GOAT AND SHEEP PRODUCTION Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
known as “biological herbicide” due to its browsing ability (browser)
A
goat - Capra hircus
2
Q
diet of goat
A
40% grasses and 60% forbs (shrubs and herbs)
3
Q
capable of nibbling bark of trees;
mobile lips;
walk long distance in search for food;
selective in term of feed preference (eats young shoot first)
A
GOAT
4
Q
BIOLOGICAL LAWN MOWER (essentially grazers)
A
SHEEP - OVIS ARIES
5
Q
Has flocking instinct - pecking order
less selective of feed offered than goats
A
SHEEP
6
Q
CHROMOSOME NUMBER OF GOAT AND SHEEP
A
60 & 54
7
Q
SOUNDS MADE BY GOAT AND SHEEP
A
MAAA AND BAAA
8
Q
TAIL POSTURE AND CARRIAGE OF GOAT AND SHEEP
A
UPWARD & DOWNWARD
9
Q
FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF GOAT AND SHEEP
A
PARTLY BROWSER & PURELY GRAZER
10
Q
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR OF GOAT AND SHEEP
A
INDIVIDUALISTIC & FLOCKING INSTINCT
11
Q
LONG HAIR GROWTH OF GOAT AND SHEEP
A
BEARD & MANE
12
Q
SKIN COVERING OF GOAT AND SHEEP
A
MOSTLY HAIR & MOSTLY WOOL
13
Q
PRESENCE OF HORNS OF GOAT AND SHEEP
A
NATURALLY HORNED & NATURALLY POLLED
14
Q
PRESENCE OF SCENT GLANDS IN MALES OF GOAT AND SHEEP
A
BASE OF HORN, BENEATH TAIL & BETWEEN HOOVES
15
Q
GROWTH BEHAVIOR OF HORNS OF GOAT AND SHEEP
A
NARROWER, UPRIGHT, LESS CURVED & CURL IN LOOPS AT SIDES OF HEAD
16
Q
one of the ideal farm enterprises if properly managed in farm
A
goat production
17
Q
study conducted by govnt agency observed that goats are multi-purpose ruminants milk = meat = hide = fiber =
A
producing: milk = 58.5% meat = 35.6% hide = 4.3% fiber = 1.7%
18
Q
sheep breeds (5)
A
- barbados black belly
- priangan
- shropshire
- suffolk
- merino
19
Q
sheep breed
originated in Barbados island w/ african ancestry; adapted to wide range of environment;
high reproductive efficiency;
hair type: sweet mutton;
black colors covers under parts completely extending up the neck and down the insides of the legs
A
- barbados black belly
20
Q
sheep breed
originated in indonesia;
primarily for ram fighting and meat; thin tailed; often lacks external ears
A
- priangan
21
Q
sheep breed
originated in england;
wool-type;
believed to be as one of the ancestors of the phillippine sheep
A
- shropshire
22
Q
sheep breed
originated in england;
wool type;
meat
dark colored feces and legs
A
- suffolk
23
Q
sheep breed
originated in spain;
finest wool producer;
the other ancestor of philippine sheep
A
- merino
24
Q
goat breeds available in the philippines(6)
A. Dual purpose (2)
B. Dairy breeds (4)
A
A. Dual purpose (2)
1. anglo-nubian
2. boer goats
B. Dairy breeds (4)
3. saanen
4. toggenburg
5. alpine
6. la mancha
25
basically a tropical breed in successfully adopted grow in the WESTERN COUNTRIES;
distinguishing features are DROOPING PENDULOUS EARS and a ROMAN NOSE
1. anglo-nubian
26
are intended to be raised for meat and they grow more rapidly tha other goat breeds. they have a light-colored body and a distinction red head
2. boer goats
27
originated in switzerland,
| PURE WHITE TO OFF-WHITE in color and has the HIGHEST MIL PRODUCTION
3. saanen
28
from switzerland;
smaller than nubian and saanen;
distinguishing feature are MARKINGS ON THE FACE, LEGS AND TAILS; ERECT EARS like the saanen
4. toggenburg
29
also european breed;
| color range from OFF-WHITE TO RED TO BLACK
5. alpine
30
from spain/oregon;
very distintive ear types
"GOPHER EARS", "ELF EAR"
6. la mancha
31
STOCK SELECTION
A. DOES (4 considerations)
1. number of offsprings weaned per yr
2. animal mortality
3. length of production life
4. incidence of major defects
32
STOCK SELECTION
B. bucks (4 considerations)
1. blood composition
2. constitution and vigor
3. breeding quality
4. aggressiveness
33
buck male ratio
1: 35
| * it is recommended to have minimum of two purebred or crossbreed bucks of different breeds
34
MANAGEMENT (GOATS) (read)
* It is usual to see an offspring at the side of the mother even when rearing a kid of its own
* their pack character is so very evident, w/ the oldest buck or doe on the highest part of the sleeping area.
