Digestive System Flashcards
(317 cards)
1
Q
Digestive system starts with
A
Oral cavity
2
Q
Digestive system ends with
A
Anal canal
3
Q
What are the processes of providing nutrients needed for cells by the digestive system?
A
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Excretion
4
Q
Ingestion
A
Intake of food
5
Q
Digestion
A
Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.
6
Q
Absorbtion
A
Process of extracting nutrients
7
Q
Elimination
A
Excretion of any waste products.
8
Q
Other names for digestive system
A
Gastrointestinal tract (GI) Alimentary canal
9
Q
2 Main parts of the digestive system
A
Stomach
Intestines
10
Q
Alimentary canal refers to
A
Tubelike nature of the digestive system which starts at the mouth and ends at the anus
11
Q
The digestive system passes through
A
Thoracic cavity in the mediastinum
Diaphragm in the abdominopelvic cavity
12
Q
Four coats of the alimentary canal
A
Mucosa (most inner)
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa (most outer)
13
Q
Aliment/o
A
Nutrition
14
Q
Mucosa purposes:
A
Secretes gastric juices.
Absorbs nutrients.
Protects the tissues by producing mucus.
15
Q
Mucus
A
Thick slimy emissions
16
Q
The inner tunic is lined with :
How many layers? What kind? What are they attached to?
A
1 layer
Epithelial tissue
That is attached to lamina propria
17
Q
Lamina propria
A
Plate like Layer of connective tissues that is attached to the mucosa
18
Q
Tunic
A
Layer
19
Q
Submucosa holds
A
Blood
Lymphatic and nervous tissues
20
Q
Submucosa purpose
A
Nourish
Protect
Communicate
21
Q
Muscularis consists of?
How many layers? Of what?
A
2 layers of circular and longitudinal muscles
22
Q
Peristalsis
A
When the circular and longitudinal muscles in the muscularis contract and relax in a wavelike movement
23
Q
Outermost tunic name depends on?
A
Whether it’s within or outside the peritoneal cavity
24
Q
Adventitia (tunica exerta)
A
Outer tunic is outside peritoneal cavity
25
Tunica externa purpose
Binds the structure together and
26
Serosa
Tunic is within peritoneal cavity
27
Serosa purpose
Emit a slippery fluid to counteract friction
28
Mucosa also contains some
Muscularis mucosa
29
The digestive function of oral cavity is
Break down food by mastication
| Lubricate food to make deglutition easier
30
Mastication
Chewing
31
Deglutition
Swallowing
32
Lips
The beginning of the oral cavity, 2 fleshy structures surrounding it’s opening
33
Labium superioris
Upper lip
34
Labium inferiors
Lower lip
35
Cheeks are covered by ... on the outside and .... on the inside and ..... in between
Skin
Mucous membrane
Muscles, fat, nerves, glands
36
What are the glands that secrete mucus in oral cavity
Buccal
Molar
Palatine
Labial
37
Buccal glands are located
Throughout inner cheek wall
38
Molar cheeks are located
On the cheeks near back teeth
39
Tongue
Muscular organ in oral cavity responsible for tasting, chewing, swallowing and speaking
40
The tongue is attached in the. Front To the floor of the mouth by the....
Frenulum lingua
41
Frenulum lingua
Small fold of tissue under the tongue that attaches it to the floor of the mouth.
42
Tongue is attached in the back to the
Hyoid bone
43
Tongue is coated in .... membrane
Mucous
44
Papillae
Thousands of tiny projections studded in the mucous membrane covering the tongue
45
Where are taste buds
Between the papillae
46
What are tastebuds
Nerve like cells with receptors for the 5 known tastes
47
5 known tastes
```
Sweet
Salty
Bitter
Sour
Savory(umami)
```
48
Tonsil
Lymphatic tissue located at the base of tongue that serves a protective function
49
What are tonsils protecting against
Pathogens attempting to enter via the mouth
50
The posterior of the mouth roof is
Soft palate
51
Anterior of mouth roof is
Hard palate
52
Uvula
Tag of flesh hanging Down from the medial surface of the soft palate
53
Uvula purpose
Production of speech and the initiation of the gag reflex
54
Maxilla
Upper jaw
55
Mandible
Lower jaw
56
Gingivae
Fleshy gums
57
There are 32 teeth set in the gingivae of the
Alveolar ridges of each bone
58
Saliva purpose
Moistens the oral cavity and aids in chewing and swallowing
59
Saliva begins the chemical digestive process by initiating
The digestion of starches
60
There are ... pairs of salivary glands named after....
