Digestive System Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
mucous membrane–lined cavity
A
Oral cavity
2
Q
- protect the anterior opening
A
Lips - Labia
3
Q
form the lateral walls
A
Cheeks
4
Q
forms the anterior roof
A
Hard palate
5
Q
- forms the posterior roof
A
Soft palate
6
Q
- fleshy projection of the soft palate
A
Uvula
7
Q
space between lips externally and teeth and gums internally
A
Vestibule
8
Q
area contained by the teeth
A
Oral Cavity proper
9
Q
- attached at hyoid bone and styloid processes of the skull, and by the lingual frenulum to the floor of the mouth
A
Tongue
10
Q
two parts of the tonsils
A
Palatine and Lingual
11
Q
located at posterior end of oral cavity
A
palatine
12
Q
located at the base of the tongue
A
Lingual
13
Q
Organs of the Alimentary Canal
A
Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Anus
14
Q
- taking in food
A
Ingestion
15
Q
- breaking food into nutrient molecules
A
Digestion
16
Q
movement of nutrients into the bloodstream
A
Absorption
17
Q
excretes to rid the body of indigestible waste
A
Defecation
18
Q
Serves as a passageway for foods, fluids, and air
A
Pharynx
19
Q
- posterior to oral cavity
A
Oropharynx
20
Q
below the oropharynx and continuous with the esophagus
A
Laryngopharynx
21
Q
Anatomy of the esophagus
A
About 10 inches long
Runs from pharynx to stomach through the diaphragm
22
Q
Conducts food by peristalsis (slow rhythmic squeezing) to the stomach
Passageway for food only (respiratory system branches off after the pharynx)
A
Esophagus
23
Q
Layers of Tissue in the Alimentary Canal Organs
A
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa
24
Q
Innermost, moist membrane consisting of:
Surface epithelium that is mostly simple columnar epithelium (except for esophagus - stratified squamous epithelium)
Small amount of connective tissue (lamina propria)
Scanty smooth muscle layer
A
Mucosa
25
Lines the cavity (known as the lumen)
Mucosa
26
Just beneath the mucosa
Soft connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, and lymphatic vessels
Submucosa
27
smooth muscle
Inner circular layer
Outer longitudinal layer
Muscularis externa
28
- outermost layer of the wall; contains fluid-producing cells
Serosa
29
- innermost layer that is continuous with the outermost layer of the serosa
Visceral peritoneum
30
outermost layer that lines the abdominopelvic cavity by way of the mesentery of the serosa
Parietal peritoneum
31
Alimentary canal wall contains two intrinsic nerve plexuses that are part of the autonomic nervous system. these are....
Submucosal nerve plexus
Myenteric nerve plexus
32
C-shaped organ located on the left side of the abdominal cavity
Stomach
33
Food enters at the ________ from the esophagus
cardio esophageal sphincter
34
Food empties into the small intestine at the ________
pyloric sphincter (valve)
35
Regions of the stomach
Cardial(cardia)
Fundus
Body
Greater Curvature
Lesser Curvature
Pylorus
36
near the heart and surrounds the cardioesophageal sphincter
Cardial
37
- expanded portion lateral to the cardiac region of the stomach
Fundus
38
midportion of the stomach
Body
39
is the convex lateral surface
Greater curvature
40
is the concave medial surface
Lesser curvature
41
funnel-shaped terminal end
Pylorus
42
Stomach can stretch and hold_________of food when full
4 L (1 gallon)
43
internal folds of the mucosa present when the stomach is empty
Rugae
44
Double layer of the peritoneum
Extends from liver to the lesser curvature of stomach
Lesser omentum
45
- Another extension of the peritoneum
- Covers the abdominal organs
- Fat insulates, cushions, and protects abdominal organs
Greater omentum
46
produce protein-digesting enzymes (pepsinogens)
Chief Cells
47
produce hydrochloric acid that activates enzymes
Parietal cells
48
produce thin acidic mucus (different from the mucus produced by mucous cells of the mucosa)
Mucos neck cells
49
produce local hormones such as gastrin
Enteroendocrine cells
50
Delivers chyme (processed food) to the small intestine
Stomach
51
The body’s major digestive organ
small intestine
52
Site of nutrient absorption into the blood
small intestine
53
Muscular tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve
small intestine
54
Suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by the mesentery
small intestine
55
Subdivisions of the small intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
56
Enzymes produced by intestinal cells and pancreas are carried to the _____ by ________