* they also have maintained their mountainous character.
* goats prefer an ELEVATED AREA FOR RESTING. the arrangement and feature of the housing, including management practices, must then be adapted according to these characteristics
* can be expected to live up to 13 - 15 yrs, w/ an average economic lifespan of 6 - 8 yrs.
* in the phils., does come in-heat yr round w/ an average kidding interval of about 8 - 9 mos.
35
HOUSING (GOATS) (read)
* All goats are afraid of rain and wetness, as these make them prone to pneumonia
* they prefer to sleep in ELEVATED areas, therefore elevatedsleeping platform, like stair-type arrangement, and must be provided
* flooring should be included and elevated at least about 15 to facilitate cleaning and drainage
* separate pens should be provided for lactating does, kids, growers and bucks
* the buck pen should be placed in such way that it will always be visible to the breeding does yet far enough to avoid transfer of the typical goat smell in case of lactating does when milk is to be sold
36
type of housing (goat)
1. shed type
| 2. pre-barn type
37
type of housing
free movement in or out;
feeding/ watering trough, mineral feeders, grain bunks
1. shed type
38
```
type of housing
stall barns (individual confinement);
confined housing (group pens for same sizes of animals;
provision for feed and water shall be placed and protected from spoilage and will not mess up the pen
```
2. pre-barn type
39
roofing materials that are preferrable in hot and humid areas
cogon and nipa
40
utmost importance. majority og pneumonia causes can be traced to excessively warm and humid interior and sudden changes in temp.
ventilation
41
ventilation
to create an adequate air circulation and lower draft
allow 0.5 - 1 ft, clearance bet floor to wall and wall to beam.
42
ventilation
desirable interior temp.
28 deg cel - 30 deg cel.
*it has been established that above 30 deg cel ruminants are inhibited from eating.
43
lighting (read)
may also be provided in the barns during the night. goats consume up to 30% of the day's intake during the night when light is provided
44
is the cheapest and most effective fencing available locally
nine-eye hog wire
45
fencing (read)
* post must be staked every 2m. goats are fond of pounding their feet and scrapingtheir bodies on fences so it must be sturdily built
* barbwire fencing requires a minimum of four strands so it becomes more costly besides making goats prone to wounds
46
age at puberty (mos.) of bos taurus
8 mos.
47
age at puberty (mos.) of capra hircus
5-6 mos. (4 - 8 mos.)
48
age at puberty (mos.) of ovis aries
7-8 mos
49
age at 1st breeding (mos.) of bos taurus
15 mos.
50
age at 1st breeding (mos.) of capra hircus
8-10 mos.
*breeder buck is allowed to breed at 10 - 12 mos. of age
51
age at 1st breeding (mos.) of ovis aries
12 mos.
52
estrus cycle (days) of bos taurus
18-24 days
53
estrus cycle (days) of capra hircus
18-24 days
54
estrus cycle (days) of ovis aries
15-19 days
55
estrus duration (hours) of bos taurus
18 hrs.
56
estrus duration (hours) of capra hircus
24-72 hrs. (2-3 days)
*ends after 18hrs from the onset
57
estrus duration (hours) of ovis aries
24-72 hrs.
58
post-partum estrus (days) of bos taurus
40-60 days
59
post-partum estrus (days) of capra hircus
60 days
60
post-partum estrus (days) of ovis aries
17 days
61
gestation period (days) of bos taurus
283 days
62
gestation period (days) of capra hircus
150 days/ (5mos.)
63
gestation period (days) of ovis aries
150 days
64
signs of estrous in goat (4)
1. allowing themselves to be mounted
2. mounting other animals
3. mucous discharge from vulva; swollen vulva
4. frequent urination, nervousness and lack of appetite
65
male to female ratio (goats)
on the average, 25 females are allowed to be bred w/ single one yr old buck
66
care breeder buck (read)
* potential male breeders are immediately separated from the herd after weaning at 3 - 4 mos.
