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A&P 2 > endocrine system > Flashcards

endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine system

A

hormone system, regulates metabolic activites

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2
Q

endocrine glands?

A

secrete hormones into body fluids- thyroid, adrenal, pineal glands

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3
Q

hormones

A

chemical signaling messengers that coordinate different functions, travel slower than nerve impulses, but lead to longer term stimulations

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4
Q

when are hormones released?

A

presence of other hormones, humoral stimulation(ion/nutrient in the blood), autonomic neural stimulation

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5
Q

hormonal level is regulated by what system, negative or positive?

A

negative feedback system

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6
Q

classes of hormones?

A

amino acid-derived, peptides, lipid-derived

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7
Q

amino acid-derivatives hormones

A

synthesized from amino acids.
they include:
catecholamine(epinephrine, norpinehrine, dopamine) and melatonin

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8
Q

peptiedes

A

chains of amino acids. insulin and leptin

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9
Q

lipid-derivatives

A

synthesized from fatty acids. can diffuse across plasma membrane easily. local hormones, sending signals over a short distances, main class is steroid

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10
Q

steroid

A

lipid derivatives. bind to receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus, activate specific genes, transcription and translation levels of these genes increase, protein/enzyme level increase=response

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11
Q

thyroid hormone

A

lipid derivatives. complex modify transcription levels(nucleus) and increase ATP production(mitochondria)

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12
Q

central controller?

A

hypothalamus area of the brain regulates the endocrine system. Regulates the pituitary gland(produces&releases several hormones, also has anterior&posterior lobes)

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13
Q

pituitary gland-posterior lobe

A

(neurohypophysis) consists of neuroglia and axon from the the hypothalamus. hypothalamus synthesizes the hormones and migrate along axons into posterior to get released.

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14
Q

pituitary gland-anterior lobe

A

(adenohypophysis) filled with glandular tissue. secretes hormones that impact secretion of other endocrine glands.

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15
Q

anterior lobe 2 types of regulatory hormones that control this lobe

A

Releasing hormone(RH): stimulate the synthesis and secretion of hormone
Inhibiting hormone(IH):prevents the synthesis and secretion of hormones

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16
Q

6 hormones released by anterior pituitary

A

1)thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH)
2)Adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH)
3) follicle stimulating hormone(FSH)
4)Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
5)Prolactin
6)Growth hormone

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17
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH)

A

controls secretion of thyroid hormone(thyroxine) from gland. increase in thyroid hormone->inhibit TSH release(negative feedback)
decrease in thyroid hormone->hypothalamus sends signal

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18
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

controls secretion of glucorticoids(cortisol and androgen) hormones from the adrenal cortex. role in how body responds to stress

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19
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

stimulates follicle/sperm development

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20
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

promotes ovulation. released via gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH). inhibited via negative feedback loop, reducing GnRH

21
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

targets mammary glands&stimulate milk production. released with prolactin releasing hormone(PRH) from hypothalamus, inhibited via negative feedback by PRL on PRH.

22
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

stimulates cell growth and replication. GH levels are regulated by a balance of GH releasing hormone

23
Q

Posterior lobe hormones?

A

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

24
Q

Oxytocin

A

posterior lobe hormone:induce smooth muscle contractions of the uterus during childbirth, stimulate milk release, affect social behaviors(“cuddle hormone”)

25
Q

antidiuretic hormone(ADH)

A

posterior lobe hormone: maintain blood pressure, blood volume and tissue water content by controlling the kidney and constricts blood vessels

26
Q

thyroid gland

A

endocrine gland that produces certain hormones involved in metabolic rate, growth,&development&heat production in most cells

27
Q

thyroid follicle cells produce

A

thyroxine(T4 90%)
triiodothyronine (T3 10%)
play a role in metabolism, temp
-increase in ATP production
-increase in glucose catabolism
-increase in NKA
-increase in heat production

28
Q

Thyroxine(thyroid)

A

controls metabolic rate in digestion, heart muscle, brain development, bone maintenance

29
Q

calcitonin

A

released by the parafollicular cells help regulate blood Ca2+ levels.
increase in blood Ca2+ levels trigger release of calcitonin, lead to inhibition of bone resorption by osteoclasts and stimulation of Ca2+ excretion by kidney

30
Q

parathyroid gland

A

regulates when blood Ca2+ is too low, releases parathyroid hormone(PIH)
are 4 small glands located on posterior surface of thyroid gland

31
Q

adrenal gland

A

small triangular shaped glands on top of each kidney. produce hormones to help regulate metabolism, immune system, and blood pressure.

32
Q

adrenal gland hormones?

A

Aldosterone, cortisol, androgen&estrogen, epinephrine&norepinephrine

33
Q

Aldosterone?

A

-adrenal gland hormone
-help control the balance of water&Na+ by affecting the kidney, salivary&sweat glands
-low Na+ level or high K+ renin stimulates aldosterone release which increase water reabsorption by kidneys
-high blood pressure, hatriuretic peptide hormones released from heart inhibits aldosterone release

34
Q

Cortisol

A

-adrenal gland
-stress hormone released in fight ot flight response
-stimulates gluconeogenesis causing increase in blood glucose levels

35
Q

androgen&estrogen

A

-adrenal gland
-sex hormone stimulated by ACTH
-necessary for sexual development&for regulation of the menstrual cycle

36
Q

Epinephrine&norepinephrine

A

-adrenal gland
-adrenaline&noradrenaline
-a neurotransmitter fight or flight hormone stimulated by sympathetic NS
-

37
Q

pancreas

A

has exocrine glands but also endocrine glands, produces hormones: glucagon, insulin,&more

38
Q

pineal gland

A

produces melatonin, in response to darkness

39
Q

Increase in blood glucose?

A

insulin releases via parasympathetic stimulation, activates glucose catabolism, excess glucose is stored as glycogen in skeletal muscle&liver or converted to fat, blood glucose drops, negative feedback inhibits further release

40
Q

decrease in blood glucose?

A

liver&skeletal muscle converts glycogen to glucose, stimulates conversion of fatty acid&amino acid to glucose, blood glucose level increase, glucagon levels fall back via negative feedback

41
Q

Gonads:Testes

A

cells produce androgens&testosterone.FSH&LH trigger testosterone release from gonads, negative feedback inhibits androgen release from gonads

42
Q

gonads:ovaries

A

synthesize estrogen. FSH&LH trigger estrogen release, especially estradiol, inhibited via negative feedback on FSH

43
Q

3 hormones released by kidneys?

A

1)Calcitriol
2)Erythropoietin(EPO)
3)Renin

44
Q

Erythropoietin(kidney hormone)

A

stimulates red blood cell production in response to hypoxia at kidneys

45
Q

Calcitriol(kidney Hormone)

A

increase Ca2+ & PO3 2+ absorption by the digestive tract in response to PTH stimulation

46
Q

Renin(kidney hormone)

A

stimulates aldosterone &ADH in response to reduced renal bllod pressure restoring it

47
Q

heart hormones

A

cardiac muscle cells release atrial or ventricular natriuretic peptide(ANP&BNP)

48
Q

Adipose tissue

A

-produce leptin which regulates energy homeostasis & metabolism.
-increase in glucose & lipid levels in adipose cells release leptin
-leptin targets hypothalamus, suppressing appetite

A&P 2 (8 decks)

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