duodenum, pancreatic ducts
57
____, formed by the liver, enters the duodenum via the _____.
Bile, bile duct
58
____________ is the location where the main pancreatic duct and bile ducts join
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
59
fingerlike projections formed by the mucosa
VIlli
60
deep folds of mucosa and submucosa
Circular folds (plicae circulares)
61
tiny projections of the plasma membrane (brush border enzymes)
Microvilli
62
- Collections of lymphatic tissue
- Located in submucosa
- Increase in number toward the end of the small intestine
- More are needed there because remaining food residue contains much bacteria
`Peyer’s patches
63
Larger in diameter, but shorter in length at 1.5 m, than the small intestine
Large intestine
64
Extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus
Large intestine
65
Subdivisions of the large intestine
-Cecum
-Appendix
-Colon
-Rectum
-Anal canal
66
saclike first part of the large intestine
Cecum
67
Hangs from the cecum
Accumulation of lymphoid tissue that sometimes becomes inflamed (appendicitis)
Cecum
68
travels up right side of abdomen and makes a turn at the right colic (hepatic) flexure
Ascending colon
69
travels across the abdominal cavity and turns at the left colic (splenic) flexure
Transvers colon
70
travels down the left side
descending colon
71
S-shaped region; enters the pelvis
sigmoid colon
72
______, _____, and _____ are located in the pelvis
Sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal
73
opening of the large intestine
Anus
74
formed by skeletal muscle and is voluntary
External anal sphincter
75
formed by smooth muscle and is involuntary
Internal anal sphincter
76
________ produce alkaline mucus to lubricate the passage of feces
Goblet cells
77
________ is reduced to three bands of muscle, called teniae coli
Muscularis externa layer
78
Accessory Digestive Organs
Teeth
Salivary glands
Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder
79
Humans have two sets of teeth during a lifetime, these are ____ and ____ teeth
Deciduous and permanent teeth
80
Teeth are classified according to shape and function
Incisors
Canines
Premolars
Molars
81
Give their Functions:
Incisors
Canines
Premolars
Molars
Incisors - cutting
Canines (eyeteeth) - tearing or piercing
Premolars (bicuspids) - grinding
Molars - grinding
82
Two major regions of a tooth
Crown and root
83
exposed part of tooth above the gingiva (gum)
Crown
84
covers the crown
Enamel
85
found deep to the enamel and forms the bulk of the tooth, surrounds the pulp cavity
Dentin
86
contains connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve fibers (pulp)
Pulp cavity
87
where the pulp cavity extends into the root
Root canal
88
covers outer surface and attaches the tooth to the periodontal membrane (ligament)
Cement of the root
89
Periodontal membrane holds tooth in place in the bony jaw
Root
90
Three pairs of salivary glands
- Parotid glands
- Submandibular glands
- Sublingual glands
91
Found anterior to the ears
Mumps affect these salivary glands
Parotid glands
92
Both submandibular and sublingual glands empty saliva into the floor of the mouth through small ducts
Sublingual glands
93
Mixture of mucus and serous fluids
Helps to moisten and bind food together into a mass called a bolus
Saliva
94
Saliva contains___
Salivary amylase - begins starch digestion
Lysozymes and antibodies - inhibit bacteria
95
Soft, pink triangular gland
Found posterior to the parietal peritoneum
- Mostly retroperitoneal
Extends across the abdomen from spleen to duodenum
Produces a wide spectrum of digestive enzymes that break down all categories of food
Secretes enzymes into the duodenum
Alkaline fluid introduced with enzymes neutralizes acidic chyme coming from stomach
Pancreas
96
Hormones produced by the pancreas
Insulin and Glucagon
97
Largest gland in the body
Located on the right side of the body under the diaphragm
Consists of four lobes suspended from the diaphragm and abdominal wall by the falciform ligament
Liver
98
is yellow-green, watery solution
Bile
99
Green sac found in a shallow fossa in the inferior surface of the liver
Gall bladder
100
movement of materials back and forth to foster mixing in the small intestine
Segmentation
101
movement of foods from one region of the digestive system to another
propulsion
102
alternating waves of contraction and relaxation that squeeze food along the GI tract
Peristalsis
103
Essential processes of the GI tract
Ingestion, Propulsion, Food breakdown(mechanical), Food breakdown(digestion), Absorption, Defecation.
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