* select animals when they are 8 - 10 mos.
67
care of dry and pregnant does
1. to reserve for next lactation, dry (stop milking) the doe at 1 and 1/2 to 2 mos before kidding date
2. put all dry in one compartment
2. one week before kidding, place in separate kidding pen
3. avoid any form of noises in kidding area
4. be sure presentation ( either anterior or posterior) is right before attempting to pull out the kid because dystocia, or difficult delivery is common in these cases
5. oversized kids should be pulled out w/ an even, continous pressure.
68
both front legs and head are presented
anterior presentation
69
both hind limbs come out at the same time
posterior presentation
70
care of the lactating doe and new born kids
1. immediate after delivery, wipe kid's mouth, nose and eyes w/ clean, dry cloth and massage thoracic area to initiate breathing, normally this is done by mother, but somethimes the mother is too weak to do it. be sure no mucous clogging the nostrils
2. if colostrum in the udder is not fully consumed by kid, stopping (manually milking out excess) will be necessary to prevent mastitis
3. placenta must come out w/in 24 hrs from expulsion of fetus
4. tie the umbilical cord w/ sterile string and apply disinfectant (tincture of iodine) on the cut portion
5. allow the kids to suckle for first 4 to 5 days. if the doe is to be milked, separate the kids from the mother and start feeding using baby bottle (8 oz. size)
6. if doe is not to be milked, the doe can be taken out of the pen for feeding and returned to the kid3x a day and whole night
7. does weaned 4 - 5 days, return to heat after 1 - 2 mos.
8. 2 services a day for 2 days is optimum, when doe comes to heat introduce it to buck not vice versa
9. higher conception is accomplished in secondary heat.
71
milking (read)
1. like in cattle, milking periods must be established and strictly adhered to. process should not be advance or delay
2. unnecessary changes in routine should be avoided same personnel should be assigned, because goat can withhold their milk
3. milk quickly and continously
4. feed concentates during milking
5. during milking, buck should not near the doe so as not to transfer the typical goat smeall to the milk
72
care of weanling and growing kids
1. placed all weaned kids in separate pen, if possible according to size
2. male kids intended for meat, castrate as early pereferrably w/ in the 1st month
3. female kids intended for milking, check for excess teats and have them removed
4. horn buds appear w/in 1st - 3rd mos. dehorn size of fingernail
5. separate male and female at the age of 4 mos. they reach puberty at this age.
6. start breeding female and male 8 - 10 mos.
73
breeding
| cycle of type in goat
polyestrus
74
buck to doe ratio
1: 35
| * older bucks can cover up to 35 doe services per yr.
75
best breeding time of goat
daily during estrus
*best breeding age will be 10 - 12 mos. depending on desired weight.
76
it is very common in crossing natives w/ large pure-breeds due to the invariability large size of the unborn kids
dystocia
77
failure to come in heat;
common problem most particularly w/ high producing does;
several hormones, prostaglandin, progesterone sponges and implants and pregnant mare serum (PMS) have been used w/ varying rates of success;
routine administration of oxytocin right after kidding and before weaning (5 days) aids in faster expulsion of the placenta, uterine fluids in the rapid regression of the uterus;
routine viutamin A, D, E supplementation to breeding herds also contributes to reproductive well-being
ANESTRUS
78
a method of breeding w/ enables goat raisers to utilize far away proven bucks for impregnating their in-heat does;
IN THE PHILIPPINES IT HAS SUCCESSFULLY DONE AT national rural life center (NLRC) in dasmarinas, cavite where the kid goat, A.1 was born;
this is also being tried in Iloilo, w/c receives shipments of frozen goat semen from NLRC
GOAT ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
79
this will cause lameness and make it prone to foot rot. bucks refuse to mount when having sore feet;
rose pruner and small curved knife are adequate tools
HOOF TRIMMING
*goats hooves under confinement are usually overgrown
80
DEHORNING (READ)
especially in milking, dehorning is essential;
a dehorned animal is more docile than a horned one. it will also eliminate unnecessary wounds due to fighting;
dehorn when horn buds appear (2 - 4 mos.) using hot iron cautery;
1/2 inch GI pipe is an effective and cheap material for cauterizing;
chemical cautery is not preferred because kids tend to lick one another and may therefore lead to cauterized or burned tongues
81
CASTRATION (READ)
* castration of unwanted male goats is preferred w/in the 1st month of age
* castrated male grow faster than uncastrated males and are free of the goaty male odor
82
TATTOOING, EAR NOTCHING AND OTHER FORMS OF IDENTIFICATION (READ)
* in order to keep track of individual animals, a postive identification is needed. no recording is possible w/o this.
