Digestive System Flashcards
(21 cards)
The second portion of the small intestine is called the?
A) decalvant
B) sigmoid
C) duodenum
D) jejunum
jejunum
The duodenum is the middle section of the small intestine. The jejunum is located between the duodenum and the ileum.
These are solid particles that result from excess cholesterol in bile and can cause obstruction of the duct system.
A) Hepatitis A
B) Hepatitis B
C) Gallstones
D) Cirrhosis
Gallstones
Hepatitis refers to inflammation of the liver which can either result from infections, toxins, medications, and autoimmune disease. It can be classified as Hepatitis A, B, C, or D.
Gallstones are solid particles that form as a result of excess cholesterol in the bile.
Cirrhosis is a condition that involves death of liver cells and irreversible scarring of the liver thus, greatly impairing the organ’s function. Cirrhosis usually results from hepatitis or biliary obstruction.
The digestive tract is composed of the following parts, except:
A) Anus
B) Pharynx
C) Larynx
D) Small and large intestines
Larynx
The digestive system is composed of the digestive tract and other associated organs that function to secrete fluids into the digestive tract. The following are parts of the digestive tract:
Oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Anus
The larynx is not part of the digestive tract rather, it is part of the respiratory system. It is known as the “voice box” since it houses the vocal cords. Extending from the pharynx superiorly and to the trachea inferiorly, the larynx allows passage of air into the trachea and into the lungs.
Which is the first section of the small intestines?
A) Duodenum
B) Esophagus
C) Jejunum
D) Ileum
Duodenum
Descending order of the small intestine is:
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Mnemonic to remember the order:
Don’t Jump In
The lining of the duodenum is composed of thousands of tiny finger-like projections. What are these finger-like projections called?
A) villi
B) rugae
C) cilia
D) convolutions
Villi
Villi are projections set closely together on a surface. They increase the surface area for the absorption of substances. The best example is found in the intestine.
Rugae are a series of ridges produced by folding of the wall of an organ. They also increase surface area for absorption. The best example is found in the stomach.
Convolutions are convex folds or elevations in the surface of the brain.
Cilia are small hair-like structures on the outside of some single-celled organisms. The cilia are used for movement.
The _____ is the proximal portion of the colon and lies closest to the cecum.
A) Ascending colon
B) Transverse colon
C) Descending colon
D) Sigmoid colon
Ascending colon
The large intestine, also a part of the digestive tract, spans from the iliocecal junction down to the anus. It can be divided into 4 parts: cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal.
In addition to that, the colon can be divided also into 4 parts: ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and the sigmoid colon.
Ascending colon is the proximal part and extends superiorly from the cecum to the liver, where it turns to the left to form the right colic flexure or hepatic flexure.
Transverse colon extends from the right colic flexure to the spleen, where it turns inferiorly to form the left colic flexure or splenic flexure.
Descending colon extends from the left colic flexure to the pelvis to form the sigmoid colon.
The sigmoid colon is the most distal portion of the colon. It forms an S-shaped tube extending medially and then inferiorly into the pelvic cavity then finally terminating at the rectum.
It is a pear-shaped organ tucked up under the right side of the liver.
A) Pancreas
B) Gallbladder
C) Bladder
D) Appendix
Gallbladder
Pancreas is a gland located behind the stomach and is anterior to the L1-L3 vertebral bodies. It is 8 inches long which is wider at the head while it narrows at the tail. It functions both as an exocrine and endocrine gland.
Gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ tucked up under the right side of the liver. Its function is basically for bile storage.
Bladder is part of the urinary system that can be found just above and behind the pubic bone. Its main function is for urine storage.
Appendix is located in the right abdomen, at the junction of the small and large intestine. Its function is not clearly determined yet.
The _____ is the mixing chamber for ingested food.
A) Esophagus
B) Duodenum
C) Small intestine
D) Stomach
Stomach
Esophagus is the long muscular tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach. Food is transported by the esophagus through peristaltic movement. Also, the superiorly located upper esophageal sphincter and inferiorly located lower esophageal sphincter control the movement of materials in the esophagus.
