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ZOOLFUN > musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

musculoskeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

why are muscles highly specialized

A

tension needed for contraction

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2
Q

which muscle tissues are involuntary?

A

smooth, cardiac

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3
Q

number of nucleus in skeletal muscle

A

multiple: multi-nucleated

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4
Q

shape of skeletal muscle cells

A

cylindrical

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5
Q

plasma membrane in skeletal muscle is also called

A

sarcolemma

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6
Q

movement of skeletal muscle

A

voluntary

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7
Q

function of intercalated disc

A

help muscle cells have synchronised contraction

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8
Q

cardiac muscles number of nucleus

A

1: uninucleated

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9
Q

movement of cardiac muscle

A

involuntary

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10
Q

shape of cell of smooth muscle tissue

A

spindle-shaped or fusiform

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11
Q

number of nucleus for smooth muscle cell

A

1: uninucleated

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12
Q

movement of smooth muscle

A

involuntary

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13
Q

differentiate epimysium, endomysium, fascicle, and perimysium

A

epimysium - OUTERMOST tissue covering the whole muscle tissue

endomysium - COVERS every MUSCLE FIBER

fascicle - BUNDLE of muscle fibers

perimysium - surrounds each fascicle

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14
Q

A band vs I band

A

a band - where the myosin filaments are located, anisotropic bands

i band - where the actin filaments and z line are located, isotropic bands

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15
Q

composition of myofibril

A

actin and myosin

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16
Q

location of myosin filament

A

near middle of sarcomere

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17
Q

location of actin filament

A

attached to z line

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18
Q

what borders each sarcomere

A

z line

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19
Q

explain the sliding filament theory

A

myosin heads bind to the actin filaments, forming a cross-bridge and pull it towards the center of the sarcomere for contraction

20
Q

how is atp used in the sliding filament theory

A

atp attaches to the myosin head, allowing it to form the cross-bridge and then releases itself and the myosin pulls the actin filaments towards the center of the sarcomere

21
Q

what regulatory proteins are needed to prevent contraction of the muscle

A

tropomyosin and troponin complex

22
Q

how does tropomyosin and troponin complex prevent contraction of muscles

A

these binds to the actin strands and blocks the myosin-binding sites, preventing them from interacting with each other

23
Q

how does calcium regulate muscle contraction

A

attaches to the binding sites in the troponin complex, unlocking these sites and allowing for interaction between actin and myosin

24
Q

what is a motor unit

A

single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls

25
Q

differentiate endoskeleton and exoskeleton

A

exoskeleton - outside of body
endoskeleton - inside body

26
Q

what enables the earthworms to glide

A

hydrostatic skeleton - alternate contraction of circular and longitudinal muscles

27
Q

difference of bivalve shell vs univalve shell

A

univalve - periodically molted
bivalve - grows with the organism

28
Q

synthesize and secrete organic compounds of the bone

A

osteoblasts

29
Q

specific part of the diaphysis for production of rbc

A

medullary cavity

30
Q

function of epiphysis

A

prevents dislocation, increase surface area for articulation with another bone

31
Q

function of periosteum

A

increases diameter, aids in healing fractures

32
Q

natural hole in the bone where nutrients enter

A

nutrient foramen

33
Q

lining of all surfaces of bone facing the medullary cavity

A

endosteum

34
Q

how thick is endosteum

A

1 layer thick

35
Q

example of sesamoid bones

A

kneecap or patella

36
Q

reduces friction between tendons, protects tendons from tear and wear

A

sesamoid bones

37
Q

what are the characteristics features of irregular bones

A

jutting processes

38
Q

examples of irregular bones

A

vertebral column, pelvis, skull that are not flat

39
Q

flat bones are aka

A

squamous bones

40
Q

where are flat bones found

A

most regions of the skull and ribs

41
Q

location and shape of short bones

A

found in carpus and tarsus and

42
Q

where are sesamoid bones formed

A

tendons near the freely mobile joints

43
Q

differentiate the two types of bone development

A

intramembranous ossification - from fibrous membrane of fetal skeleton

endochondral ossification - from cartilage to bone

44
Q

bones undergoing intramembranous ossification

A

skull, mandible

45
Q

bones undergoing endochondral ossification

A

vertebrae, axial, appendicular bones, ribs, sternum

46
Q
A

ZOOLFUN (9 decks)

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