* ear notching is more common because of permanence and easy identification. refrain from using plastic tags.
* tattooing causes no deformities but requires special tools that may be costly
83
RECORDING (READ)
* for a good breeding herd program, proper and well-kept recording system is necessary.
the record must reflect all the essential data of individual animals
84
feeding method practiced in bukidnon province where rainfall pattern is almost distributed throughout the yr.
combined method of confinement and grazing system
85
shall be introduced during rainy season.
purely cut-and-carry-system
86
during sunny days if grazing pastures is available,
animals are allowed to graze in the morning up to 10am and then feed in confinement for the rest of the day
87
land area needed to support 50 head/year when a combined grazing and confinement method is adopted
2 hectares
88
recommended division of grazing pasture for convenience in grazing mngt.
divided into 9 paddocks
89
traditional way of rearing goat in the backyard w/ 2 or more households
tethering
*however, during rainy days and night time, the animals are kept inside the house.
normally, the animals consume lesser amount of feed based on dry matter req. per head/day
90
they need concentrate supplementation and as much as possible, planted grasses for cut-and-carry be available to provide the desired nutrional requirement of the animals
tethered animals
91
in order to provide enough feed supply in the whole yr round, especially during summer
forage conservation
92
FEED REQUIREMENTS
| AGE - BIRTH - 3 DAYS
FEED (1) AND AMOUNT
1. Colostrum - ad libitum (3 - 5x feeding)
93
FEED REQUIREMENTS
| AGE - 4 days - 2 weeks
FEED (3) AND AMOUNT
1. whole milk ( goat or cow milk) - 0.5 li/kid divided into
3x feeding
2. vitamin-mineral - Ad libitum
3. water - Adlibitum
94
FEED REQUIREMENTS
| AGE - 2 weeks-16weeks
FEED (5) AND AMOUNT
1. whole milk/milk replacer - 0.5 li/kid divided into
2x feeding)
2. grass-legume hay or quality fresh forages - Adlibitum
3. vitamin-mineral mix
4. water - Adlibitum
5. Starter (22% CP) - increasing amount w/o causing digestive upset
95
FEED REQUIREMENTS
| AGE - 4 months kidding
FEED (3) AND AMOUNT
1. forage - Ad libitum
2. vitamin-mineral mix - Ad libitum
3. water concentrates (16-18% CP) - 0.2 - 0.7 kg/hd.m
96
FEED REQUIREMENTS
| dry, pregnant, bucks
FEED (3) AND AMOUNT
1. forage - Ad libitum
2. vitamin-mineral mix - Ad libitum
3. water concentrates (16-18% CP) - Ad libitum
97
FEED REQUIREMENTS
| lactating
FEED (3) AND AMOUNT
1. forage - Ad libitum
2. vitamin-mineral mix - Ad libitum
3. water concentrates (16-18% CP) - 0.3 - 0.5 kg/li of milk produced
98
SANITATION (READ)
* have pens cleaned daily and washed at least 3x a week
| * disinfect at least 2x a month
99
DEWORMING (READ)
*PARASITES rank second in causing heavy mortality.
from experience, TAPEWORMS are the most debilitating worm problem in all ages of goats.
