digestive system

Question 1

salivary enzymes?

Answer 1

-Amylase = breaks down carbohydrate
-Lingual lipase = breaks down fats
-Lysozyme = disintegrates many bacteria and prevents
the overgrowth of oral microbial populations in the mouth.

Question 2

3 types of salivary glands?

Answer 2

-Parotid
-sublingual
-Submandibular

Question 3

liver

Answer 3

-regulation of nutrients in the blood
-blood glucose level
-blood lipid level:relase of lipid reserve
-blood protein level:convert amino acids into proteins
-blood fat soluble vitamins
-deactivates, stores, converts toxins for excretion
-synthesis&secretion of lymphocytes

Question 4

large intestine

Answer 4

-chyme from small intestine –> large at the cecum

Question 5

gallbladder

Answer 5

-bile synthesized in the liver is stored here
-released via bile duct
-emulsifies fat molecules into smaller droplets

Question 6

colon

Answer 6

1)ascending colon
2)transverse colon
3)descending colon
4)sigmoid colon

Question 7

various peritoneums in the abdominal cavity

Answer 7

-Parietal layer: The outer layer that lines the abdominal and pelvic walls
-Visceral layer: The inner layer that covers many of the abdominal organs

Question 8

function of the mesenteries

Answer 8

attaches the digestive organs in the abdomen to the abdominal wall

Question 9

organs the major mesenteries are connected

Answer 9

-small and large intestines
-spleen
-liver
-pancreas

Question 10

layers in the intestinal tract

Answer 10

-Mucosa.
-Submucosa.
-Muscular layer.
-Serous layer or serosa

Question 11

proper function of the intestinal tract

Answer 11

-absorb water via osmosis
-absorb electrolytes(active transport)
-absorb digestive enzyme
-produce&absorb vitamins
-form feces

Question 12

organization of a tooth

Answer 12

-crown=emergent part, enamel outer layer
-neck
-root=embedded in socket, has dentin:mineralized matrix similar to bone, pulp cavity: neurovascular core

Question 13

roles of the four tooth types

Answer 13

1)Incisors=cutting&nipping
2)Cuspids=tearing&piercing
3)Bicuspids=grinding&crushing
4)molars=grinding&crushing

Question 14

deciduous teeth(primary)

Answer 14

-baby teeth

Question 15

babys have how many teeth

Answer 15

20 teeth
-2 incisors
-1 canine
-2 molar
(per side per jaw)

Question 16

adults have how many teeth?

Answer 16

32 teeth
-2 incisors
-1 canine
-2 premolar
-3 molar
per side per jaw

Question 17

organization of a gastric pit?

Answer 17

indentations in the stomach which denote entrances to the tubular shaped gastric glands

Question 18

What are the roles of mucous epithelium

Answer 18

-Lubrication
-protection
-digestion and absorption of food nutrients

Question 19

What are the roles of parietal cell

Answer 19

-type of gastric gland
-produce HCl
-keeps stomach ph acid to kill microorganisms, denatures proteins in food, breaks down cell walls&connective tissue
-activates pepsin

Question 20

What are the roles of chief cells

Answer 20

-type of gastric gland
-secretes pepsinogen
-acid(HCl) concerts pepsinogen to pepsin(a protease)
-produce rennin and gastric lipase

Question 21

What are the roles of G cells?

Answer 21

-type of gastric gland
-secretes gastrin hormone:increases the activity of parietal&chief cells& gastric mixing

Question 22

What does the pancreas contribute to digestion?

Answer 22

-exocrine acinar cells secretes pancreatic juice

Question 23

hepatic portal system

Answer 23

-receives oxygenated blood via hepatic artery and deoxygenated blood goes back to the heart via the hepatic vein
-blood from digestive tract goes to the liver via hepatic portal vein
-then drain into hepatic vein

Question 24

liver in the overall circulation of blood

Answer 24

-receives a dual blood supply from the hepatic artery and portal vein

Question 25

Where is bile produced?

Answer 25

liver

Question 26

Where is bile stored?

Answer 26

gallbladder

Question 27

presence of bacteria in the large intestine a good thing?

Answer 27

supplying essential nutrients, synthesizing vitamin K, aiding in the digestion of cellulose, and promoting angiogenesis and enteric nerve function

Question 28

carbohydrates and role with digestive process?

Answer 28

-amylase digests carbs -microvillibrush border hydrolyze -lactase decline during adolescence=lactose intolerance -contransport w/Na+ actively pumped into lumen to build concentration gradient

Question 29

lipids and role with digestive process?

Answer 29

lipase digest lipid to fatty acids&monoglycerides -bile salts assist via emulsification -chylomicrons enter the lacteal via exocytosis form the intestinal cells

Question 30

proteins and role with digestive process?

Answer 30

-pepsin in stomach digests protein into polypeptides -pancreatic enzymes break down polypeptides to pepties&amino acids -amino acids transported via facilitated diffusion

Question 31

nucleic acids and role with digestive process?

Answer 31

-pancreatic nucleases hydrolyze polynucleotides to monomers -brush border enzymes hydrolyze monomers to free nitrogen bases -absorbed by active transport

Question 32

mechanical digestion

Answer 32

physical breaking of food

Question 33

propulsion

Answer 33

movement of food along the digestive tract via swallowing & peristalsis

Question 34

chemical digestion

Answer 34

catabolic breakdown of food via enzymes

Question 35

absorption

Answer 35

transport of nutrients from digestive tract into the blood

Question 36

defecation

Answer 36

elimination of indigestible materials as feces

Question 37

Buffers

Answer 37

-elevates pH of chyme to basic -in pancreatic juice

Question 38

Protease

Answer 38

-breaks down protein to plypeptides or amino acids -in pancreatic juice

Question 39

pancreatic amylase

Answer 39

-breaks down carbohydrates to disaccharides -in pancreatic juice

Question 40

nuclease

Answer 40

-digets DNA&RNA to nucleic acids -in pancreatic juice

Question 41

pancreatic lipase

Answer 41

-breaks down lipid to fatty acids&glycerol -in pancreatic juice

Question 42

in rectum

Answer 42

-internal anal sphincter:maintains resting anal pressure, involuntary control -external anal sphincter: formed by skeletal muscle, voluntary control

Question 43

1)cephalic phase

Answer 43

-regulation: stomach -stomach prepares for food

Question 44

2)Gastric phase

Answer 44

-regulation:stomach -swallowed food activates gastric activity

Question 45

3)Intestinal phase

Answer 45

-regulation:stomach -food enter the upper portions of the small intestine