Duodenum is the proximal part of the small intestine.
The small intestines are the primary areas where absoprtion of nutrients, electrolytes, vitamins, and other small molecules take place. It is connected superiorly to the stomach, but is not connected directly to the pharynx.
The stomach is the enlarged portion of the digestive tract. From the oral cavity, food travels down into the esophagus to reach the stomach. It is in this area where ingested food is stored and mixed with other gastric secretions.
The gastrointestinal tract includes the mouth, _______, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
A) Larynx
B) Pharynx
C) Pancreas
D) Trachea
Pharynx
The gastrointestinal tract includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
The larynx and trachea are part of the respiratory system and the pancreas is part of the endocrine system.
Movements that mix and propel food through the alimentary canal are called __________ movements/actions.
A) Peristaltic
B) Dynamic
C) Tonic
D) Isometric
Peristaltic
Peristalsis is defined as waves of involuntary muscular contractions of various bodily tubes/canals. Typically this action refers to the alimentary/digestive tract. Peristalsis aides in the transport of food and waste products.
The oral consumption of a substance:
A) Peristalsis
B) Mastication
C) Ingestion
D) Deglutition
Ingestion
Mastication (or chewing) is the physical breakdown of food in the mouth.
Peristalsis is the wave-like muscle contractions that moves food through the digestive tract.
Ingestion is the oral consumption of a substance.
Deglutition is the act or process of swallowing.
emulsifies fats.
A) Pepsin
B) Hydrochloric acid
C) Gastrin
D) Bile
Bile
Pepsin is poduced by the chief cells of the gastric glands, pepsin is referred to as activated pepsinogen. It functions by digesting protein into smaller peptide chains.
Hydrochloric acid is produced by the parietal cells of the gastric glands. It kills bacteria and is also responsible for converting pepsinogen into pepsin.
Gastrin is produced by the endocrine cells of the gastric glands, gastrin functions by increasing stomach secretions and motility.
Bile is produced by the liver and functions to emulsify fats.
The second portion of the small intestine is called the?
A) decalvant
B) sigmoid
C) duodenum
D) jejunum
Jejunum
The duodenum is the middle section of the small intestine. The jejunum is located between the duodenum and the ileum.
This enzyme is responsible for digesting protein into smaller peptide chains.
A) Pepsinogen
B) Pepsin
C) Hydrochloric acid
D) Gastrin
Pepsin
The stomach’s cells produce several kinds of secretions that are collectively called as gastric juice. Each type of gastric juice has their own specific function to aid in digestion of food. The following are some of the stomach’s secretions:
Pepsin- Produced by the chief cells of the gastric glands, pepsin is referred to as activated pepsinogen. It functions by digesting protein into smaller peptide chains.
Hydrochloric acid- This is produced by the parietal cells of the gastric glands. It kills bacteria and is also responsible for converting pepsinogen into pepsin.
Gastrin- Produced by the endocrine cells of the gastric glands, gastrin functions by increasing stomach secretions and motility.
Gastric lipase- This is produced by the chief cells of the gastric glands. It is responsible for digesting a minor amount of lipid.
Intrinsic factor- Produced by the parietal cells of the gastric glands, intrinsic factor binds to vitamin B12 aiding in its absorption.
Mucus- This is produced by the mucus cells of the stomach and functions by protecting the stomach lining from stomach acids and digestive enzymes.
Pepsinogen is the inactive form of pepsin. It should first be activated and converted into pepsin in order to digest proteins.
refers to the uptake of contents by the lining of the digestive tract.
A) Absorption
B) Digestion
C) Chemical digestion
D) Mechanical digestion
Absorption
Absorption refers to the uptake of contents by the lining of the digestive tract. Examples of things being absorbed are nutrients and vitamins.
Digestions refers to the process of breaking down food into smaller molecules that can readily be absorbed by the digestive tract. It can be classified into two- mechanical digestion and chemical digestion.
