respiratory system

Question 1

what is the final receptor of ATP

Answer 1

oxygen

Question 2

what is a by-product of the ATP cycle

Answer 2

CO2

Question 3

what are physical influences of a molecule

Answer 3

size, weight, and diffusion

Question 4

what gives air its weight

Answer 4

the gravitational feild

Question 5

what is air pressure at sea level

Answer 5

1 atmosphere OR 760mmHg

Question 6

what is potential pressure?

Answer 6

pressure contributing gas to total atmospheric pressure

Question 7

what is daltons law

Answer 7

each gas exerts its own partial pressure

Question 8

what is daltons equation?

Answer 8

(PP)(Element)=760mmHg x (% of gas found in dry air)

Question 9

gas moves from ______ to ______ partial pressure

Answer 9

high, low

Question 10

pressure decreases with ______

Answer 10

altitude

Question 11

air becomes less ______ as altitude increases

Answer 11

dense

Question 12

what is henrys law

Answer 12

describes the behavior, solubility, and partial pressure of gases when they contact liquid

Question 13

what does a greater pp in gas mean

Answer 13

there is a greater number of gas molecules that dissolve in liquid

Question 14

increasing temperatures _______ soluability of oxygen

Answer 14

decrease

Question 15

what is fricks law of diffusion

Answer 15

the rate of transfer of gas through tissue is proportional to the tissue area; the difference in gas partial pressure between two sides are inversely proportional to tissue thickness

Question 16

what is fricks equation, and what does each image mean?

Answer 16

R= (DA ⃤P)/d

R- rate of diffusion
D- diffusion constant 
A- area over which diffusion takes place
⃤  p- pressure diffenerce between two sides 
d- difference where diffusion occurs

Question 17

what is diffusion?

Answer 17

the increased distance over which a solute increases diffusion time

Question 18

which diffuses faster in water: CO2 or O

Answer 18

CO2 because it is more soluble

Question 19

how do simple invertebrates breathe?

Answer 19

by simple diffusion through the body wall

Question 20

true or false: simple invertebrates have a respiratory system and a circulatory system

Answer 20

false, they have neither

Question 21

simple inverts have a high _____ ____ ___ ______ ratio

Answer 21

surface area to volume

Question 22

how do external invertebrates breathe

Answer 22

my external diffusion across the epithelium

Question 23

do external-breathing invertebrates have a circulatory system?

Answer 23

yes

Question 24

where do external-breathing invertebrates live

Answer 24

aquatic or moist environments

Question 25

what are examples of externally-breathing invertebrates

Answer 25

annelids and echinoderms

Question 26

how do internally-breathing vertebrates breathe?

Answer 26

via gills

Question 27

what are some examples of internally-breathing veterbrates

Answer 27

crustaceans and mollusks

Question 28

where do invertebrates with tracheal systems live?

Answer 28

terrestrial environments

Question 29

what type of lungs do chelicerata have

Answer 29

book lungs

Question 30

how are terristrial invertebrates kept moist

Answer 30

by internal locations

Question 31

vertebrates are the most ______, and have an extensive _______ network associated with each respiratory organ

Answer 31

complex, capillary

Question 32

where are fish gills enclosed in?

Answer 32

oral cavities

Question 33

what do gills function as?

Answer 33

pumps to move water and oxygen in

Question 34

there are ____ gill arches on each side, and ___ rows of gill filaments, which consist of a _______

Answer 34

4, 2, lamellae

Question 35

blood flows _______ of water

Answer 35

opposite

Question 36

what can be found in the upper respiratory tree (5)

Answer 36

nares, sinus passageways, pharyngeal area, larynx, and epiglottis.

Question 37

what are the nares?

Answer 37

the nose and mouth, an entry point

Question 38

what are the sinus passageways used for

Answer 38

moistening inhaled air

Question 39

where is the pharyngeal area

Answer 39

the back of the throat

Question 40

what does the epiglottis do?

Answer 40

it covers the glottis to prevent liquid from getting into the trachea

Question 41

what does the larynx contain?

Answer 41

cartilage and vocal cords

Question 42

what does the lower respiratory tree contain?

Answer 42

the trachea, lungs, primary, secondary and tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

Question 43

what do trachea have and why

Answer 43

hyaline cartilage rings, so the airway doesn’t collapse

Question 44

where does diffusion take place in the lungs

Answer 44

in the alveoli

Question 45

what do birds have in place of alveoli

Answer 45

parabronchi aka air sacs

Question 46

what is positive pressure ventilation?

Answer 46

when air is forced into the lungs

Question 47

what is negative pressure ventilation?

Answer 47

when air is pulled into the lungs

Question 48

what animals use negative pressure breathing

Answer 48

mammals birds and reptiles

Question 49

what animals use postive pressure breathing

Answer 49

frogs

Question 50

when inhaling, thoracic volume _________, and the ________ muscles and the _________ contract.

Answer 50

increases, intercostal, diaphragm

Question 51

when exhaling, thoracic volume ________, the intercostal and diaphragm ________

Answer 51

decreases, relax

Question 52

how many cycles do bird respirations have?

Answer 52

teo

Question 53

describe the first cycle of bird respiration

Answer 53

air moves from the trachea to the posterior air sacs, which are inhaled to the lungs

Question 54

describe the second bird respiration cycle

Answer 54

air moves from the lungs into anterior sacs, and exhaled through the trachea

Question 55

true or false: old and new air sometimes mix in bird respiration

Answer 55

false

Question 56

the bird respiration cycles happen ___________

Answer 56

simultaneously

Question 57

where is hemoglobin located

Answer 57

red blood cells

Question 58

what does each hemoglobin (4 per blood cell) have at the center

Answer 58

an iron atom

Question 59

what affects how much oxygen hemoglobin carrie’s?

Answer 59

PO2, CO2, pH, and temperature

Question 60

what is the borh effect?

Answer 60

a decrease in the amount of oxygen associated with hemoglobin in response to a lower blood pH resulting from increased CO2

Question 61

how is CO2 transported (3 ways)

Answer 61

dissolves in plasma binds to hemoglobin dissolves into the dorm bicarbonate acid, which forms carbonic acid

Question 62

what does gas exchange rely on

Answer 62

the concentration gradient