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NAT 502 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

In the enteric nervous system, and long reflexive pathway bandage over a short reflexive pathway in the fact that…

A

Long reflexive pathways can be stimulated by things outside of the G.I. tract

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2
Q

The bolus is liquefied in the… And is now called chyme

A

Stomach

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3
Q

Stellar macrophages are found in the liver and are responsible for removing bacteria and worn-out cells. True or false

A

True

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4
Q

Fats significantly delay the emptying of the stomach through hormonal and neuronal signals.

A

True

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5
Q

Hepatocytes do not…

A

Produce digestive enzymes

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6
Q

Which of the following are types of papillae on the tongue that contain taste buds

A

Fungiform and circumvallate

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7
Q

It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because…

A

Most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients

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8
Q

Except for lactose and some glycogen, the carbohydrates we can just remain we remotes. True or false

A

False

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9
Q

The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is…

A

Glucose

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10
Q

Select the correct statement about proteins: Catabolic steroids or hormones accelerate the rate of protein synthesis; strict vegetarians need not worry about adequate protein intake as most vegetables are almost perfect sources of amino acids; proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbs are ingested; all proteins can be synthesized in the body is most of the amino acids are present

A

PROTEINS WILL BE USED BY MOST CELLS FOR ATP SYNTHESIS IF INSUFFICIENT CARBS ARE INGESTED;

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11
Q

The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acid is known as…

A

Lipolysis

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12
Q

Which of the following is the best illustration of the difference between metabolism digestion?

A

Metabolism comprises all of the chemical reactions performed within the body while digestion is only the breakdown of food within the G.I. tract

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13
Q

The most abundant dietary lipids are…

A

Triglycerides

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14
Q

RBCs lack mitochondria. As a result, ATP production is solely through..

A

Glycolysis

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15
Q

Oxidation reduction reactions…

A

May involve the loss of hydrogen and electrons

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16
Q

Wavelike smooth muscle contractions that move foodstuffs through the alimentary tube.

A

peristalsis

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17
Q

Chemical or mechanical process of breaking down foodstuffs into simpler units.

A

Digestion

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18
Q

Enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule.

A

Hydrolysis

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19
Q

Process by which simpler chemical units pass through the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract into the blood or lymph.

A

Absorption

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20
Q

Increases output of enzymatic-rich pancreatic juice.

A

Cholecystokinin

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21
Q

Increases output of pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ions.

A

Secretin

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22
Q

Increases HCl secretion and stimulates contraction of intestinal muscle.

A

Gastrin

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23
Q

Stimulates insulin release and mildly inhibits HCl production.

A

Gastric inhibitory peptide

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24
Q

Synthesis of lipids from glucose or amino acids.

A

lipogenesis

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25
Q

Splitting of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids.

A

lypolysis

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26
Q

Conversion of fatty acids into acetyl groups.

A

beta oxidation

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27
Q

Formation of ketone bodies.

A

ketogenesis

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28
Q

Breakdown of glycogen to release glucose.

A

glycogenolysis

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29
Q

Formation of glucose from proteins or fats.

A

gluconeogenesis

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30
Q

Storage of glucose in the form of glycogen.

A

glycogenesis

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31
Q

Breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid.

A

glycolysis

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32
Q

Heat transfer into the chair you are sitting on.

A

Conduction

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33
Q

Heat exchange when you are under a ceiling fan.

A

Convection

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34
Q

Heat loss in the form of infrared waves.

A

Radiation

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35
Q

Heat loss during sweating.

A

evaporation

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36
Q

The peritoneal cavity…

A

like the pleural and pericardial cavities is a potential space containing serous fluid

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37
Q

Obstruction of the hepatopancreatic sphincter impairs digestion by reducing the availability of…

A

pancreatic juice and bile

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38
Q

The lamina propria forms part of the _____.

A

mucosa

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39
Q

Carbohydrates are acted on by …

A

amylase, maltase, and sucrase

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40
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system influences digestion by ….

A

stimulation peristalsis and secretory activity

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41
Q

The digestive juice product containing enzymes capable of digesting all four major foodstuff categories is ____.

A

pancreatic

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42
Q

The vitamin associated with calcium absorption is ____.

A

D

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43
Q

Someone has eaten a meal of buttered toast, cream, and eggs. Which of the following would you expect to happen? a) Compared to the period shortly after the meal, gastric motility and secretion of HCl decrease when the food reaches the duodenum; b) gastric motility increases even as the person is chewing the food (before swallowing); c) fat will be emulsified in the duodenum by the action of bile; d) all of these.

