nervous system

Question 1

how many main parts does a neuron have

Answer 1

three

Question 2

what are the main parts of a neuron

Answer 2

1. the central body/nucleus
2. branched structures/dendrites and axons
3. nervous tissue

Question 3

what is a nerve

Answer 3

a bunch of neurons

Question 4

what makes up the central nervous system

Answer 4

brain and spinal cord

Question 5

what makes up the peripheral nervous system

Answer 5

sensory and motor pathways

Question 6

the sensory gathers information to ____ to cns

Answer 6

send

Question 7

the motor pathways move info ___ from the cns

Answer 7

away

Question 8

what is grabbing something an example of.

Answer 8

voluntary somatic nervous system

Question 9

what is sweating an example of?

Answer 9

involuntary autonomic nervous system

Question 10

what are the branches of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 10

sympathetic- fight or flight, and parasympathetic- rest and repose

Question 11

what are examples of the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 11

more aware, rapid heart beat/breath

Question 12

what does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

Answer 12

calm the body down after an emergency

Question 13

what do sensory receptors do?

Answer 13

detect environmental stimuli

Question 14

what do motor effectors do?

Answer 14

respond to environmental stimuli

Question 15

what do interneurons do?

Answer 15

they occur between sensory and motor neurons

Question 16

what do sensory neurons do?

Answer 16

send info to the cns

Question 17

what does the axon connect to in the motor cells

Answer 17

dendrites

Question 18

what do motor neurons stimulate

Answer 18

smooth muscle contraction

Question 19

what are the three neurons in vertebrates and what do they do?

Answer 19

sensory- takes info and sends to cns
interneurons- located in cns and makes a decision based on info
motor- does what interneurons choose

Question 20

dendrites ______ info, goes to the ____ _____, and then the axon _____ the info.

Answer 20

receive, cell body, move

Question 21

what are myelin sheaths?

Answer 21

lipid-base that acts as an insulator and protects axons

Question 22

what forms white matter?

Answer 22

myelinated axons

Question 23

what forms grey matter?

Answer 23

dendrites and cell bodies

Question 24

what is the potential difference

Answer 24

electricity that exists across the cell membrane

Question 25

there is a _______ charge on the inside of the cell, and a _______ charge on the outside

Answer 25

negative, positive

Question 26

how is the charge of the cell changed?

Answer 26

by movement back and forth between the cell wall

Question 27

what makes the inner cell more negative? (2)

Answer 27

the sodium-potassium pump and the ion leakage channel

Question 28

what does the NaK pump do?

Answer 28

it brings in 2 K for every 3 Na it moves out

Question 29

what do ion leak channels do?

Answer 29

allows more K to diffuse out than Na to diffuse in

Question 30

what is the resting potential of a cell

Answer 30

-70 mV

Question 31

why does potassium come into the cell?

Answer 31

the concentration gradient

Question 32

what is depolarization?

Answer 32

when voltage moves away from the resting potential

Question 33

what is repolarization?

Answer 33

when voltage moves towards resting potential

Question 34

what is a result of depolarization

Answer 34

action potential

Question 35

what is the action potential produced by

Answer 35

voltage-gated ion channels

Question 36

what are the two voltage-gated channels?

Answer 36

sodium channels and potassium channels

Question 37

when do the Na channels open rapidly?

Answer 37

when the threshold is reached

Question 38

what does an influx of Na do?

Answer 38

depolarizes the cell

Question 39

K channels open ______

Answer 39

slowly

Question 40

what does an efflux of K do?

Answer 40

repolarizes the cell

Question 41

action potential is a _______ of charges across the ________ with more _________ on the inside and more _______ on the outside

Answer 41

separation, membrane, potassium, sodium

Question 42

describe the voltage-gated ion channel

Answer 42

allows a rush of ions to come in or out once the threshold is reached

Question 43

what are the three phases of action potential

Answer 43

rising/depolarization, falling/repolarization, and undershoot

Question 44

what is intensity stimulated by?

Answer 44

frequency

Question 45

what is synapses

Answer 45

intercellular junctions

Question 46

which cells transmit action potential?

