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Biology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin A

A

fat soluble
retinal, carotene
bone growth, tooth development, vision, skin, cell division, immune system

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2
Q

Vitamin D

A

fat soluble
cholecalciferol
calcium and phosphorus –> bone health
activated by parathyroid hormone

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3
Q

Vitamin E

A

fat soluble
tocopherols
acts as antioxidant

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4
Q

Vitamin K

A

fat soluble
phylloquinone
helps with blood clotting, bone health, protein production

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5
Q

bile salts

A 
made in the liver, stored in the gallbladder
helps absorb fat-soluble vitamins
removes toxins
aids in digestion of fats
eliminates waste products
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6
Q

what is bile composed of?

A

cholesterol, water, bilirubin, bile acids

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7
Q

what would happen without bile salts?

A

would cause problems with hormone formation because hormones are made from fat

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8
Q

Vitamin B1

A

thiamine

required as cofactor for decarboxylation

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9
Q

Water-Soluble Vitamins

A

series B and C

excreted in the urine

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10
Q

Vitamin B2

A

riboflavin

precursor for FAD

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11
Q

Vitamin B3

A

niacin

precursor for NADH and NADPH

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12
Q

Vitamin B5

A

pantheothenate

cofactor for Coenzyme A

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13
Q

Vitamin B6

A

pyridoxine

cofactor for tansamination of amino acids

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14
Q

Vitamin B7

A

biotin

cofactor in carboxylation reactions

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15
Q

Vitamin B9

A

folic acid
precursor for THD, necessary for methylation reaction in nucelotide reaction

given to pregnant women and anemic individuals

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16
Q

Vitamin B12

A

cobalamin
cofactor in metabolism of odd chain fatty acid
required for brain function and red blood cell formation

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17
Q

Vitamin C

A

ascorbic acid
antioxidant
collagen synthesis

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18
Q

cholesterol

A

found in eukaryotic but not prokaryotic cell membranes

regulates fluidity of cell membrane by increasing fluidity at low temperatures and decreasing fluidity at high temperatures

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19
Q

liver functions

A
  • regulates blood glucose
  • stores glycogen
  • synthesizes macro-molecules (plasma proteins (clotting factors & albumin), fats, ketone bodies & cholesterol)
  • production & secretion of bile
  • breakdown/detoxification of numerous drugs & metabolic waste products
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20
Q

What is the reason for bile?

A

bile is synthesized in the liver and stored in gallbladder

bile salts act as detergent to breakdown fats into micelles
mechanical digestion

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21
Q

difference between bile and pancreatic lipase?

A

bile is a mechanical digestive whereas pancreatic lipase is a chemical digestive

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22
Q

lipase

A

secreted from the pancreas

assists in chemical digestion of triacylglycerides within micelles

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23
Q

esophageal sphincters

A

upper esophageal sphincter
lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter)

help with swallowing and not having things come back up

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24
Q

stomach secretes

A
  1. HCl (kills microbes, denatures proteins and converts pepsinogen to pepsin)
  2. pepsinogen (helps digest proteins)
  3. mucus (protects mucosa)
  4. bicarbonate (protects mucosa)
  5. water (dissolves and dilutes ingested materials)
  6. intrinsic factor (required to absorb B12)
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25
Q

gastric glands

A

respond to vagus nerve of PNS

secrete chief cells, parietal cells, and mucous cells

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26
Q

chief cells

A

secreted by gastric glands in stomach

secrete pepsinogen (inactive form of pepsin which is activated by HCl –> released by parietal cells)

cleaves peptide bonds and breaks up into short peptide fragments

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27
Q

parietal cells

A

secreted by gastric glands in stomach

secrete HCl which goes to activate pepsin
secrete intrinsic factor (important for b12)

28
Q

mucous cells

A

produces bicarbonate rich mucus which protects muscular wall from harsh pH of stomach

29
Q

pyloric glands

A

secrete G-cells

30
Q

G-cells

A

secreted by pyloric glands

secrete gastrin (peptide hormone)
causes parietal cells to secrete more HCl and signals stomach to contract
31
Q

parts of stomach

A

fundus
body
antrum
pylorus

32
Q

what does the food pass through between stomach to duodenum?