3
| Their location
61
Parotid gland is located
Near the ear
62
Submandibular gland is located
Under the lower jaw
63
Sublingual gland is located
Under the tongue
64
Maxill/o
Upper jaw
65
Mandibul/o
Lower jaw
66
Dent/i
Teeth
67
Odont/o
Teeth
68
Gingiv/o
Gums
69
Bi
Two
70
Pre
Before
71
Periodental تحليل كلمي
Peri: surrounding
Odont/o: teeth
Al: pertaining to
72
Sialoaden/o
Salivary gland
73
Sial/o
| Ptyal/o
Saliva
74
Pharynx
Throat
| Passageway that connects the oral and nasal
75
The pharynx is divided to
| 3
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Hypopharynx
76
Nasopharynx is located
Behind nasal cavity
77
The most superior part of the pharynx is
Nasopharynx
78
Oropharynx is located
Directly adjacent to the oral cavity
79
Hypopharynx another name is ... and why
Laryngopharynx
| Because it’s proximity to the larynx
80
Larynx
Voice box
81
Parotid تحليل
Par: near
Ot/o: ear
Id: pertaining to
82
Submandibular
Sub: under
Mandibul/o: low jaw
Ar: pertaining to
83
Sublingual
Sub: under
Lingu/o: tongue
Al: pertaining to
84
Pharyng/o
Pharynx
85
Nasopharynx
Nas/o: nose
| Pharyng/o: pharynx
86
Oropharynx
Or/o: mouth
| Pharyng/o: pharynx
87
Hypopharynx
Hypo: below
| Pharyng/o: pharynx (throat)
88
Laryngopharynx
Laryng/o: larynx حنجرة
| Pharyng/o: pharynx
89
Esophagus
| بلعوم
Muscular, mucus lined, 12-inch tube that extends from the throat to the stomach and carries a bolus from the Oral cavity to the stomach by peristalsis
90
Bonus
Masticated lump of food
91
Peristalsis
Wave like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive track
92
The glands in the lining of esophagus produces ? And what is it’s function
Mucus
| Lubricate bolus and ease it’s passage
93
The muscle that must relax before the food enters the stomach is called?
Lower esophagus sphincter OR cardiac sphincter OR gastroesophageal sphincter
94
Why is it called the cardiac sphincter?
Because it’s proximal to the heart
95
Sphincter
Ring like muscles that appear throughout the digestive system and other systems as well. These muscles could move voluntary and non voluntary.
96
Peritoneum
Double sided membrane that holds many of the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity
97
Parietal peritoneum
The outer side of membrane near the body wall
98
Visceral membrane
Inner side of membrane near the organs
99
Visceral peritoneum
Inner side of membrane near the organs and it is the serosal layer that coats the abdominopelvic viscera with it’s serous fluid facilitating movement between organs.
100
Ascites
Abnormal accumulation of peritoneal fluid in the Abdominopelvic cavity.
101
Organs that lie in the retroperotoneum (behind the peritoneum) are
5
```
Pancreas
Aorta
Kidneys
Ureters
Duodenum
```
102
Structures that help intraperitoneal organs with support and supplying are
Mesenteries
Ligaments
Folds
103
Mesenteries
Extensions of the visceral peritoneum that stretch out to hold many of the abdominal organs and they serve as channels for blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels travelling to and from organs.