*PROTOZOA-like COCCIDIA and AMOEBA are also common problems especially in young kids
*have your goats checked regularly for specific worm load and deworm regularly depending on worm load and seasonal occurrences. know what kind of internal parasite is affecting your herd before attempting to use a deworming product, or else it will be a waste of money and effort
100
EXTERNAL PARASITE (READ)
* LICE and TICKS are common problems
* when these are observed, apply acaricide or chemical against lice and ticks, in powder or dust form. this can be done by mixing the powder-form chemicals w/ 7 -140 parts of starch or flour and apply as dusting powder. refrain from using the liquid or spray form
101
common infection diseases of goat (16)
1. bacterial pneumonia
2. infectious arthritis
3. mastitis
4. foot and mouth disease (FMD)
5. brucellosis
6. hemorrhagic septicemia
7. blackleg
8. tetanus
9. parasitic gastroentritis
10. parasitic pneumonia
11. tapeworm infection
12. liverfluke infection
13. lice infestation
14. mange
15. bloat
16. acute indigestion or grain overload
102
mode of transmission
direct contact from infected or contaminated udder; navel infection, genital or intra uterine infection of dam, contaminated environment
Symptoms
fever, inability to suckle, nasal discharge, coughing and respiratory distress
gradual emaciation may terminate as pneumonia-entritis combination. death is common
prevention
proper nursing in clean, dry environment.
early cases respond in antibiotic treatment
BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA
103
mode of transmission
direct, through mouth, skin, open wounds via umbilicus
Symptoms
swollen knees, lameness, pain if pressure is applied on affected joint. fever may be presen. joints involved are hock, knee, elbow, and stifle. animals prefer recumbency, appetite affected w/ gradual deterioration
Prevention
minimize infection by treating wounds (castration & navel) dressing, hygiene mngt. especially in areas of confinement. treatment includes wide spectrum antibiotics and sulfa drugs
INFECTIOUS ARTHRITIS
104
mode of transmission
direct or indirect
Symptoms
hot, painful and swollen udder. may become red due to inflammation later changing to dark reddish-blue indicating necrosis of udder tissue. milk may be bloodstained, may contain flakes or clots.
fever loss of appetite, depression and dehydration;
gait or movement of doe is affected
prevention
proper treatment of injured atiseptic; disinfecting udders for milking and proper milking technique.
monitor by surveillance to detect early cases for immediate isolation and teatment
treatment
intramammary infusion of antibiotics. early and repeated treatment needed to prevent complications such as gangrene and toxemia
MASTITIS
105
mode of transmission
direct or indirect contact w/ naturally infected animals, carriers, implements other infected materials;
blister fluid, saliva and other bodily discharges highly infected
symptoms
fever vesicles, erosion in between hooves, coronary band junction between skin and hoop, teats and udders oral mucosa and tongue
raw ulceration follow rupture of vesicles, stingy or foamy salvation, smocking of the lips, difficulty in feed ingestion; staggering fait and lameness.
abortion in pregant animals
Prevention
immediate notification of the authorities. designation of quarantine areas w/ virudical agents (commercial disinfectant or lye caustic soda);
animals should be kept on dry ground and lesions treated w/ mild antiseptic (5% formalin);
mass immunization and effective restriction in movement of animals and carriers is necessary
FOOD AND MOUTH DISEASE (FMD)
106
mode of tansmission
ingestion of contaminated feed and water. aborted fetus, fatal membrane, placenta, urine and uterine discharge are main sources of infection. infected males may transfer disease through natural/artificial breeding
symptoms
infertility, abortion, retained placenta, persistent vaginal discharge. in males, swollen and painful testicles w/ subsequent infertility sterility.
Prevention
blood tests and removal of infected animals;
vaccination may be tried;
antibiotic medication is found to be impractical
BRUCELLOSIS
107
mode of transmission
ingestion of inhalation of infective agent. maybe normally present in the nasopharyngeal area but predisposition causes flare-up of infection
Symptoms
high fever, loss of appetite
respiratory distress, salivation, nasal discharge, swelling of throat and brisket congestion of mucous membrane, diarrhea becoming bloody later
Prevention
prophylactic vaccination
removal of predisposition when possible
early treatment w/ parental antibiotics and sulfa drugs
HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA
108
mode of transmission
infection initiated by trauma of the body and oral mucosa. cases in larger ruminants may be source of infection in the area
Symptoms
sudden death in acute cases;
less acute: depression fever, rapid respiration and suspended ruminatism;
typically, not painful swelling in thigh and leg muscles. crackling sensation on palpitation of swelling due to gas in tissues
```
Prevention
lameness in affected limb;
vaccination;
cremation of carcasses;
early isolation and treatment w/ massive doses of antibiotics
```
BLACKLEG
109
mode of transmission
direct or indirect die to introduction of organism in wounds. castration, old ulcerating wounds, dehorning complications. not contagious to other animals
Symptoms
early stages characterize by rigidity and stiffness of muscles, stilthy gait.