A

d) all of these

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44
Q

The gallbladder ….

A

stores and concentrates bile

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45
Q

The sphincter between the stomach and duodenum is…

A

pyloric sphincter

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46
Q

A protein molecule will be digested by enzymes made by the …

A

pancreas, stomach, and small intestine

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47
Q

A protein molecule must be digested before it can be transported to and utilized by the cells because….

A

The protein is too large to be readily absorbed

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48
Q

The products of protein digestion enter the bloodstream largely through cells lining…

A

the small intestine

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49
Q

Before the blood carrying the products of protein digestion reaches the heart, it first passes through capillary networks in ….

A

the liver

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50
Q

Having passed through the regulatory organ selected above, the products of protein digestion are circulated throughout the body. they will enter individual body cells by …

A

active transport

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51
Q

What are the alimentary canal organs of the digestive system?

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines

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52
Q

What are the accessory digestive system organs?

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

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53
Q

What 6 major processes occur during digestive system activity?

A

ingestion (food intake); propulsion (movement of food through the tract); mechanical breakdown (processes that physically mix or break foods down into smaller fragments); digestion (food breakdown by enzymatic action); absorption (transport of products of digestion through the intestinal mucosa into the blood); and defecation (elimination of the undigested residues [feces] from the body)

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54
Q

The GI tract has ___ layers and is usually surrounded by ____.

A

4; peritoneum

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55
Q

The parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum are continuous with one another via what extensions?

A

mesenteries, falciform, ligament, lesser and greater omenta

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56
Q

What is the basic pattern of tissue layers in the walls of all GI tract organs?

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa (or adventitia)

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57
Q

Intrinsic nerve plexuses (enteric nerve system) are found…

A

within the walls of GI tract organs

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58
Q

The digestive viscera are served by the ______ circulation, consisting of _______ branches of the _____ trunk and ____ and ____ _____ circulation.

A

splanchnic; arterial; celiac; aorta; hepatic portal

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59
Q

What is the name of the GI tract nervous system?

A

enteric nervous system

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60
Q

The digestive system controls the environment within its _____ to ensure optimal conditions for _____ and _____ of foodstuffs.

A

lumen; digestion; absorption

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61
Q

Receptors and hormone-secreting cells of the alimentary canal wall respond to _____ and _____ that result in stimulation or inhibition of GI secretory activity or motility?

A

stretch; chemical signals

62
Q

Food enters the GI tract via the mouth, which is continuous with the _____ posteriorly.

A

oropharynx

63
Q

Te oral mucosa is _____ _____ epithelium, an adaption seen where abrasion occurs

A

stratified squamous

64
Q

What accessory digestive organ is mucosa-covered skeletal muscle?

A

the tongue

65
Q

The tongue’s _____ muscles allow it to change shape; its ____ muscles allow it to change position.

A

intrinsic; extrinsic

66
Q

What are the three major salivary glands that produce saliva?

A

parotid, submandibular, and sublingual

67
Q

What are the main components of saliva?

A

water, ions, proteins, metabolic wastes, lysozyme, defenses, IgA, salivary amylase, and mucin

68
Q

What are the functions of saliva?

A

1) moistens and cleanses the mouth; 2) moistens foods, aiding their compaction; 3)dissolves food chemicals to allow for taste; 4) begins digestion of starch (salivary amylase)

69
Q

What factors activate the production of saliva?

A

chemical and pressure receptors in the mouth and by the sight or smell of food

70
Q

Which nervous system activates saliva production? Inhibits it?

A

parasympathetic; sympathetic

71
Q

What are the four classes of teeth?

A

incisors, canines, premolars, and molars

72
Q

What is the bulk of the tooth?

A

dentin, which surrounds the central pulp cavity

73
Q

What secures the tooth to the bony alveolus?

A

a periodontal ligament

74
Q

The ___ and ___ move food from the mouth to the stomach.

A

pharynx; esophagus

75
Q

Food passes through the oropharynx to the —-

A

LARYNGOPHARYNX

76
Q

The laryngopharynx joins the stomach at the ____ ____.

A

cardial orifice

77
Q

The cardinal orifice is surrounded by the ____ sphincter.

