REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards
1
Q
essential for the perpetuation of species, thus, prevent its extinction
A
reproduction
2
Q
immobile haploid gamete (sex cell) of the female
A
ovum
3
Q
female reproductive system (8)
A
- ovary
- infundibulum
- oviduct/ fallopian tube
- uterus
- cervix
- vagina
- vulva
- clitoris
4
Q
paired, almond shaped organ situated near the uterine horn just behind the kidney;
A
- ovary
5
Q
produces the ova and secretes estrogen
A
- ovary
6
Q
female sex hormone produce by ovary
A
estrogen
7
Q
portion of uterine tube adjacent to the ovary; shaped like a funnel in its expanded form
A
- infundibulum
8
Q
picks up the egg when released by the ovary at the time of ovulation
A
- infundibulum
9
Q
structure that connects the ova from each ovary to the respective horn of the uterus;
passageway of the egg on its way to the uterus
A
- oviduct/ fallopian tube
10
Q
site of fertilization and site of early embryonic development
A
- oviduct/ fallopian tube
11
Q
tubular structure extending from the termination of the both fallopian tubes to a point where its horns joins its body and continues to the cervix
A
- uterus
12
Q
site of implantationand serves in a nutritive and productive capacity for the developing embryo
A
- uterus
13
Q
neck of the uterus;
passage way of semen and protects the uterus from foreign materials
A
- cervix
14
Q
secretes a sticky mucus seal during pregnancy
A
- cervix
15
Q
tube extending from the cervix down to the vulva;
receives the penis in copulation
A
- vagina
16
Q
provides a passageway for the fully developed fetus during parturition
A
- vagina
17
Q
common passage way for the products of reproduction and urine
A
- vulva
18
Q
a rudimentary organ situated ventrally to the vulva;
homologous to the glans penis in the male
A
- clitoris
19
Q
male reproductive system (4)
A
- testis
- scrotum
- excurrent ducts
- accessory glands
20
Q
- excurrent ducts
A
a. epididymis
b. ductus deferens (vas deferens)
c. urethra
21
Q
- accessory glands
A
a. ampulla
b. seminal vesicles
c. prostate gland
d. cowpea’s gland
e. penis
22
Q
male mobile haploid gamete
A
sperm
23
Q
the paired primary sex organ of the male
A
testis
24
Q
function of testes
A
- production of sperm
2. secretion of androgen
25
male sex hormone
androgen
26
location of testes in birds
within the body cavity
27
location of testes in mammals
located in the scrotum, outside the abdominal cavity
28
pouch of skin, external covering of the testes;
| protects the testes from direct mechanical injuries
2. scrotum
29
provides the testes an environment w/c is a few degrees cooler than the body temperature
2. scrotum
30
long convulated tube w/c connects the efferent ducts (vasa efferentia) of the testes w/ the ductus deferens (vas deferens)
a. epididymis
31
place for maturation of the spermatozoa before ejaculation
a. epididymis
32
muscular tube w/c merges with the epididymis and extends upward to the abdominal cavity and empties in the urethra
b. ductus deferens (vas deferens)
33
propels the spermatozoa from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct in the urethra during ejaculation
b. ductus deferens (vas deferens)
34
canal starting from the junction of the ampulla and ends at the opening of the penis
c. urethra
35
common passage of semen and urine
c. urethra
36
an enlarge portion of the ductus deferens just before its entrance into urethra
a. ampulla
37
the temporary storage of sperm until ejaculation time
a. ampulla
38
paired glands w/c are located on either side of the ampulla;
b. seminal vesicles
39
produce a secretion high in fructose w/c acts as vehicle for sperm transport
b. seminal vesicles
40
an unpaired gland w/c more or less surrounds the urethra
c. prostate gland
41
produces a viscous secretion w/c stimulates sperm activity and gives the semen its characteristic odor
c. prostate gland
42
small paired gland located on either side of pelvic urethra
d. cowpea's gland
43
an erectile tissue
e. penis
44
fuction of penis
1. drain the urinary bladder of urine
| 2. introduces the spermatozoa to the vagina
45
consists of sperm cells and the secretions of the accessory glands
semen
46
lifespan of spermatozoa in female reproductive tract: chicken
14 days
47
lifespan of spermatozoa in female reproductive tract: man
20-30 hours
48
indication that sexual maturity is reached;
capable of producing offsprings;
usual manifestation is showing signs of estrus
puberty
49
the interval from the beginning of one heat period (estrus) to the start of another heat period
estrous cycle
50
4 stages of estrous cycle
1. proestrus
2. estrus
3. metestrus
4. diestrus
51
period between regression of the corpus luteum (CL) and estrus, when follicar development is occurring and estrogen production is increasing; ( about the 18th - 20th days of the bovine cycle)
1. proestrus
52
period of sexual receptivity, due to high levels of estrogen;
depending upon the species, length of estrus ranges from about 12hrs to several days;
estrogen levels bring about surge of LH and FSH
2. estrus
53
phase following estrus when the CL forms and begins to produce progesterone
3. metestrus
54
phase when the CL is highly active in its production of progesterone
4. diestrus
55
classification of animals based on the occurrence of their estrous cycle
1. monoestrus
2. seasonaly polyestrus
3. polyestrus
56
animal comes in heat only once a year;
| ex. dogs,
1. monoestrus
57
comes in heat in certain seasons only
| ex. sheep
2. seasonaly polyestrus
58
comes in heat throughout the year
| ex. cattle, swine, carabao
3. polyestrus
59
signs of heat or estrus (6)
1. reddening and swelling of vulva
2. mucus discgarges from the vagina
3. frequent urination
4. restlessness and lack of apetite
5. mounting other animals in the herd
6. female stands still when mounted - best sign
60
when to breed or inseminate
1. ovulation would likely take place, or as close as possible to expected ovulation time.
