DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards by da yan

seizing and conveying of feed into the mouth

PREHENSION

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principal prehensile structures

lips (beak in birds)
teeth
tongue

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prehensile structures: cattle

tongue and lower incisors.

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prehensile structures: horses and sheep

lips and teeth

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possess a complete set of incisors and molars

pig and horse

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chewing;
mechanical breakdown of feed into finer particles;
allows the feed to be well mixed with saliva to facilitate swallowing

mastication

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mixing of feed with saliva;

greatest during feeding, mastication, remastication in ruminants.

insalivation

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lubricates the feed bolus, adds small amounts of amylase, and because of its alkalinity and large volume, buffers the pH in the rumen

saliva

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mechanical breakdown of feed and the consequent chemical changes brought about by digestive juices, bacteria, and protozoa;
breakdown of feed particles into suitable products for absorption

digestion

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a complex protein produced in living cells that causes changes in other substances within the body without being changes itself (organic catalyst)

enzymes

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enzyme of saliva

salivary amylase/ptyalin

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enzymes of rumen

microbial cellulose
microbial amylase
microbial proteases
microbial urease

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enzyme of stomach, abomasum, and proventriculus

pepsin

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enzymes of pancreas (enzymes are secreted into the duodenum)

trypsin
chymotrypsin
carboxypeptidase

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starch to maltose; begins the initial digestion of sugars and starch

salivary amylase/ptyalin

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cellulose to volatile fatty acids

microbial cellulose

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starch to volatile fatty acids and lactic acid

microbial amylase

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protein to amino acids and NH3

microbial proteases

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urea to CO2 and NH3

microbial urease

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protein to polypeptides

pepsin

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protein to peptides and amino acids

trypsin
chymotrypsin
carboxypeptidase

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transfer of substance from gastro intestinal tract (GIT) to the circulatory (blood or lymph) system;
occurs when nutrients are broken down to very small molecules to their basic units with the action of enzymes;
occurs primarily in the small and large intestine.

ABSORPTION

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PARTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

mouth and buccal cavity
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
accessory glands

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3 divisions of small intestine

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

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3 sections of large intestine

1. cecum 2. colon 3. rectum

what are the accessory glands?

pancreas | liver

for prehension, mastication and insalivation; used in bolus formation in ruminants; has 3 accessory glands

1. mouth and buccal cavity

3 accessory glands of mouth and buccal cavity

1. tongue 2. teeth 3. salivary glands

grasping of food

1. tongue

mastication of food

2. teeth

produvced saliva w/c contains water to moisten food; mucin to lubricate food for easy swallowing; bicarbonates salts to buffer(regulate pH); salivary amylase to start carbohydrate digestion

3. salivary glands

common passage for air and feed

pharynx

the inspired air crosses to the pharynx to enter the ...

larynx

the feed crosses the pharynx to enter the ....

esophagus

muscular tube which connects the stomach to the mouth; | allows passage of food from mouth to stomach.

esophagus

muscular organ w/c is the site for feed storage, grinding, and mixing of feed, absorption, enzymatic action and microbial fermantation.

stomach

3 majoir functions of stomach:

1. storage of ingested feed, 2. mechanical breakdown, 3. production of HCL, enzymes and mucus

an active site of digestion that receives secretions from the pancreas, liver and intestinal walls.

duodenum

middle section of small intestine that is involved in nutrient absorption.

jejunum

last section of small intestine; | also involved in nutrient absorption

ileum

continue protein hydrolysis

proteolytic enzymes

converts starch to maltose

pancreatic amylase

reduce dipeptides to single amino acids

peptidase enzymes

produced by the liver, stored and secreted by the gall bladder(not present in the horse); aids digestion in the small intestine by emulsifying fat particles

bile

enhance digestion in small intestine (4)

proteolytic enzymes pancreatic amylase peptidase enzymes bile

first section of large intestine w/c is relatively large in the horse and rabbit; when well developed as in the horse contains many bacterial w/c produced enzymes that digest fiber