A

gastroesophageal

78
Q

The esophageal _____ is stratified squamous epithelium; its ____ is skeletal muscle superiorly and changes to _____ muscle inferiorly; It has a/an _____ rather than a/an ____.

A

mucosa; muscularis; smooth; adventitia; serosa

79
Q

The pharynx and the esophagus are mainly food conduits that move food to the stomach by _____.

A

peristalsis

80
Q

In the buccal phase, swallowing is initiated by the mouth after the bolus has been compacted. True or false?

A

True

81
Q

Which phase is controlled reflexively by the swallowing center in the medulla and pons?

A

The pharyngeal-esophageal phase

82
Q

When the peristaltic wave approaches the gastroesophageal sphincter, the sphincter …..

A

relaxes to allow food to enter the stomach

83
Q

The stomach lies in the ____ ____ quadrant of the abdomen.

A

upper left

84
Q

What are the stomach’s major regions?

A

cardia, fundus, body, and phyloric part

85
Q

When empty, the stomach’s internal surface exhibits ____.

A

rugae

86
Q

What layer of the stomach allows it to churn and mix food?

A

A third oblique layer of smooth muscle

87
Q

What type of cells line the stomach mucosa?

A

simple columnar epithelium

88
Q

Name the secretory cells contained in the gastric glands.

A

pepsinogen-producing chief cells; parietal cells, which secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor; mucous neck cells, which produce mucus; and enteroendocrine cells, which secrete hormones and paracrines

89
Q

What characteristics protect the stomach from self-digestion?

A

The mucosal cells are connected by tight junctions, secrete a thick mucus, and are quickly replaced when damaged

90
Q

What factors control gastric secretory activity in the stomach?

A

Nervous and hormonal factors

91
Q

What are the three phases of gastric secretion?

A

cephalic, gastric, and intestinal

92
Q

Mechanical breakdown in the stomach is triggered by….

A

stomach distension and coupled to food propulsion and stomach emptying

93
Q

What cells in the small intestine set the rate of peristalsis?

A

pacemaker cells in the smooth muscle

94
Q

What two factors control food movement in the duodenum?

A

pylorus and feedback signals

95
Q

What is the lobed organ overlapping the stomach?

A

the liver

96
Q

What are the structural and functional units of the liver?

A

the liver lobules

97
Q

Blood flows into the sinusoids of the liver via the ____ and____.

A

hepatic artery proper; hepatic portal vein

98
Q

What happens in the sinusoids of the liver?

A

macrophages remove debris and hepatocytes remove nutrients

99
Q

Name three functions of hepatocytes other than removal of nutrients.

A

store glucose as glycogen; use amino acids to make plasma proteins; detoxify metabolic wastes and drugs

100
Q

Bile is made continually by ….

A

hepatocytes

101
Q

What stimulates bile production?

A

Bile salts and secretin

102
Q

Bile contains….

A

electrolytes, various fatty substances, bile salts, and bile pigments

103
Q

Bile salts are…

A

emulsifying agents that disperse fats and form water-soluble micelles, which solubilize the products of fat digestion

104
Q

Where is the pancreas?

A

retroperitoneal between the spleen and small intestine

105
Q

What exocrine product does the pancreas secrete?

A

pancreatic juice that is carried to the duodenum via the pancreatic duct

106
Q

the pancreatic duct and the bile duct join to form the …

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla, which empty their secretions into the duodenum through the hepatopancreatic sphincter

107
Q

Pancreatic juice is…

A

a HCO3- rich fluid containing enzymes that digest all categories of foods

108
Q

What controls the secretion of pancreatic juice?

A

Intestinal hormones and vagus nerves

109
Q

What is cholecystokinin and where is it released?

A

released by the small intestine, it stimulates the gallbladder to contract and the hepatopancreatic sphincter to relax, allowing bile (and pancreatic juice) to enter the duodenum

110
Q

The small intestine is the major site for ___ and ___

A

digestion; absorption

111
Q

What 3 components increase the intestinal surface area for digestion and absorption?

A

circular folds, villi, and microvilli

112
Q

the duodenal submucosa contains …

A

elaborate mucus-secreting duodenal glands

113
Q

Where are Peyer’s patches specifically locates?

A

in the mucosa of the ileum

114
Q

The duodenum is covered with serosa. True or false?

A

False, adventitia

115
Q

Intestinal juice is largely ….

