Digestive System Flashcards by Tayler Schatteman

What is the purpose of the digestive system?

Break down large macromolecules into smaller molecules so they can be absorbed into blood stream and delivered to cells

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Carbohydrates break down into

Monosaccharides

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Lipids break down into

-fatty acids and
-mono-glycerides

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Proteins break down into

Amino acids

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Monosaccharides have

-needs enzyme or no

-Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

-No need for digestive enzymes. Already in size that can be absorbed and moved into the blood stream.

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Disaccharides: need enzymes to breakdown

*Maltose = Glucose—Glucose (Maltase)- beer sugar
•Sucrose = Glucose–Fructose (Sucrase)-table sugar
•Lactose = Glucose–Galactose (Lactase)-milk sugar

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Polysaccharides: need enzymes to breakdown

•Starch (Amylose) = Glucose—Glucose–Glucose………..
•Amylase

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What are the major macromolecules in food

*carbohydrates
-monosaccharide
-disaccharides
-polysaccharides

-proteins
-lipids
-nucleic acids

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The Digestive Tract

-also called

-what is it?
-extends from?
-passes through —

-also called -gastrointestinal (GI) tract or alimentary canal

-A muscular tube made of smooth muscle

-Extends from oral cavity to anus

-Passes through pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines

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Functions ofThe Digestive Tract

*ingestion
*Mechanical Digestion
*Chemical Digestion
*Secretion
*Absorption
*defecation/elimination

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Ingestion

When materials enter digestive tract by the mouth

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Mechanical Digestion

•Crushing and shearing/mastication/muscle contractions
•Materials are easier to move along digestive tract

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Chemical Digestion

•The chemical breakdown of food into small organic molecules for absorption by digestive epithelium

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Secretion

The release of water, acids, enzymes, buffers, and salts
•By epithelium of digestive tract
•By glandular accessory organs

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Absorption

•Movement of organic molecules, electrolytes, vitamins, and water across digestive epithelium
•Into interstitial fluid of digestive tract
•And then into the blood stream

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Excretion

• Removal of waste products from body fluids
•Substances that were not completely digested
•Process called defecation removes feces

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Propulsion and Mixing

•Propulsion is movement of food in down the G I tract—-uses parasitic contractions to help get food down

•Mixing is movement of food back and forth.

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What are the major parts of the alimentary canal?

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum and anus.

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Mesenteries

-Are double sheets of peritoneal membrane
-•Suspend portions of digestive tract within peritoneal cavity by sheets of serous membrane
•Connects parietal peritoneum with visceral peritoneum
•Provides an access route to and from the digestive tract
•For passage of blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels
•Stabilize positions of attached organs
•Prevent intestines from becoming entangled

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The Dorsal Mesentery
Enlarges to form an enormous pouch, called

the greater omentum

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Lesser Omentum

Stabilizes position of stomach
•Access route for blood vessels and other structures entering or leaving liver

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Peritoneal Fluid is produced by

-provides what
-separates what?
-allows what?

-how much produced/absorbed daily?

-Is produced by serous membrane lining

-Provides essential lubrication

-Separates parietal and visceral surfaces
-Allows sliding without friction or irritation

About 7 liters produced and absorbed daily, but very little in peritoneal cavity at one time

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Adipose Tissue in Greater Omentum

•Conforms to shapes of surrounding organs
•Pads and protects surfaces of abdomen
•Provides insulation to reduce heat loss
•Stores lipid energy reserves

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Modifications of Digestive Tract

Folding increases surface area for absorption
•Longitudinal folds, disappear as digestive tract fills
•Permanent transverse folds (plicae circulares)

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Four major layers of the digestive tract

1.Mucosa 2.Submucosa 3.Muscularis externa 4.Serosa

Mucosa is

Inner lining of digestive tract

Identify the folds of the mucous membrane within the lining of the stomach that allow for stretching of the stomach

Rugae

Identify the small dead-ended tube attached to the cecum

Appendix

The superior portion of the esophagus consists of ____ muscle and the inferior portion consists of____ muscle.

Skeletal, smooth

The valve that allows intestinal contents to move from the ileum to the large intestine is called the_____ valve

ileocecal valve

Bile salts are necessary to

Emulsify lipids

What are the functions of the digestive system

-defecation -absorption -ingestion -mastication -digestion

The emulsification of lipid’s primarily through the action of___ ____.

Bile salts

Primary function of the stomach is

Store and mix chyme

Majority of digestion occurs within the

Duodenum

Identify the structures that secrete lipases

-lingual glands - pancreas

functions of mucus secretion in the large intestine

-protects intestinal lining -lubricates colon wall

Order of food through digestive system starting with ingestion

1-mouth 2-pharynx (throat) 3- esophagus 4- stomach 5-small intestine 6- large intestine 7-rectum

Structure within mediastinum, posterior to the trachea is

Esophagus

The openings in the mucous membrane of the stomach that contain gastric glands are called ___ ____.

Gastric pits

Mechanical breakdown

Includes mastication and mixing of food

Digestion

Enzymatic action that breaks larger organic molecules down into smaller components.

Identify the secretions of small intestine

1-secretin 2-peptidases 3-disaccharides 4- cholecystokinin (CCK) 5- mucus

What substance stimulate gallbladder to release bile

Cholecystokinin

Process by which bile salts transform large lipid droplets into much smaller lipid droplets is called ?