cecum

middle section of large intestine w/c is involved in reabsorption of water; length is related to amount of water reabsorption e.i., very long in the desert rat

colon

last section of large intestine

rectum

produces digestive enzyme needed in the digestive processes that take place in small intestine

pancreas

secretes bile needed for emulsification of fat in the small intestine

liver

types of animals based on their stomach structure

1. monogastric 2. modified simple stomach 3. compound stomach/ ruminants

simple stomach. one compartment; | includes swine and horses

1. monogastric

digestive pathway for feeds in monogastrics:

mouth - esophagus - simple stomach - small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) - large intestine, (and cecum) - rectum - anus

can be found in poultry species w/ the following modifications: gizzaed, crop, proventriculus

modified simple stomach

avian GI tract (4)

mouth esophagus proventriculus gizzard/ventriculus

avian GI tract - does not contain teeth, beak used to collect particles of feed and to beak some large particles into smaller pieces; tongue and salivary glands are present and saliva contain salivary amylase

mouth

avian GI tract | - include an enlarged area called crop

esophagus

avian GI tract - corresponds to the true stomach; site of HCI and pepsin production in bird

proventriculus

avian GI tract | - muscular area w/c contains grot; the involuntary muscular contraction aid in the mechanical breakdown of food.

gizzard/ventriculus

avian GI tract - temporay storage and moistening of food, as aplace of salivary amylase to work, and as microbial fermantation in some species

crop

digestive pathway in poultry:

mouth - esophagus - crop - proventriculus (stomach) - gizzard - small intestine - large intestine (and ceca) - cloaca - vent

general term for those possesing a single stomach compartment (as well as the modified stomach)

NON-RUMINANT

with 4 compartments (in mature); able to rapidly ingest and store large quantities of fibrous feeds in their rumen; able to conver feeds that are ingestible by humans and other monogastrics into useful nutrients and products; able to utilize fibrous feeds, non-protein N, and they can produce all of the essential amino acids and B-complex vitamins

3. compound stomach/ ruminants

exmaples of compound stomach/ ruminants animals

cattle carabao sheep goat

digestive pathway in ruminants

mouth - esophagus - reticulo - rumen - (process of regurgitation, rechewing, reinsalivation, and reswallowing) - reticulo - rumen - omasum - abomasum - small intestine - large intestine (and cecum) - rectum - anus

the formation of "balls" of feed out of masticated feed particles.

bolus formation

4 compartments in compound stomach/ ruminants

1. rumen 2. reticulum 3. omasum 4. abomasum

main site of microbial fermantation of feeds; largest of the four compartments; left side; covered by projections called PAPILLAE muscular walls secrete no enzymes

1. rumen

regulates the passage of feed from the ruman to the succeeding compartments; aids regurgitation of feed back to the mouth; also site of microbial fermentation

2. reticulum

round muscular organ w/c contains many muscular laminae (sometimes calles manyplies); further grinds and reduces the feed into finer particles before the feed enters the abomasum

3. omasum

true stomach of the ruminants

4. abomasum

projections that is required for absortion of nutrients

PAPILLAE

3 major benefits of microbial fermentation in ruminants:

1. coversion of cellulose from vegetative materials to VFA as sources of energy 2. production of microbial protein from feed proteins and non-protein N sources that provide the essential amino acids 3. synthesis of Vitamin K and the B-Vitamins

2 functions of reticulum

1. to move the food into the rumen or omasum | 2. collection of dense particles of food and in regurgitation of ingesta during rumination.

process of movement of ingesta back up the esophagus to the mouth for additional mechanical breakdown

rumination/ "chewing thw cud"

additional unique features of ruminants

esophageal groove rumination eructation

begins at the base of the esophagus and when stimulated by sucking forms a tube w/c empties into the abomasums; function: direct milk obtained from sucking to escape microbial digestions in the rumen

esophageal groove

belching of gas; allows for removal of large volumes of gas produced in the rumen; contractions of the upper part of the rumen force the gas up the esophagus and from there the gas penetrates into the trachea and lungs

eructation