104
Mesocolon
| Mesoappendix
Mesenteries that surround the colon
Mesenteries that surround the appendix
105
Ligaments and folds purpose
Provide support and attach one structure to another
106
Omentum
curtain of fatty tissue that hangs down from the stomach and liver and wraps around the intestines
107
Stomach
Expandable sac like vessel located between the esophagus and intestines
108
How does the stomach begin digestion
By storing swallowed food and mixing it with gastric juices and hydrochloric acid to further digestion chemicaly
109
Chyme
Partly digested food mixed with gastric juices and hydrochloric acids
110
The smooth muscles in the stomach contract to ...
Aid in the mechanical digestion of food
111
Why is there a mucus coating on the stomach walls
To protect the stomach and other parts of the digestive system from the acidic nature of gastric juices
112
Three main parts of stomach
Fundus
Body (corporis)
Pylorus (gastric antrum)
113
Antrum
Cavity or chamber
114
Fundus
Area of stomach that abuts the diaphragm. This area doesn’t have any acid producing cells
115
Body, corporis
Central part of the stomach
116
Plural of pylorus
Pylori
117
Pylorus
Distal part of the stomach where small intestines begin
118
Pylorus is divided into
Pyloric antrum
Pyloric canal
Pyloric sphincter
119
Pyloric sphincter function
Regulates the gentle release of food from the stomach into the small intestine
120
Cardia is
The portion of stomach that surrounds the esophagogastric connection
121
Ruga (pl:rugae)
Ridges lining the stomach when it’s empty
122
Fund/o
Fundus
123
Corpor/o
Body
124
Pylor/o
Pylorus
125
Antr/o
Antrum
126
The first part of the small intestine is
Duodenum
127
The small intestine is ..... long and it gets it’s name because of ........
```
20 ft (6.5 m)
The Diameter of it’s lumen
```
128
Lumen
Tubular cavity within the body
129
First, second and distal parts of small intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
130
Duodenojejunal flexure
Border between the 2 first sections of the small intestine
131
Enter/o
Small intestine
132
Duoden/o
Duodenum
133
Lumin/o
Lumen
134
Jejun/o
Jejunum
135
Ile/o
Ileum
136
Large intestine is ... ft long
5
137
Primary function of large intestine
Is the elimination of waste products from the body.
138
The large intestine isn’t well suited for absorbing nutrients because it has no ...
Villi
139
Ilocecal valve
Exit from small intestine and the entrance of the colon
140
Colon
Large intestine
141
The cecum has a worm like appendage called
Vermiform appendix
142
Plural of appendix
Appendices
143
What could possibly be the function of the vermiform appendix
Immunologic defense mechanism
144
Whatever has not been absorbed by the small intestine and moves on to the colon is called
Feces
145
Teniae coli
Muscular bands that contract lengthwise and form the haustra
146
Haustra
Bulges in the colon
147
Rectum
Last straight part of the large intestine
148
Anorectal junction
The junction of the rectum and the anus
149
The place where feces are held until released from the body completely
Anorectal junction
150
Defecation/bowel movement/BM
Process of releasing feces from the body
151
External sphincters are ...... while internal sphincters are ......