Emulsification

Why is emulsification of lipids important

Emulsification increases surface area for digestive enzymes

Identify components of bile

1-cholesterol 2-bile salts 3-bilirubin

Structures that secrete amylase

1- salivary glands 2- pancreas

Place steps in production of hydrochloric acid in correct order

1-CO2 diffuses into parietal cells 2-CO2 combines with H2O to form H2CO3 3-H2CO3 dissociates into HCO3- and H+ 4- HCO3- is exchanged for CL- within bloodstream 5- diffusion of Cl- into duct of gastric gland 6- H+ is pumped to the duct of gastric gland

During stomach filling the rugae

Flatten and allow stomach to increase in volume

Majority of nutrient absorption occurs in large intestine true or false

False

Cardiac sphincter is

Constrictor between the esophagus and the stomach

Pyloric sphincter

Constrictor between stomach and small intestine

Fundus is

Rounded superior portion of stomach

Pyloric part is

Lower part of stomach leading to small intestine

Name outer most superficial layer of organs in digestive system

-serosa and adventitia

Identify structures where lipid digestion occurs

Stomach, mouth, small intestine

Enzyme of small intestine that activates trypsinogen is___

Enterokinase

Match digestive enzymes with structure that secretes the enzyme : 1: Pepsin- 2-Peptidase 3- Amylase

1: stomach 2:small intestine 3: salivary glands

Identify structures that secrete enzymes that aid in the digestion of PROTEINS

-small intestine, stomach and pancreas

The semi- fluid material within the stomach that is a mixture of ingested food and gastric secretions ____

Chyme

Disaccharides and proteases are enzymes secreted by the ____.

Small intestine

Lipase does

Breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides

Pepsin does

Digests proteins into small polypeptide chains

Disaccharides do

Break down disaccharide into monosaccharides

Peptidases do

Breaks down small polypeptide chains into amino acids

Identify layer of mucosa from inside out

Mucosa epithelium— lamina propria——muscularis mucosa

Pancreatic amylase

Starch digestion

Pancreatic lipase

Fat digestion

Trypsin

Digests proteins

Ribonuclease

Digests RNA

The process that moves a bolus from the oral cavity into the esophagus is called swallowing or_____.

Deglutition

Bicarbonate ion

Raise the pH of small intestine

Proteolytic enzymes are

Chemical digestion of proteins

Amylase is

Chemical digestion of polysaccharides

Lipases

Chemical digestion of fats

The ______ moves food with the mouth, holds food in place during mastication, aids in swallowing and detects taste sensations

Tongue

The pancreatic islets produce_____ and the acini of the pancreas produce ____.

Hormones and digestive enzymes

Mucosa

Consists of epithelial lining -a layer of connective tissue referred to as lamina propria and a thin layer of muscle

Muscularis

Throughout most of digestive tract, this layer consists of two layers of smooth muscle

Serosa

Consists of a thin layer of connective tissue and simple squamous

Submucosa

Consists of a THICK layer connective tissue containing nerves, blood vessels lymphatic and glands

Structures that secrete enzymes that aid in chemical digestion of CARBOHYDRATES

Salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine

Intrinsic factors is secreted by the organ called the

Stomach

Identify nutrients that will be absorbed into the capillaries of small intestine

Amino acids and monosaccharides

Match digestive enzyme with structure that secrets the enzyme 1: Trypsin 2:disaccharides 3: bile salts

1:pancreas 2: small intestine 3: liver

Enzymes do what

Break down of large food molecules into smaller food molecule La to promote absorption

Mucus does what

Lubricates food and protects lining of digestive tract

Teniae coli are bands of longitudinal muscle of the ___ that form haustra

Colon

Digestive organ that primarily functions as a storage and mixing chamber

Stomach

Substance that aid in digestion of PROTEINS

Peptidases, trypsin, carboxypeptidases, pepsin

Secretions of the stomach

- Gastrin -intrinsic factor -mucus -hydrochloric acid -pepsinogen

Function of gallbladder

Storage of bile and Concentration of bile

Hydrochloric acid does what

Destroys ingested bacteria and activates pepsin

Gastrin does

Stimulates gastric secretions

Intrinsic factor

AIDS in absorption of vitamin B12

Pepsinogen

Active form aids in breaking down proteins into smaller peptide chains

Mucus protect what’s

Protects lining of stomach

Identify the ducts that bile passes through beginning with the gallbladder and ending with the small intestine

1:cystic duct 2: common bile duct 3:hepatopancreatic ampulla 4: duodenum

Place parts of colon in order from beginning to end

1-ascending colon 2-transverse colon 3-descending colon 4- sigmoid colon

Submucosal plexus controls ___ and the myenteric plexus controls——

Glandular secretions—— Movement of the digestive tract

The pancreatic islets is the _____ part of the pancreas’s and acini is the ___ part of the pancreas’s

Endocrine———- exocrine

Identify functions of hydrochloride acid in stomach

-destroys ingested bacteria -inactivates salivary amylase -activates pepsin

Process by which water is absorbed into small intestine is

Osmosis

Lipase is

Breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides

Vitamin B12 absorption occurs when____ ____ is present in the small intestine

Intrinsic factor

Hydrochloric acid activates what

Activates pepsin

Enterokinase activates what

Activates trypsin

Bike salts do what

Emulsifies lipids

Hydrochloric acid (secretion) —-what organ produces it

Stomach

Trypsinogen—- what organ produces it

Pancreas

Peptidases—- what organ produces it

Small intestine

Majority of nutrients absorption occurs in

-duodenum and jejunum

What is bile ?

A substance produced by hepatocytes

In digestive system creates amount of digestion and absorption occurs in the

SMALL intestine

Digestive System Flashcards

(115 cards)