digestive system Flashcards by Unknown Unknown

how many amino acids does an animal require

20; 10 - essential, 10 non-essential

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what are the essential acids (PRYVATE HILLMA)

Phenylalanine
tRYptophan
VAline
Threonine
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Arginine

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difference between essential and non-essential amino acids

essential - cannot be created by the body
non- essential : can be created in the body from essential amino acids

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what are unsaturated fatty acids

fatty acids with 1 or more double bonds

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essential fatty acids is aka

omega fatty acids

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supplement for fur of animals

fatty acids

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how many vitamins are essential for humans

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water-soluble vitamins

B complex and vitamin C

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fat-soluble vitamins

A,D,E,K

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are minerals organic or inorganic

inorganic

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undernourished individual will (3)

use up stored fats and carbohydrates
break down its own proteins
lose muscle mass

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differentiate types of feeders

suspension - yung sa aquatic animals, higop sila water tas ififilter yung pagkain

substrate - uod, nakatira sila dun sa mismong food source

fluid - lamok, suck nutrient-rich fluid from living host

bulk - snake, humans; eat relatively large pieces of food

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why are snakes capable of bulk feeding

hindi attached yung jaws nila together so pwedeng buksan ng mas malaki

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differentiate TYPES of digestion

mechanical - chewing
chemical - breaking down of food to smaller molecules thru enzymes etc

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differentiate KINDS of digestion

intracellular - inside the cell, food is engulfed thru phagocytosis tapos magfufuse with lysosomes to dissolve the food using the hydrolytic enzymes then ieexcrete yung waste thru exocytosis

extracellular - outside of the cell, may two types: gastrovascular cavity (1 cavity lang), alimentary canal (2 openings)

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differentiate the types of extracellular digestion

gastrovascular - simple animals, 1 cavity lang, nagrerelease ng digestive enzymes from gland cell which break down the food to small particles tapos ineengulf ulit and digested in food vacuoles

alimentary canal - 2 openings: anus and mouth, may specialized regions for digestion and absorption in step-wise fashion

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uptake of nutrients in the body cells

absorption

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passage of undigested materials out of the digestive system

elimination

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composition of mammalian digestive system

alimentary canal and accessory glands

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what are the accessory glands in the mammalian digestive system

salivary glands
pancreas
liver
gallbladder

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differences between vertebrate alimentary canal and insect alimentary canal

STORAGE AND EARLY DIGESTION:
vertebrate - stomach
insects, birds - crop

GRINDING
birds - gizzard
insects - proventriculus

TERMINAL DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION
vertebrate - small intestine
insects - midgut

WATER ABSORPTION, CONCENTRATION OF SOLIDS
vertebrate - large intestine
insects - hindgut

SPECIALIZED STRUCTURES FOR INSECTS

Malpighian tubules - main excretory organs: production of primary urine, osmoregulation, etc.

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differentiate types of teeth

incisors - bite, cut, and strip; harap na ngipin (bunny teeth eme)

canines -seize, pierce, and tear (pangil)

premolars and molars - grinding and crushing (used by ruminants often kasi continuous yung chewing ng dahon)

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one of the toughest bone in the body (teeth)

enamel

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root canal is done when there is problems in the

dentine which affects the nerves in the teeth

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differentiate specialized teeth of animals

herbivores - suppressed canine and no upper incisors rodents - well-developed and self-sharpening incisors that must be constantly worn away elephant's tusk - modified upper incisor used for defense, attack and rooting

explain direction of epiglottis for food or bolus to go to the esophagus

down, which blocks the trachea then it will go back up once the food or bolus already went through the esophagus

function of stomach

stores food and begins digestion of proteins secrete gastric juices that convert food to chyme

gastric juice is made of

HCl and pepsin

what is pepsin

protein-digesting enzyme allowing protein to split into smaller peptides

differentiate the cells in the stomach

parietal - secrete hydrogen and chlorine ions SEPARATELY into the lumen of the stomach to form HCl chief - secrete inactive pepsinogen which combines with HCl to form pepsin

function of mucus cells in stomach

secrete mucus for protective lining of the stomach

differentiate histology of the cells in the stomach

parietal - lighter color of cytoplasm (acidic) chief - darker color (basophilic)

connection of esophagus and stomach

gastroesophageal junction

parts and functions of small intestine

duodenum - digestion jejunum - nutrient absorption ileum - nutrient absorption

function of pancreas

produces proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin - neutralize chyme in the duodenum

center for metabolism of fats, carbohydrates and amino acids

liver

storehouse for glycogen

liver

produces proteins

liver

detoxifies protein wasters

liver

destroys worn out RBCs

liver

function of gallbladder

stores bile produced by liver

function of bile

aids in digestion and breaks down fats to fatty acids for easier absorption

function of bile salts

reduce the fat droplets to smaller size for increased enzymatic action

why do feces have coloration

bile have pigments from the breakdown of hemoglobin, giving feces dark coloration

FUN FACT: horses do not have

gallbladder

fingerlike projections on the surface of small intestine

villi

extension of human cecum

appendix

connection of small to large intestine

cecum

function of large intestine

reabsorption of water

why is the cecum of herbivores larger than carnivores

it is where long fermentation of grasses occurs

compartments of the stomach of ruminants

reticulum rumen omasum abomasum

describe food flow in ruminants

1. food enters in the rumen 2. food goes to the reticulum 3. food is regurgitated, chewed and swallowed again 4. food goes to the omasum 5. food goes to the abomasum 6. food goes to small and large intestine

digestion is regulated by what system

endocrine and nervous

function of gastrin

stimulate secretion of HCl (for the stomach) increase gastric movement within stomach

when is gastrin starting to be released

when proteins start to enter the stomach

site of glucose homeostasis

liver

key source of carbon skeletons for biosynthesis

glucose

normal blood glucose

70 - 110 mg/100 mL blood

differentiates insulin and glucagon

insulin - lowers blood glucose level, produced in beta cells glucagon - increases blood glucose level, produced in alpha cells

why is insulin not present in the brain

brain can take sugar with or without insulin

brain sugar

galactose

deficiency in insulin or decreased response to insulin in target tissue

diabetes mellitus

cell cannot take enough glucose to be used

diabetes mellitus

test of sugar in diabetes mellitus

sugar in urine

type 1 vs 2 diabetes mellitus

1 - autoimmune disorder, immune system will destroy beta cells - not producing insulin, usually childhood 2 - failure of the target cells to respond to insulin

triggers feeling of hunger before meals

ghrelin

ghrelin is secreted by the

stomach wall

hormones secreted by the small intestine after meals that suppresses appetite

insulin and polypeptide YY(PYY)

produced by ADIPOSE tissue that suppresses appetite

leptin

hormone playing a role in regulating body fat levels

leptin

secreted in response to strong acid in stomach and intestine

secretin

hormone stimulating the release of alkaline pancreatic fluid which neutralizes acidic chyme in small intestine

secretin

hormone aiding in fat digestion

secretin

hormone inhibiting gastric mobility and bile secretion

secretin

where is secretin produced

produced by endocrine cells in the duodenal wall

where is cholecystokinin (CKK) secreted

endocrine cells in walls of upper small intestine

CKK is secreted in response to

fatty acids and amino acids in duodenum

hormone acting on brain stem that contributes to feeling of satiety

CCK

TRUE OR FALSE: CCK stimulates release of bile and pancreatic secretions

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: Secretin and CCK inhibit the release of gastric juices; and why

TRUE, once food exits the stomach, the secretin and CCK inhibit release of gastric juices kasi nga wala nang ididigest na food