In chemical digestion, the chemical bonds are broken down by the digestive enzymes into simpler molecules. Food is first chemically digested by the salivary enzymes in the mouth.
Mechanical digestion refers to the breaking down of food into smaller particles. This occurs first when we chew food in our mouth.
The _____ is a muscular tube that spans from the termination of the sigmoid colon down to the anal canal.
A) Rectum
B) Transverse colon
C) Vermiform appendix
D) Ascending colon
Rectum
The rectum is a muscular tube that is connected superiorly to the sigmoid colon and inferiorly to the anal canal.
Transverse colon extends from the right colic flexure to the spleen, where it turns inferiorly to form the left colic flexure or splenic flexure. It is attached proximally to the ascending colon and distally to the descending colon.
Vermiform appendix or simply known as appendix, is a small tube attached to the cecum. Its walls contain a number of lymphatic nodules which aid in immune function.
Ascending colon is the proximal part of the colon and extends superiorly from the cecum to the liver, where it turns to the left to form the right colic flexure or hepatic flexure. It is attached proximally to the cecum and distally to the transverse colon.
The _____ carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver.
A) Hepatic portal vein
B) Porta hepatis
C) Left and right hepatic ducts
D) Lesser omentum
Hepatic portal vein
The hepatic portal vein, simply known as the portal vein, is a blood vessel that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, gallbladder and pancreas into the liver.
Porta hepatis or “gate of the liver” is a deep fissure in the inferior surface of the liver that contains various vessels, ducts and nerves that enter and exit the liver. The porta hepatis also contains the hepatic portal vein.
Left and right hepatic ducts are responsible for conducting bile towards the duodenum.
Lesser omentum is a double layer of peritoneum that spans from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach down to the first part of duodenum.
What is a ball-like, masticated lump of food once swallowed?
A) Mastastocyte
B) Wadous
C) Bolus
D) Chyme
Bolus
The digestive system breaks down food chemically and mechanically. Mastication (chewing) is the physical breakdown of food While chewing saliva helps break down food further. The chewed up mass, or ball, is called a bolus. The bolus is swallowed and further broken down where it becomes chyme. Chyme moves through the digestive tract through peristaltic movements until it (feces) is excreted.
The _____ is a smooth membrane that covers the digestive organs.
A) Visceral peritoneum
B) Parietal peritoneum
C) Peritoneal cavity
D) Serous membrane
Visceral peritoneum
In general, serous membranes are very smooth membranes that line the body walls and internal organs of the abdominal cavity. Those serous membranes that cover the organs are called visceral peritoneum while those that cover the inner surface of the body wall is called parietal peritoneum. Both visceral and parietal peritoneum secrete a serous fluid that acts as a lubricating film between the two membranes. Both the serous membrane and its fluid reduce friction as the organs move within the abdominal cavity. The peritoneal cavity is a space that lies in between the visceral peritoneum and parietal peritoneum.
Breaking down of food by the salivary amylase is a type of _____.
A) Chemical digestion
B) Mechanical digestion
C) Pinocytosis
D) Phagocytosis
Chemical digestion
Digestions refers to the process of breaking down food into smaller molecules that can readily be absorbed by the digestive tract. It can be classified into two- mechanical digestion and chemical digestion.
In chemical digestion, the chemical bonds are broken down by the digestive enzymes into simpler molecules. Food is first chemically digested by the salivary enzymes, the salivary amylase, in the mouth.
Mechanical digestion refers to the breaking down of food into smaller particles. This occurs first when we chew food in our mouth.
Pinocytosis and phagocytosis are not types of digestion. The former refers to the cell “drinking” liquid into its membrane. The latter however, refers to “eating” a particle into the cell’s membrane.
The liver, stomach, mouth and pancreas are in the _______ system.
A) reproductive
B) urinary
C) digestive
D) muscular
Digestive
The liver, stomach, mouth and pancreas are in the digestive system.
The bladder, urethra, kidney, and ureters are in the urinary system.