Voluntary
| Involuntary
152
The first part of large intestine is
Cecum
153
The colon parts in order
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon (s shaped)
154
The flexure between ascending colon and transverse colon is
Hepatic flexure
155
Flexure between the transverse colon and descending colon is
Splenic flexure
156
Col/o , colon/o
Colon
157
Ilocecal
| Terminology
Ile/o: ileum
Cec/o: cecum
Al: pertaining to
158
Append/o , appendic/o
Appendix
159
Fec/a
Feces
160
Sigmoid/o
Sigmoid colon
161
Rect/o
Rectum
162
An/o
Anus
163
Proct/o
Rectum and anus
164
Accessory organs of the GI are 3
Gallbladder
Liver
Pancreas
165
Adnexa
Accessory structure
166
Bile
Substance formed by the liver. That emulsifies (mechanically breakdown) fats into smaller particles so that they can be chemically digested
167
Bile is made from
Bilirubin
| Cholesterol
168
What is bilirubin
The waste product formed by the normal breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells at the end of their life span
169
Cholesterol
Fatty substance found only in animal tissue
170
Liver location and how many lobes does it contain
4 lobes
The right upper quadrant of the abdomen and extend partially into the upper left quadrant
Under the diaphragm
171
Hepatic duct consists of
Right and left hepatic ducts that merge
172
Cystic duct function
Carries bile to and from the gallbladder
173
Common bile duct
When the hepatic duct and cystic duct merge and it empties in the duodenum
174
All these ducts are termed
Bile ducts
175
Galbladder
Small sac found on the underside of the right lobe of the liver
176
Bile is stored in
Gallbladder
177
Hormone secreted when fatty food enter the duodenum
Cholecystokinin
178
What does Cholecystokinin do
Contracts the gallbladder to move bile out into the cystic duct into the common bile duct and finally into the duodenum
179
Pancreas
Gland located in the upper left quadrant and it’s involved in digesting carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
180
Pancreatic ducts
Carry pancreatic enzymes and empties in the common bile duct.
181
Pancreas involvement in food is (endocrine/exocrine) and why
Exocrine because the secretion is into a duct
182
Adnex/o
Accessory
183
Lob/o
Lobe
184
Bil/i, chol/e
Bile
185
Cholesterol/o
Cholesterol
186
Choledoch/o
Common bile ducts
187
Cholangi/o
Bile vessel
188
Cholcyst/o
Gallbladder
189
-Kinin
Movement substance
190
Exocrine terminology
Exo: outside
Crine: to secrete
191
Endocrine terminology
Endo: inside
Crine: to Secrete
192
Ascites
Excessive intraperitoneal fluid
193
Diarrhea terminology
Dia:through, complete
Rrhea: discharge, flow
194
Diarrhea
Abnormal discharge of watery, semisolid stools
195
Dysphagia terminology
Dys: difficult, bad
Phagia: condition of eating/ swallowing
196
Dysphagia
Difficulty of swallowing that may be due to an obstruction (eg:tumor) or a motor disorder (eg: spasm)
197
Eructation
Release of air from stomach through mouth. Burping, bleching
198
What causes Eructation
Rapid eating, intentionally or unintentionally swallowing air (aerophagia)
199
Flatulence, flatus
Gas expelled through the anus
200
Gastralgia, gastrodynia
Abdominal pain
201
Halitosis terminology
Halit/o : breath
| Osis: abnormal condition
202
Halitosis
Bad smelling breath
203
Hepatomegaly
Enlargement of the liver
204
Juandice or icterus
Yellowing of the skin and sclerae caused by high levels of bilirubin
205
Sclerae
Whites of the eye
206
Nausea
Sensation that accompanies the urge to vomit but doesn’t always lead to it.
207
Nausea is deprived from
A greek work : seasickness
208
N&V refers to
Nausea and vomiting
209
Pyrosis terminology
Pyr/o: fire
| Osis: abnormal condition
210
Pyrosis
Heart burn
| Painful burning sensation in the esophagus
211
Pyrosis is caused by
a reflux of stomach contents, hyperactivity, or peptic ulcer.