A

water with mucus

116
Q

The major stimuli for intestinal juice release are…

A

hypertonic and acidic chyme

117
Q

What is the principal motility pattern of the small intestine?

A

segmentation

118
Q

segmentation promotes…

A

mechanical breakdown and mixing of chyme with digestive juices and bile

119
Q

segmentation and short-distance peristalsis causes….

A

slow propulsion

120
Q

Ileocecal valve opening is controlled by…

A

the gastroileal reflex and gastrin

121
Q

What are the subdivisions of the large intestine?

A

cecum (and appendix), colon (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid portion), rectum, and anal canal

122
Q

What is the main purpose of the large intestine?

A

to absorb water, some electrolytes and vitamins made by enteric bacteria, and to eliminate feces

123
Q

What is the teniae coli?

A

the longitudinal muscle in the muscularis of the large intestine that is reduced to three bands, puckers its walls, and produces haustra

124
Q

Describe the cells of the mucosa of most of the large intestine.

A

simple columnar epithelium containing abundant goblet cells

125
Q

When is the defecation reflex triggered?

A

when feces enters the rectum

126
Q

What does the defecation reflex involve?

A

The parasympathetic reflexes leading to contraction of the rectal walls and is aided by Valsalva’s maneuver

127
Q

Digestion is accomplished by ___ and catalyzed by ___.

A

hydrolysis, enzymes

128
Q

Most nutrients are absorbed by what type of process?

A

Active transport processes

129
Q

Where are virtually all the foodstuffs and most of the water and electrolytes absorbed?

A

small intestine

130
Q

How are carbohydrates and proteins processed?

A

digested to monomers and taken up into absorptive epithelial cells of the small intestine by cotransport with sodium, and passively transported across the basolateral membrane into the capillaries

131
Q

How are fats processed?

A

Fat breakdown products are emulsified for digestion, then solubilized by bile salts (in micelles), resynthesized to triglycerides in the intestinal mucosal cells, and combine with other lipids and protein as chylomicrons that enter the lacteals

132
Q

How are nucleic acids processed?

A

they are digested into their components and actively transported into absorptive epithelial cells

133
Q

How are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

by diffusion

134
Q

How are water-soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

by active or passive transport

135
Q

How are absorbed substances, other than fat, delivered?

A

they enter the villus blood capillaries and are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein

136
Q

The mucosa of the alimentary canal develops from which primary germ layer?

A

endoderm, which folds to form a tube

137
Q

Other than the mucosa, the remaining three tunics of the alimentary canal wall are formed by what primary germ layer?

A

mesoderm

138
Q

The glandular accessary organs (salivary glands, liver, pnacreas, and gallbladder) form from …

A

outpocketings of the mucosa

139
Q

What are some congenital abnormalities of the digestive tract?

A

cleft palate/lip, tracheoesophageal fistula, and cystic fibrosis, which all interfere with normal nutrition

140
Q

What reaction liberates the most energy?

A

complete oxidation of a molecule of sucrose to CO2 and water

141
Q

The net gain of ATP from the complete metabolism (aerobic) of glucose is closest to …

A

30

142
Q

Define cellular respiration.

A

oxidation of substances by which energy is released in usable form to the cells

143
Q

What is formed during aerobic respiration when electrons are passed down the electron transport chain?

A

water

144
Q

Metabolic rate is relatively low in ….

A

old age

145
Q

In a temperate climate under ordinary conditions, the great loss of body heat occurs through…

A

radiation

146
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the liver? a) glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, b) synthesis of cholesterol, c) detoxification of alcohol and drugs, d)synthesis of glucagon, e) deamination of amino acids

A

synthesis of glucagon; it is formed in the pancreas and promotes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver.

147
Q

Amino acids are essential and important to the body for all the following except a) production of some hormones, b) production of antibodies, c) formation of most structural materials, d) as a source of quick energy

A

as a source of quick energy (that is glucose)

148
Q

Transamination is a chemical process by which…

A

an amine group is transferred from an amino acid to a keto acid

149
Q

Three days after removing the pancreas from an animal, the researcher finds a persistent increase in …

A

acetoacetic acid concentration in the blood, urine volume, and blood glucose

150
Q

Body temperature regulation is influenced by and subject to what three factors?

A

influenced by temperature receptors in the skin, influenced by the temperature of the blood perfusing the heat regulation center of the brain, and is subject to both neural and hormonal control

NAT 502 (6 decks)

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