A

pyloric sphincter

33
Q

presence of chyme in duodenum causes?

A

release of brush-border enzymes like disaccharides and peptidases

break down dimers and trimers of biomolecules into monomers

34
Q

disaccharides

A

maltase, isomaltase, lactase, and sucrase

break down large molecules into monomers

35
Q

enteropeptidase

A

enzyme that activates trypsinogen to trypsin (pancreatic protease)

36
Q

secretin

A

peptide hormone that causes pancreatic enzymes to be released into duodenum

increases pH by reduces HCl secretion from parietal cells and increasing release of bicarbonate

37
Q

cholecystokinin

A

CCK
secreted in response to entry of chyme in duodenum

stimulates release of bile and pancreatic juices and promotes feeling of satiety

38
Q

what happens to chyme as it passes from stomach to duodenum?

A

moving from very acidic environment, want to raise pH because rest of body doesn’t function at such a low pH

secretin raises pH by decreasing HCl and increasing HCO3-
CCK releases alkaline bile and pancreatic juices (which contain HCO3-) to break chyme down more

39
Q

what does adding bicarbonate do?

A

neutralizes acidic things by taking the H and turning into carbonic acid

H+ + HCO3- –> H2CO3-

40
Q

pancreatic juices

A

released by pancreatic duct as food enters duodenum which stimulates secretin and CCK

contains enzymes like trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, pancreatic lipase, nuclease, and amylase

alkaline in nature because releases high concentration of bicarbonate

41
Q

secretin

A

released in duodenum when food enters from stomach
raises pH by decreasing HCl and releasing bicarbonate

also stimulates bile production

42
Q

CCK

A

releases alkaline bile and pancreatic juices to break chyme down

stimulates digestion of fat and proteins

acts as hunger suppressant

43
Q

peritoneum

A

composed of 2 tissue layers: parietal and visceral layers

tissue membrane

44
Q

parietal layer

A

part of the peritoneum

lines the abdominal wall

45
Q

visceral layer

A

part of peritoneum

lines the abdominal organs

46
Q

peritoneal cavity

A

space between parietal and visceral layers of peritoneum

contains liver, stomach, and intestines

47
Q

perineum

A

area between anus and scrotum/vulva

48
Q

large intestine

A

primarily involved in water absorption

cecum, colon, and rectum

49
Q

cecum

A

accepts fluid existing small intestine through ileocecal valve

50
Q

colon

A

transverse, descending, and sigmoid colons

absorbs water and salts from undigested materials
concentrates remaining material to form feces

51
Q

rectum

A

storage site for feces

52
Q

feces

A

contains indigestible material, water, bacteria, and certain digestive secretions that are not reabsorbed

53
Q

trypsin

A

hydrolyzes specific peptide bonds

activated by enteropeptidase to convert trypsinogen to trypsin

54
Q

enteropeptidase

A

produced by the duodenum converts trypsinogen to trypsin

activates procarboxypeptidases A and B

55
Q

pancreatic lipase

A

breaks down fats into free fatty acids and glycerol

56
Q

acinar cells

A

secrete digestive enzymes into pancreatic duct

exocrine
from pancreas

57
Q

what produces satiety

A

leptin and cholecystokinin (CCK)

58
Q

what promotes sense of hunger

A

ghrelin

59
Q

large intestine function

A

absorbs remaining water and electrolytes
concentrates and stores feces
bacteria flora –> metabolizes carbs to fatty acids; synthesizes vitamins

Doesn’t do digestion!!!

60
Q

small intestine’s surface area

A

large folds in the intestine’s epithelial lining slows the movement of chyme through the intestinal tract

villi (+ microvilli) extend from the lining to maximize the time and surface area available for nutrient absorption

brush border is specialized in nutrient absorption

61
Q

delta cells

A

part of the islets of langerhans in the pancreas

secrete somatostatin

62
Q

somatostatin

A

hormone that inhibits digestive function and suppresses insulin and glucagon release

63
Q

emulsification

A

mechanical digestion by bile salts

64
Q

hydrolysis

A

chemical digestion by pancreatic lipase

65
Q

lacteals

A

come together to form the lymphatic vessels which transport triglycerides into the thoracic duct

they absorb fat and glycerol

Biology (15 decks)

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