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Histo Block 3 > lymphatics > Flashcards

lymphatics Flashcards

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1
Q

in general, what are the 1st/2nd/3rd lines of immune defense?

A

1st- skin and mucosa
2nd- innate immune system
3rd- adaptive immune system

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2
Q

what are the 3 main “players” in the innate immune system?

A
  • complement proteins
  • professional phagocytes
  • natural killer cells
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3
Q

what are the functions of complement proteins?

A

form membrane attack complexes
opsine coat
chemoattractant for immune cells

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4
Q

what are the professional phagocytes? functions?

A

macrophages (resident cells in CT) and neutrophils (recruited to site when needed); participate in phagocytosis and secrete cytokines

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5
Q

what are the actions of natural killer cells?

A

fight virus/bacteria/fungal infected cells and tumor cells by inducing apoptosis, also produce cytokines

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6
Q

where are natural killer cells stored?

A

liver, spleen and blood

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7
Q

what are the main cells in the adaptive immune system?

A

T and B lymphocytes

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8
Q

what is the action of a killer T cell?

A

induces apoptosis of invader

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9
Q

what is the action of helper T cell?

A

produces cytokines to stimulate innate and adaptive immune cells

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10
Q

what is the action of regulatory T cells?

A

prevent immune overreaction by a mechanism that is not well understood

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11
Q

what is the basic structure of an antibody

A

soluble
2 heavy chains, 2 light chains
variable portion binds antigens
Fc region of heavy chains allows binding to immune cells

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12
Q

what is the action of antibodies?

A

identify pathogens
opsonize
neutralize
clear infection

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13
Q

what is the most common type of antibody?

A

IgG

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14
Q

describe IgG

A

75-80% of all antibodies
most stable
T1/2 over 3 weeks
crosses placenta

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15
Q

describe IgA

A

protects mucosa

secreted in milk

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16
Q

describe IgM

A

first antibody made after B cell activation

great activator of complement system

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17
Q

describe IgE

A

destroys parasites

involved in allergic reactions by binding mast cells, eosinophils and basophils

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18
Q

what is the part of the “invader” is recognized by the adaptive immune system?

A

epitope
suface antigens- recognized by B lymphocytes
intracellular epitopes must undergo phagocytosis/digestion

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19
Q

contrast antigen presentation for B cells vs. T cells

A

B cells can recognize their own antigens

T cells need antigens to be presented by other cells

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20
Q

what is MHC-I?

A

expressed by most cells

presents antigens to Killer T cells

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21
Q

what is MHC-II?

A

expressed only by antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells, macrophages, B lymphocytes)
presents antigens to helper T cells

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22
Q

what is clonal expansion?

A

proliferation of B and T cells after exposure to antigen

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23
Q

what is the purpose of secondary lymphoid tissue?

A

serve as “dating bars” for T cells, B cells and APCs for activation and communication

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24
Q

describe the distribution of B cells, T cells and dendritic cells

A

move between resident CT sites, lymph organs and blood; not evenly distributed throughout lymph organs

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25
discuss the timing of innate vs. adaptive immune system
innate- fast, but has limited capacity | adaptive- slower, but able to mount needed response
26
what are the primary lymphoid tissues?
thymus, bone marrow
27
what is different about thymus vs all other lymph tissues?
thymus is the only lymph tissue that is not supported by reticular fibers (collagen III)
28
what occurs in the thymus?
differentiate T cells to naive T cells | destroy anti-self T cells
29
what is the chronology of the thymus?
organ function peaks during adolescence and then degenerates
30
describe the cortex of the thymus
basophilic separated by trabeculae supported by thymic epithelial cells
31
what is the function of thymic epithelial cells?
extend processes as a framework and secrete polypeptide factors to promote cell maturation (replace reticular cells in thymus)
32
describe the medulla of the thymus
eosinophilic fewer lymphs than cortex Hassall's corpuscles
33
what are Hassall's corpuscles?
areas of thymic epithelial cells that are undergoing keratinization and degradation within the medulla
34
what forms the blood-thymus barrier?
continuous endothelial cells of capillaries, basal lamina, thymic epithelial cells with tight junctions
35
what is the purpose of the blood-thymus barrier?
protects the developing lymphs from antigens circulating in the blood
36
how are mature cells expelled from the thymus?
expelled via venules
37
how do T cells arrive to the thymus?
via the circulatory system | thymus has no afferent lymph vessels
38
what are the secondary lymph tissues? (4)
Lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer's patches, spleen
39
what are the basic histologic structures of secondary lymph tissues?
diffuse nodules CT capsule (organ)
40
what cells are present in nodules? (3)
- follicular dendritic cells, display opsonized antigen on MHC-I - B cells - dendritic cells
41
what cells are in germinal centers?
B cells
42
how do most lymphocytes enter secondary lymphoid tissues?
through high endothelial venues (except in spleen)
43
what are high endothelial venues?
cuboidal or columnar epithelium with gap junctions
44
what are the 3 basic lymph node layers?
cortex. paracortex. medulla
45
what does the cortex of the LN do?
receives lymph from afferent lymph vessels
46
what occurs in the paracortex of LN?
receives lymphocytes from high endothelial venules
47
how do lymphocytes exit the LN?
via efferent lymphatic vessels at the hilus
48
what are germinal centers rich in?
b cells
49
what is the mantle zone rich in?
t cells
50
where is a common site for metastatic cancer cells to colonize as they spread?
supcapsular sinus
51
what is the structure of lymphatic capillaries?
sparse endothelium, discontinuous basal lamina, held open by reticular fibers
52
what is MALT?
mucosa assoc lymphoid tissue | found in GI, respiratory, urogenital tracts
53
what are 3 examples of MALT?
tonsils, peyers patches, appendix
54
what is the distinguishing feature of the pharyngeal tonsil?
pseudo stratified epithelium with cilia
55
what is the distinguishing feature of palatine tonsils?
stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
56
what is GALT?
gut assoc lymphoid tissue (Peyer's patches)
57
where are peer's patches found?
exclusively in the ileum
58
what is the basic structure of Peyer's Patches?
M cells lie over lymphoid nodules
59
what occurs in Peyer's Patches?
B and T cells enter through HEV dendritic cells present antigens IgA produced by b cells
60
what is characteristic of the white pulp of spleen?
more basophilic | lymphocytes around a central artery
61
what is characteristic of red pulp of spleen?
more eosinophilic cords, sinuses resp for recycling old RBCs by macrophages
62
what is the function of tonsillar crypts?
increase SA between tissue and environment
63
what is the path of lymph in LN?
afferent vessel --> subcapsular sinus --> paratrabecular sinus --> trabeculae
64
what composes the capsule of the spleen?
dense, irregular CT
65
what is PALS?
periarteriolar lymhoid sheath, surrounds central arteriole in the white pulp of spleen

Histo Block 3 (11 decks)

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