late stages: w/ tetanic convulsions,
prolapse of 3rd eyelid, stiff tail, head and neck thrown back; hyper-excitability
Prevention
bloat and other nervous signs. treat wound w/ oxidizing antiseptic (hydrogen peroxide) until completelyhealed; use clean instrument castration, dehorning
TETANUS
110
mode of transmission
commonly transmitted through direct infection w/ parasitic larval stages through herbages, less commonly through skin penetration and intrauterine infcetion in some species
Symptoms
poor body condition: anemia, diarrhea, potbelly and weakness
Prevention
regular deworming w/ effective anthelmintics (tetramisole, parbendazole, thiabendazole, pyrantel);
pasture rotation and improve feeding practices
PARASITIC GASTROENTIRITIS
111
mode of transmission
infection w/ the parasite in the larval stage through herbage
Symptoms
as in parasitic gastro-enteritis for general signs;
specific symptom include persistent husky, coughing, respiratory distress
Prevention
regular deworming w/ tetramisole albendazole or exfendazole;
general prevention as parasitic gastro enteritis
PARASITIC PNEUMONIA
112
mode of transmission
through ingestion of plant mites w/c are intermediate hosts
Symptoms
some as other internal parasitism, passage of tapeworm segments in the feces
Prevention
regular deworming
TAPEWORM INFECTION
113
mode of transmission
direct infection through ingestion of parasitic stage in grasses. presence of this stage related to avail ability of snail host;
common in low-lying communities w/ water logged areas, rivers, streams, and stagnat pools
Symptoms
similar to parasitic gastro enteritis
Prevention
regular deworming w/ flukecides, control of snail hosts; pasture improvements, keep animals away from known infected sources of herbage;
deworming at proper intervals (3-4 times a yr) is the only practical approach;
consult veterinarians for proper drug, dosage and intervals
LIVERFLUKE INFESTATION
114
mode or transmission
direct or indirect w/ infested animals or indirectly through the environment of facilities
Symptoms
constant scratching and rubbing;
scurfy coat (danfruff) and encrustation of exudates w/ scabby deposit. loss of hair, raw skin and bruises in severe infestation;
animals become unthrifty, poor thriving, weak and anemic
Prevention
use insecticide (asuntol, ciodrin, diazonin, neguvon, supona, nankor, etc.)
in dust form solution, repeat treatment in 10-14 days to kill all nymphs w/ hatch out.
also, spray pens and lifter. isolate treated from untreated animals
LICE INFESTATION
115
mode of transmission
direct or indirect contact w/ infected animals
Symptoms
marked itchiness and irritation w/ animals constantly rubbing or licking affected areas;
maybe patchy or generalized, skin becomes hairless, thickened or scabby.
Prevention
periodic examination to detct early cases. regular spraying w/ effective acxarides such as malathion, trichlorfon, fentnion;
diazonin, crotoxyphos or coumaphos;
interval of treatment should be 7-10 days w/ 2-3 applications to destroy mites that have hatched after each treatment
MANGE
116
mode of transmission
non-contagious
Symptoms
swollen left flank w/c is resonant when tapped. signs of colic such as uneasiness, difficult respiration, bloating and absence or rumen movements
Prevention
feed straw or fibrous diets before turning loose on lush pasture. punture rumen w/ large needle;
oils and fats (mineral oil. vegetable oil or to prevent foaming tallow) are satisfactory in the rumen. commercial antibloat preparations are avlinox, tympanol, and bloatyguard
BLOAT
117
mode of transmission
non-contagious
Symptoms
signs appear from 10-36 hrs after dietary changes.
depression, loss of appetite, abdominal distention causing pain and discomfort. diarrhea develops.;
rapis respiration and pulse, in coordination, weakness, coma and health
Prevention
avoid sudden dietary changes. treatment generally changes. treatment generally unsatisfactory.
early cases may respond to high atibiotic levels given orally to reduce population of acid-forming bacteria, (acidosis) indigestion may be treated w/ anti-acids like baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), mg carbonate or mg hydroxide given orally in warm water (1gm/kg body weight) to neutralize rumen acidity. systematic acid requires intravenous injection of acid neutralizers like 5% sodium bicarbonate repeatedly given
ACUTE INDIGESTION OR GAIN OVERLOAD