Answer 46

presynaptic cells

Question 47

which cells receive the action potential?

Answer 47

postsynaptic cells

Question 48

what do synapses allow?

Answer 48

contact between adjacent cells

Question 49

what are the two types of cell junctions?

Answer 49

electrical and chemical

Question 50

which type of junction is rare in vertebrates?

Answer 50

electrical

Question 51

what do gap junctions form?

Answer 51

direct cytoplasmic connections

Question 52

what does chemical synapses have between the cells

Answer 52

clefts

Question 53

what are neurotransmitters stored in?

Answer 53

presynapsis

Question 54

what does the action potential trigger?

Answer 54

calcium influx

Question 55

synaptic vesicles ____ with the cell membrane

Answer 55

fuse

Question 56

what are neurotransmitters released by?

Answer 56

excocytosis

Question 57

what is the vertebrate brain divided into, and what do they do?

Answer 57

the hindbrain, the largest portion, the midbrain, which processes visual information, and the forebrain, which processes olfactory info, such as smell.

Question 58

which is the dominant feature of the brain

Answer 58

forebrain

Question 59

what promotes movement in the cleft

Answer 59

calcium

Question 60

what helps protect the brain and spinal cord?

Answer 60

the meninges and cerebral spinal fluid

Question 61

what are the three layers of meninges and where are they

Answer 61

duramater-underneath the skull arachnoid mater- between layers piamater- surrounds the brain

Question 62

what are the two main elements of the forebrain?

Answer 62

deiriceptralon and telriceptialon

Question 63

what is in the dericeptialon and what do they do?

Answer 63

the thalamus integrates and relays, and the hypothalamus does basic drives/emotions and controls hormones

Question 64

what does the telericeptialon do?

Answer 64

deals with associative activity

Question 65

cerebrum size ______ in mammals

Answer 65

increases

Question 66

what is the cerebrum broken into

Answer 66

the right and left cerebral hemisphere

Question 67

what are the cerebral hemispheres connected by

Answer 67

corpus callosum

Question 68

what are the hemispheres divided into

Answer 68

the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the temporal lobe, and the occipital lobe.

Question 69

what does the frontal lobe do and contain?

Answer 69

contains the olfactory lobe and motor cortex, and deals with smell and movement

Question 70

what does the parietal lobe do?

Answer 70

deals with speech and reading, somatosensory and proprioception

Question 71

what does the temporal lobe do?

Answer 71

processes sound and memory through the hippocampus

Question 72

what do the occipital lobes do?

Answer 72

processes vision

Question 73

where do emotions and memory originate

Answer 73

the limbic system

Question 74

what are the regions of the limbic system

Answer 74

thalamus, hypothalamus, and hippocampus

Question 75

what does amygdala process

Answer 75

fear and rage

Question 76

what does cingulate gyrus process

Answer 76

other emotions and pain

Question 77

what does the cerebellum control?

Answer 77

balance and motor skills

Question 78

where is the brainstem located?

Answer 78

underneath the brain, beginning at the thalamus

Question 79

what does the brainstem do?

Answer 79

regulates autonomic functions

Question 80

what does the brainstem allow communication with

Answer 80

cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal cord

Question 81

the brainstem is important for ______

Answer 81

survival

Question 82

what makes up the brainstem

Answer 82

the thalamus, medulla oblongata, and poris

Question 83

what is the spinal cord

Answer 83

a cable of neurons extending from the brain through the backbone

Question 84

what is the spinal cord used for

Answer 84

moving information through the body, and relaying messages through the body and brain

Question 85

what is an example of a monosynaptic reflex

Answer 85

the knee jerk reaction

Question 86

what are most reflexes in in vertebrates

Answer 86

bisynaptic

Question 87

where are sensory neurons located

Answer 87

the dorsal root of the spinal nerve

Question 88

describe the cns and the pns

Answer 88

Question 89

describe the neurons

Answer 89

Question 90

describe the parts of the brain

Answer 90

Question 91

describe the knee jerk reaction

Answer 91