Digestive system

Question 1

Digestive tract/alimentary tract or canal

Answer 1

Tube from oral cavity to anus

Question 2

GI tract

Answer 2

Refers to stomach and intestines

Question 3

Accessory organs

Answer 3

Primarily glands

Secrete fluids into tract

Question 4

Ingestion - function

Answer 4

Introduction of food into the stomach

Question 5

Mastication

Answer 5

Chewing

Increases surface area

Question 6

Propulsion - function

Answer 6

Two types
Deglutition
Peristalsis

Question 7

Deglutition

Answer 7

Swallowing

Question 8

Peristalsis

Answer 8

Moves material through digestive tract

Question 9

Secretion - function

Answer 9

Mucus - along entire digestive tract to lubricate food
Water - food easier to digest and absorb
Bile - emulsifies fats
Enzymes - chemical digestion

Question 10

Digestion - function

Answer 10

Mechanical and chemical

Question 11

Absorption - function

Answer 11

Movement from tract into circulation or lymph

Question 12

Elimination - function

Answer 12

Waste products removed from body

Defecation

Question 13

Functions of digestive system

Answer 13

Ingestion 
Mastication 
Propulsion 
Mixing 
Secretion 
Digestion 
Absorption 
Eliminator

Question 14

Mixing - function

Answer 14

Wave of smooth muscle relaxation moves ahead of bolus

Wave of contraction of smooth muscle behind bolus

Question 15

Nervous regulation of digestive system (local)

Answer 15

Enteric nervous system

Coordinates peristalsis and regulates local reflexes

Question 16

Nervous regulation of digestive system (general)

Answer 16

Coordination with CNS
May initiate reflexes because of sight, cell or taste of food
Primarily parasympathetic
Sympathetic inhibits (muscle contraction, secretion, blood flow to digestive tract)

Question 17

Chemical regulation of digestive system

Answer 17

Production of hormones (gastrin, secretin)

Production of paracrine chemicals like histamine

Question 18

Saliva produced by

Answer 18

Compound alveolar salivary glands

Question 19

Saliva function

Answer 19

Prevent bacteria infection
Lubrication
Break down starch (salivary amylase)
Help form bolus for swallowing

Question 20

Salivary production caused by

Answer 20

Parasympathetic input

Question 21

Stomach openings

Answer 21

Gastroesophageal - from esophagus

Pyloric - to duodenum

Question 22

Small intestine

Answer 22

Site of greatest amount of digestion and absorption of nutrients and water

Question 23

Divisions of small intestine

Answer 23

Duodenum - first 25cm
Jejunum - 2.5m
Ileum - 3.5m

Question 24

Major sites of nutrient absorption

Answer 24

Duodenum and Jejunum

Question 25

Between Jejunum and Ileum there is a gradual decrease in

Answer 25

Diameter Thickness of intestinal walls Number of circular folds Number of vili

Question 26

Hepatic ducts

Answer 26

Carry bile from liver lobes | Combine to form common hepatic duct

Question 27

Common hepatic duct

Answer 27

Combines with cystic duct from gallbladder to form common bile duct

Question 28

Common bile duct

Answer 28

combine with pancreatic duct to form hepatopancreatic ampulla

Question 29

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

Answer 29

Empties bile and pancreatic secretions into duodenum at major duodenal papilla

Question 30

Accessory pancreatica duct

Answer 30

Empties pancreatic secretions into duodenum at minor duodenal papilla

Question 31

Functions of the liver

Answer 31

``` Bile production Storage Nutrient interconversion Detoxification Phagocytosis Synthesis ```

Question 32

Bile production - function of liver

Answer 32

600 - 1000ml per day Neutralises and dilutes stomach acid Bile salts emulsify fats Increase water and bicarbonate ion content of bile

Question 33

Storage - function of liver

Answer 33

Glycogen, fat, vitamins, copper and iron

Question 34

Detoxification - function of liver

Answer 34

Hepatocytes remove ammonia and convert to urea

Question 35

Synthesis - function of liver

Answer 35

``` Albumins Fibrinogen Globulins Heparin Clotting factors ```

Question 36

Pancreas - endocrine

Answer 36

Pancreatic islets | Produce insulin, glucose and somatostatin

Question 37

Pancreas - exocrine

Answer 37

Grape-like clusters from lobules separated by septa

Question 38

Large intestine

Answer 38

Chyme converted to faeces | 90% volume of chyme is reabsorbed in large intestine

Question 39

Large intestine divisions

Answer 39

``` Cecum Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum Anal canal ```

Question 40

Cecum

Answer 40

Appendix attached | Part of large intestine

Question 41

Rectum

Answer 41

Straight muscular tube | Thick muscular tunic

Question 42

Anal canal

Answer 42

Internal anal sphincter - smooth muscle | External anal sphincter - skeletal muscle

Question 43

Digestion

Answer 43

Breakdown of food molecules for absorption into circulation

Question 44

Mechanical digestion

Answer 44

Breaks large food particles to small

Question 45

Chemical digestion

Answer 45

Breaking of covalent bonds by digestive enzymes

Question 46

Absorption and transport

Answer 46

Molecules moved out of digestive tract and into circulation for distribution throughout body

Question 47

Water and ions in small intestine

Answer 47

Water - move in either direction depending on gradient | Ions - actively transported