes and deliver to bile ductules
87
describe bile ductules
formed by cuboidal cells (not hepatocytes), terminate in bile ducts located in portal triads
88
describe bile ducts
formed by cuboidal or columnar cells, part of portal triad, converge to form hepatic ducts
89
describe the hepatic ducts
Right and left hepatic ducts converge to form the common hepatic duct, meets with cystic duct to form common bile duct
90
what happens after the common bile duct is formed?
meets with the pancreatic duct at the ampulla of vater and then drain into duodenum via sphincter of oddi
91
summarize the flow of bile (9)
``` hepatocyte canaliculi ductule bile duct (part of portal triad) hepatic duct (R/L) common hepatic duct common bile duct ampulla of vater duodenum ```
92
what epithelium composes the gallbladder
simple columnar (with lamina propria)
93
describe the submucosa of the gallbladder
disorganized.
94
what occurs in the mucosa of the gallbladder near the cystic duct?
mucosal invaginations form glands that secrete mucus
95
what triggers contraction of the muscularis mucosa of the gallbladder?
CCK
96
discuss the outer layer of the gallbladder
adventitia connects to liver | serosa over free surface
97
which zone of the liver is most susceptible to ischemia?
zone 3- farthest away from blood supply
98
which zone of the liver is first to show changes in bile duct occlusion?
zone 1
99
which zone of the liver is first exposed to toxins?
zone 1
100
which zone of the liver is first to respond to toxins/bile duct occlusion?
zone 3
101
which ducts have basal striations?
intralobular ducts
102
why do the interlobular ducts exhibit basal striations?
secondary to accumulations of mitochondria that are important for ion transport involved in the modification of saliva
103
which nerves provide parasympathetic innervation for the salivary glands?
CN IX- otic ganglion - parotid gland | CN VII- submandibular ganglion- submandibular and sublingual glands
104
what type of capillary is a hepatic sinusoid?
discontinuous
105
what is the significance of the space of disse?
microscopic space between the sinusoidal capillary and the heptocyte where nutrient exchange occurs
106
does the gallbladder have a muscularis mucosa?
no, bc it is not part of the GI proper (accessory organ)
107
what are the "holes" in the gallbladder epithelium?
Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses that are deep mucosal folds that may penetrate into the muscularis externa and may predispose to gallstones

Histo Block 3 (11 decks)

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