2. best time to inseminate is towards the end of estrus
3. duration of estrus is variable
4. when observed that the animal is in heat, inseminate right away.
61
reduces conception rate due to the loss of sperm viability
too early insemination
62
ovulation of cattle and carabao
15 - 18 hrs from the end of estrus
63
estrus duration in carabao
5-36 hrs (18 hrs average)
64
estrus duration in swine
2-3 days; best to inseminate on the 2nd and 3rd day
65
estrus duration in mares
6-7 days; best is on 4th and 5th day
66
sperm cells reside in the female reproductive tract before becoming capable of attaching to and penetrating the ovum;
believed to start in the uterus
sperm capacitation
67
process in w/c sperm fuses with an ovum to form zygote
fertilization
68
fertilized cell in w/c the genetic materials of the sperm and ovum are combined
zygote
69
2 methods of fertilization
a. external fertilization
| b. internal fertilization
70
both parents expel their gametes into another medium, such as water, w/o necessarily coming into contact w/ each other
a. external fertilization
71
male deposits sperm inside the female reproductive tract
b. internal fertilization
72
3 forms of devt. in internal fertilization
1. oviparity
2. ovoviviparity
3. viviparity
73
embryo formed inside the female is deposited outside her body as an egg;
after devt., offspring hatch out of the egg and directly into the environment.
ex. all birds and some reptiles
1. oviparity
74
embryo develops inside the female body, although it still obtains all nourishment from the egg yolk. the young hatches fully developed and are released from the female's body.
ex. many reptiles and some fish
2. ovoviviparity
75
embryo develops inside the female's body and the young obtain their nourishment from the female's blood, rather than egg yolk. the young emerges fully developed from the female body.
ex. almost all mammals
3. viviparity
76
cattle gamete longevity (hrs)
sperm
ovum
30-48
| 20-24
77
horse gamete longevity (hrs)
sperm
ovum
72-120
| 6-8
78
sheep gamete longevity (hrs)
sperm
ovum
30-48
| 16-24
79
swine gamete longevity (hrs)
sperm
ovum
34-72
| 8-10
80
incubation/ pregnancy (days) of quail
16-19
81
incubation/ pregnancy (days) of pigeon
17
82
incubation/ pregnancy (days) of chicken
21
83
incubation/ pregnancy (days) of mallard duck
28
84
incubation/ pregnancy (days) of turkey
28
85
incubation/ pregnancy (days) of geese
30
86
incubation/ pregnancy (days) of muscovy duck
36
87
incubation/ pregnancy (days) of rabbit
32
88
incubation/ pregnancy (days) of swine
114
89
incubation/ pregnancy (days) of sheep
147
90
incubation/ pregnancy (days) of goat
148
91
incubation/ pregnancy (days) of cattle
280
92
incubation/ pregnancy (days) of carabao
3116
93
expected number of young produced per year of quail
100-300
94
expected number of young produced per year of pigeon
10-20
95
expected number of young produced per year of chicken
50-300
96
expected number of young produced per year of mallard duck
50-300
97
expected number of young produced per year of turkey
50-100
98
expected number of young produced per year of geese
20-50
99
expected number of young produced per year of muscovy duck
50-100
100
expected number of young produced per year of rabbit
10-30
101
expected number of young produced per year of swine
10-25
102
expected number of young produced per year of sheep
1-3
103
expected number of young produced per year of goat
2.5
104
expected number of young produced per year of cattle
0.5
105
expected number of young produced per year of carabao
0.5
106
estrus duration of rabbit
15-20
107
estrus duration of swine
18-24
108
estrus duration of sheep
17
109
estrus duration of goat
20-21
110
estrus duration of cattle
21
111
estrus duration of carabao
22-24
112
the period of time from conception to birth of the offspring
gestation period
113
fusion of fetal membranes to the endometrium of the uterus to permit physiological exchange between fetus and mother;
unique feature of early mammalian development as it allows provison of nutrients from the maternal organism
placenta
114
the physiological process by w/c the pregnant uterus delivers the fetus and placenta from the maternal organism; triggered by the fetus; may be divided into 3 stages
parturition
115
3 stages of parturition
1. dilation of the cervix
2. delivey of newborn
3. shedding of placenta or fetal membranes
116
signs of approaching parturition
1. changes in pelvic ligament
2. enlargement and edema of the vulva
3. mammary activity - obvious enlargement of the mammary gland occurs in all farm species
4. presence of milk in mammary gland - strong indication
117
resulting balance of heat dissipation;
| its stability is prerequisite for high productivity in animals
body temperature
118
2 groups of animal based on the ability to regulate body temp.
1. warm-blooded
| 2. cold-blooded
119
process of heat dissipation
1. conduction
2. convection
3. radiation
4. vaporization
120
involves direct contact of the animal w/ a part of itsv environment
1. conduction
121
heat is transferred to or from the animal by the movement of the heated air particles;
affect by posture of the animal and other conditions affecting surface area
2. convection
122
transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves; no material medium or physical contact
3. radiation
123
most important process in heat dissipation by w/c animals lose heat to maintain a constant body temp;
heat loss from the skin and respiratory surfaces
4. vaporization
124
body temp. is normal w/o much regulation;
| the environmental temp. at w/c the heat loss is equal to the minumum heat production
thermal neutrality
