digestive system

Question 1

what are heterotrophs?

Answer 1

an organism that gets its nutrients from complex substances

Question 2

what are the three types of heterotrophs and what do they eat?

Answer 2

herbivores- plants
omnivores- plants and animals
carnivores- animals

Question 3

which animals have no digestive system?

Answer 3

sponges/porifera

Question 4

describe sponge digestion.

Answer 4

there is no digestive system, so it occurs intracellularly through endocytosis

Question 5

what is endocytosis?

Answer 5

active transport that move particles into a cell

Question 6

how do ALL animals (except sponges) digest?

Answer 6

extracellularly, in a digestive cavity

Question 7

what do cnidarians (jellyfish) and flatworms have, digestive wise?

Answer 7

an incomplete digestive tract, and a gastrovascular cavity.

Question 8

describe a SIMPLE complete digestive system, and an animal that has one

Answer 8

mouth and anus are separated by a continuous digestive tube, nematode worm

Question 9

describe a complex complete digestive system, name all the parts and describe the function, and what animals it is found in

Answer 9

mouth and pharynx- food entry/mechanical digestion
esophagus- delivers food to the stomach from the mouth
stomach- mechanical and chemical digestion, plus some absorbtion
small intestine- chemical digestion and absorption
large intestine- concentrates waste
cloaca/rectum- waste storage
found in all vertebrates

Question 10

how do sensory organs help locate food?

Answer 10

they allow an animal to taste, touch, smell, hear, see, etc their prey

Question 11

what is found in the oral cavity

Answer 11

the mouth, sometimes teeth, and the pharynx

Question 12

what is found in the tubular gastrointestinal tract

Answer 12

esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, and rectum

Question 13

what are the mouth and teeth used for?

Answer 13

mastication, holding/capturing prey

Question 14

what makes teeth so special

Answer 14

there is a large diversity in size and shape, because teeth match the diet

Question 15

how do birds digest food if they don’t have teeth

Answer 15

they use their gizzard, which contains pebbles, to grind their food up

Question 16

what is the crop used for in birds?

Answer 16

storage

Question 17

what does the peristalsis do?

Answer 17

it aids in contraction by pushing the food down, NO digestion or absorption occurs

Question 18

what type of surface does the stomach have, and how does it help?

Answer 18

surface is convoluted or wrinkled, which aids with digestion

Question 19

how many chambers does the stomach have?

Answer 19

it depends on the species

Question 20

what are the two secretory cells/gastric juice in the stomach, and what do they do?

Answer 20

parietal cells, which secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor (B12 absorption), and chief cells, which secrete pepsinogen(breaks down peptide bonds), an inactive form of pepsin.

Question 21

what does the stomach produce?

Answer 21

chime, which is partially digested food

Question 22

what are the two sphincters and what do they do?

Answer 22

esophageal, which allows food to move down the throat, and pyloric, which does not let the particles from the intestine re-enter the stomach.

Question 23

what are the three parts of the small intestine, and what do they do?

Answer 23

duodenum- chemical digestion
jejunum- final absorption
and ileum- finishes digestion

Question 24

what does the small intestine aid in?

Answer 24

digestion and absorption

Question 25

what cell does the SI have, and what is it made of?

Answer 25

mucosal cells made up of villi and microvilli

Question 26

what do the (micro)villi do?

Answer 26

they are finger-like projections that help absorb nutrition in the body

Question 27

what does the liver do?

Answer 27

produces bile

Question 28

what is bile?

Answer 28

emulsified fats/lipids, made of bile pigment/waste products and bile salts/emulsified fats

Question 29

how does the gallbladder connect to the liver?

Answer 29

the bile duct

Question 30

what does the gallbladder do?

Answer 30

stores bile

Question 31

when does the gallbladder secrete bile?

Answer 31

when food is present in the duodenum

Question 32

true or false: every animal has a gallbladder.

Answer 32

false, horses, deer, rats, invertebrates, etc don't have one

Question 33

what is the pancreas function?

Answer 33

endocrine/hormone and exocrine/digestive

Question 34

what digestive enzymes does the pancreas produce?