212
Vomiting
Forcible or involuntary emptying of the stomach through the mouth
213
Vomitus, emesis
Material expelled through vomiting
214
Ankyloglossia terminology
Ankyl/o: stiffening
Gloss/o: tongue
Ia: condition
215
Ankyloglossia
Inability to move the tongue freely as a result of a congenital shortened frenulum
216
Ankyloglossia another term for it
Tongue tied
217
Cleft palate
Failure of the palate to close during the embryonic development, creating an opening in the roof of the mouth and is often accompanied by a cleft lip
218
Esophageal atresia terminology
A: without
Tresia: condition of opening
219
Esophageal atresia
Esophagus that ends in a blind pouch and therefore lacks an opening into the stomach
220
Gastroschisis terminology
Hastr/o: stomach
| Schisis: split
221
Gastroschisis
Congenital opening in the anterior abdominal wall
222
Pyloric stenosis terminology
Pylor/o: pylorus
Ic: pertaining to
Stenosis: narrowing
223
Pyloric stenosis
The muscle between the stomach and the small intestine narrows or fails to open adequately to allow partially digested food into the duodenum
224
Omphalocele, exomphalos
A congenital herniation at the umbilicus
225
Omphalocele terminology
Omphal/o: umbilicus
| Cele: herniation, protrusion
226
Hirschsprung’s disease (congenital megacolon)
Cogenital absence of normal nervous functions in part of the colon which results in an absence of peristaltic movement, accumulation of feces and enlarged colon
227
Pytalism
Condition of excessive salivation
228
Pytalism terminology
Ptyal/o: saliva
| Ism: condition
229
Sialoadenitis terminology
Sialoaden/o: salivary gland
| Itis: inflammation
230
Sialoadenitis
Inflammation of salivary gland
231
Sialolithiasis terminology
Sial/o: saliva
Lith/o:stone
Iasis: presence of, condition
232
Sialolithiasis
Condition of stones on the salivary gland or duct
233
Gingivitis terminology
Gingiv/o: gums
| Itis: inflammation
234
Gingivitis
Inflammation of the gum with redness, swelling and bleeding
235
Oral mucositis terminology
Or/o: mouth
Al:pertaining to
Mucos/o: mucus
Itis: inflammation
236
Oral mucositis
Inflammation of the mucus membrane of the mouth
237
Gastrointestinal mucositis is an effect of
Chemotherapy
238
Oral leukoplakia terminology
Leuk/o: white
| Plakia: condition of patches
239
Oral leukoplakia
Condition of white patches that may appear on the lips and the buccal mucosa. Associated with tobacco and may be pre cancerous
240
Dental caries
Plaque disease caused by an interaction between food and bacteria in the mouth causing tooth decay
(Cavities)
241
Cheil/o
Lips
242
Cheilitis
Inflammation of the lips
243
Aphthous stomatitis (cranker sore)
Recurring condition characterised by small erosions ( ulcers) which appear on the mucous membrane
244
Aphthous stomatitis terminology
Aphth/o: ulceration
Ous: pertaining to
Stomat/o: mouth
Itis: inflammation
245
Anodontia
Complete of partial lack of teeth
246
Anodontia terminology
An: no, not
Odont/o: teeth
Ia: condition
247
Achalasia/ cardiospasm/ megaesophagus/ esophageal aperistalsis
Impairment of esophageal peristalsis with the lower esophageal sphincter inability to relax
248
Dyspepsia terminology
Dys: abnormal
Pepsia: digestion condition
249
Dyspepsia (indigestion)
Feelings of discomfort that occurs after eating (bloating, nausea, fullness, heartburn, )
250
Esophagitis
Inflammation of esophgus
251
Gastritis
Acute or chronic inflammation, maybe accompanied by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, indigestion
252
Anorexia
Lack of appetite
253
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) (gastric/ duodenal ulcer)
Erosion of the protective mucosal lining of stomach or duodenum
254
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Return of the contents of stomach to the esophagus
, characterised by pyrosis, caused by inability of lower esophageal sphincter to contract normally. With or without vomiting.
255
Barretts esophagus
Caused by chronic reflex and increases risk of cancer
256
Reflux
Re:Back
Flex: Flow
257
Appendicitis
Acute or chronic Inflammation of appendix. Occurs with or without peritonitis
258
Colitis
Inflammation of colon
259
Types of inflammatory bowel disease
Ulcerative colitis
| Crohn disease
260
Ulcerative colitis
Chronic inflammation of the colon and rectum manifesting diarrhea
261
Crohn disease (regional or granulomatous enteritis)
Inflammation of ileum (last part of small intestine) or the colon that is of idiopathic origin
262
Anal fissure
Crack like lesion of the skin around the anus
263
Anorectal abscess
Circumscribed area of inflammation in the anus or rectum containing pus.
