digestive system

Question 1

tunica serosa

Answer 1

outermost covering of the alimentary canal within abdominal cavity.

Question 2

tunica muscularis

Answer 2

2 layers, inner and outer. allows the canal to be motile.

Question 3

tunica submucosa

Answer 3

layer between the mucosal and inner muscularis layers. it is highly vascular (many blood vessels) its function is to serve the mucosal layer. contains the submucous plexus, which is critical to nervous system and provides nervous control to the mucosa.

Question 4

tunica mucosa

Answer 4

innermost layer. most widely varied. 3 primary functions are distention, absorption and secretion.

Question 5

parietal peritoneum

Answer 5

lines the abdominal cavity

Question 6

visceral peritoneum (serosa)

Answer 6

lines each organ in abdominal cavity

Question 7

omentum

Answer 7

double folds of peritoneum that line adjacent organs to support and transmit vessels and nerves to the organs, it also protects the organs from excessive rubbing. (2 sections include greater and lesser omentum)

Question 8

retroperitoneal organs include:

Answer 8

pancreas, kidneys, most of duodenum and abdominal aorta

Question 9

4 major parts of stomach

Answer 9

cardiac orifice (GE junction), fundus, body, pylorus

Question 10

small intestine (21 ft long) 3 main regions:

Answer 10

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Question 11

large intestine (wider 6cm in diameter) 4 major regions

Answer 11

cecum, colon, rectum, anus/anal canal

Question 12

colon areas

Answer 12

1st bend is hepatic flexure, transverse colon, next bend is splenic flexure, descending colon, then the s-shaped bend is the sigmoid colon.

Question 13

accessory organs that secrete directly to alimentary canal:

Answer 13

liver, gallbladder and pancreas

Question 14

liver

Answer 14

largest gland in the body, produces bile

Question 15

gallbladder

Answer 15

stores and concentrates bile and takes bile to the duodenum thru the common bile duct

Question 16

pancreas

Answer 16

creates juices and secretes them into duodenum for food breakdown

Question 17

rigor

Answer 17

chills

Question 18

tenesmus

Answer 18

straining, especially ineffective and painful during a bowel movement or urination

Question 19

achalasia

Answer 19

impairment of normal esophageal peristalsis, symptoms are dysphagia, regurgitation, noctural cough, chest pain

Question 20

atresia

Answer 20

the absence or closure of a normal body orifice or tubular organ.

Question 21

bezoar

Answer 21

tightly packed, partially digested hair or vegetable matter. seeds, gum, medication can mimic a bezoar

Question 22

cheiloschisis

Answer 22

cleft lip

Question 23

cirrhosis

Answer 23

group of liver diseases where the normal structure is destroyed over time by nodules.

Question 24

diverticulum

Answer 24

an abnormal buldge, pocket or pouch formed from a hollow or tubular structure

Question 25

Zenker diverticulum

Answer 25

the most common place that a diverticulum occurs is just below the pharynx

Question 26

dysentery

Answer 26

variety of disorders marked by inflammation of intestines, especially the colon

Question 27

amebic dysentery

Answer 27

most common type of dysentery, due to ulceration of the bowel caused by amebiasis

Question 28

cholera

Answer 28

a form of enteritis that is spread by food and water contaminated with feces

Question 29

fecalith

Answer 29

intestinal concretion (hard stool) formed around a center of fecal matter

Question 30

fistula

Answer 30

abnormal passage or communication between 2 organs or from an internal organ to the surface of the body.

Question 31

hernia

Answer 31

protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue thru an abnormal opening

Question 32

abdominal hernia

Answer 32

protrusion of internal body structure thru the abdominal wall

Question 33

hiatal hernia

Answer 33

the protrusion of the stomach above the diaphragm

Question 34

sliding hiatal hernia

Answer 34

when the stomach an a section of esophagus slide up into the chest thru the hiatus

Question 35

paraesophageal hiatal hernia

Answer 35

when the stomach squeezes thru the hiatus, but the esophagus and stomach stay in their regular locations. the stomach can become strangled and have its blood supply shut down.

Question 36

inguinal hernia

Answer 36

a hernia into the inguinal canal

Question 37

umbilical hernia

Answer 37

protrusion of part of intestine thru the umbilicus

Question 38

Hirschsprung disease

Answer 38

congenital megacolon, or a dilatation and hypertrophy of the colon due to the sustained contraction of the rectosigmoid muscles

Question 39

hypertrophy

Answer 39

enlargement of an organ due to cell size increase

Question 40

ileus

Answer 40

temporary cessation of intestinal peristalsis, which often leads to obstruction.

Question 41

adynamic ileus

Answer 41

suspension of peristalsis because of paralysis or atony. can be result of drugs, toxemia, trauma or surgery.

Question 42

IBS

Answer 42

variety of bowel disorders which are inflammatory whose etiology cannot be directly determined

Question 43

Crohn disease

Answer 43

can affect any part of GI tract but is more common in the ileocecal area. frequently leads to obstruction and fistula and abscess formation

Question 44

ulcerative colitis

Answer 44

chronic, nonspecific, inflammatory and ulcerative disease that arises in the colonic mucosa. usually involves the rectum

Question 45

intussusception

Answer 45

segment of bowel advances and protrudes into the segment distal to it

Question 46

jaundice

Answer 46

characterized by bile pigment in the skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae with yellow appearance. indicate a liver problem

Question 47

leukoplakia

Answer 47

white patch on mucous membrane that will not rub off and occurs in mouth.

Question 48

mumps

Answer 48

acute, highly contagious viral disease which causes painful enlargement of salivary glands.

Question 49

Giardia

Answer 49

intestinal parasite

Question 50

Barrett esophagus

Answer 50

chronic peptic ulcer of the esophagus

Question 51

polyp

Answer 51

mass of tissue that arises from the bowel wall and protrudes into the lumen.

Question 52

sessile

Answer 52

polyp attached directly to surface

Question 53

pedunculated

Answer 53

polyp attached by a stem or stalk

Question 54

Schatzki ring

Answer 54

a 2-4 cm mucosal structure, probably congenital, which causes a ring-like narrowing of the lower esophagus

Question 55

volvulus

Answer 55

intestinal obstruction that is due to a knotting or twisting of the bowel.