Answer 34

trypsin, chymotrypsin, pancreatic amylase, and lipase

Question 35

where does the pancreas duct lead

Answer 35

the duodenum

Question 36

where are the cecum and appendix located?

Answer 36

the ileum-colon junction

Question 37

what are the regions of the LI

Answer 37

ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid

Question 38

what does the rectum do?

Answer 38

stores waste until defecation

Question 39

what does the anus do?

Answer 39

allows feces to exit, via an inner involuntary sphincter and an outer voluntary sphincter

Question 40

most mammals have a ______

Answer 40

rectum

Question 41

what does the cloaca do?

Answer 41

it is also an exit, but for digestive, urinary, and reproductive products.

Question 42

what are functions of the LI (4)

Answer 42

no digestion 4% absorption water, remaining electro lights, and vitamin K mainly concentration of waste

Question 43

what are the different numbers of stomach chambers called?

Answer 43

monogastric- most animals digastric- birds trigastric- pseudo-ruminants four-chambered- ruminant-herbivores

Question 44

what are the four parts of a ruminant stomach?

Answer 44

rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum.

Question 45

what does fermintation in the rumen produce

Answer 45

methane

Question 46

what does rumination mean

Answer 46

regurgitating and rechewing

Question 47

what do non-ruminant herbivores have for fermintation and why?

Answer 47

a very large cecum, because regurgitation is not possible

Question 48

what is caprophagy

Answer 48

eating of feces

Question 49

what does a non-ruminant herbivore digestive system look like?

Answer 49

simple stomach, large cecum

Question 50

what do ruminants rely on microbes for?

Answer 50

cellulose

Question 51

what does an insectivores stomach look like

Answer 51

short intestine and no cecum

Question 52

what does a carnivores stomach look like

Answer 52

short intestine, colon, and small cecum

Question 53

what are the two chambers of the digastric system

Answer 53

proventriculus- chemical digestion | ventriculus/gizzard- grinds and churns food

Question 54

what do birds have that other vertebrates dont

Answer 54

ceca, or two cecums

Question 55

what are examples of pseudoruminants

Answer 55

camelids, hippos and sloths

Question 56

what type of stomach to pseudo-ruminants have

Answer 56

trigastric

Question 57

what does the tri-gastric stomach contain

Answer 57

reticulum, omasum, and abomasum, as well as a large cecum

Question 58

what are the five major steps in digestion?

Answer 58

1. acquiring food/feeding 2. mechanical digestion/chewing 3. chemical digestion/enzyme usage 4. nutrient absorption/transport 5. remove indigestible waste/excrete

Question 59

how do carbohydrates aid in digestion?

Answer 59

they begin with salivary amylase in the mouth, but don't do much in the stomach due to the low pH, and complete the job in the duodenum. monosaccharides are absorbed into the SI

Question 60

what do monosaccharides transport and where

Answer 60

transports proteins to the blood capillary to move through the body

Question 61

where does protein digestion begin

Answer 61

the stomach

Question 62

what is pepsinogen converted into during protein digestion

Answer 62

pepsin

Question 63

what happens to proteins in the SI

Answer 63

they are completely absorbed

Question 64

what enzymes are used in protein digestion, where are they produced, where is the site, what is the substrate, and what is the end product

Answer 64

Question 65

what are proteins broken into

Answer 65

amino acids

Question 66

where does lipid digestion begin

Answer 66

the stomach

Question 67

what does pancratic lipase become?

Answer 67

fatty acids/glycerides

Question 68

where does lipids get absorbed into

Answer 68

SI cells

Question 69

how are amino acids and monosaccharides transported

Answer 69

through the epithelial cells to the blood

Question 70

how is blood carried to the liver?

Answer 70

via the hepatic portal vein

Question 71

what are fatty acids and monoglycerides reassembled into after they diffuse into epithelial cells?

Answer 71

chylomicrons

Question 72

how are chylomicrons transported

Answer 72

the lymphatic system

Question 73

what are the four parts of the SI and where are they located

Answer 73