264
Anorectal fistula
Abnormal Channel between the rectum and anus
265
Constipation
Infrequent incomplete or delayed bowel movement
266
Obstipation
Difficult to manage constipation or intestinal obstruction
267
Polyp of colon
Benign growth on the mucous membrane of large intestine
268
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Diarrhea, gas, constipation resulting from stress with no disease
269
Intussusception
Inward telescoping of the intestine
270
Paralytic/ adynamic ileus
Obstruction
| Lack of peristaltic movement in the intestinal tract
271
Diverticulosis
Diverticul/o
272
Diverticulosis
Development of pouches in the lining of intestine
273
Diverticulitis
Inflammation occurring secondary to the occurrence of diverticulosis
274
Proctitis
Inflammation of rectum and anus
275
Proct/o
Rectum and anus
276
Proctoptosis
Prolapse of rectum outside of anus
277
-ptosis
Drooping
278
Volvulus
Twisting of intestine
279
Cirrhosis terminology
Cirrh/o: orange/ yellow
| Osis: abnormal condition
280
Cirrhosis
Chronic degenerative disease of the liver associated with alcohol abuse, chronic liver disease, and biliary tract disorders
281
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum that most commonly occurs when an inflamed appendix rupture.
282
Pancreatitis
Acute or chronic Inflammation of the pancreas
283
Cholangitis
Inflammation of bile vessels
284
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of gallbladders (acute or chronic)
285
What is cholecystitis is caused by
Choledocholithiasis
| Cholelithiasis
286
Choledocholithiasis
Presence of stones in common bile ducts
287
Cholelithiasis
*Calculi* in the gallbladder. Characterised by *biliary colic* with nausea and vomiting
288
Calculi
Stones
289
Biliary colic
right upper quadrant pain that is a symptom of cholelithiasis
290
Celiac disease / celiac sprue
Disorder of inability of intestines to absorb wheat proteins
291
Hematemesis
Vomiting of blood
292
Celi/o
Abdomen
293
Emesis
Vomiting
294
Melena
Black tarry stools caused by presence of partially digested blood
295
Melan/o
Black
296
Gastroplasty
Surgically forming the stomach preformed as type of bariatric surgery (weight loss)
297
Gastrostomy
Making a new opening in the stomach
298
Precuraneous endoscopic gastrostomy
| PEG
Opening in the stomach for the purple of placing a tune for internal feeding
299
Stomy
New opening
300
Sialoaden/o
Salivary gland
301
Sialoadenectomy
Removal of a salivary gland usually the submandibular due to inflammation, Stone or cancer
302
Sialodochoplasty
Surgical correction of salivary duct often following the removal of a stone on the salivary gland
303
Stomatoplasty
Surgical reconstruction of the mouth to correct malformation due to trauma, disease or congenital diseases
304
Uvulectomy
Removal of part or all of uvula to correct snoring
305
Appendectomy
Cutting out the appendix
306
Incidental appendectomy
Occurs of the removal of the appendix is secondary to another surgery
307
-Pexy
Suspension
308
Cecopexy
Fixation of the cecum to prevent or correct volvulus of the cecum
309
Volvulus
Loop of intestine twisting around itself
310
Diverticulectomy
Cutting out a diverticulim
311
Colostomy
Surgical redirection of the bowel to a stoma, an artificial opening on the abdomenal wall
312
Stoma
Artificial opening that feces and urine exists through after a surgery
313
Cholangiography
Radiographic procedure that captures images of common bile vessel by injection of a contrast medium in the bile duct
314
Cholecystectomy
Cutting out the gallbladder (laparoscopically: through use of small incisions in the abdomen)
315
Choledochectomy
Cutting out part or all of the common bile duct to treat cancer in proximal duodenum
316
Choledocholithotomy
Cutting out a stone from the common bile duct( could be done openly or laparoscopically)
317
Lithotomy
Cutting out a stone
