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Biology 1060 - rosa > Digestive System - Pathology > Flashcards

Digestive System - Pathology Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

What is ascites?

A

Excessive intraperitoneal fluid

Secondary to cancer or form in coding

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2
Q

Define diarrhea

A

Abnormal discharge of watery, semisolid stools

Dia- means through, complete; -rrhea means discharge, flow

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3
Q

What does dysphagia refer to?

A

Difficulty with swallowing that may be due to an obstruction or a motor disorder

Dys- means difficult, bad; -phagia means condition of swallowing, eating

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4
Q

What is eructation?

A

Release of air from the stomach through the mouth

Also called burping or belching

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5
Q

What is flatulence?

A

Gas expelled through the anus

Also called flatus

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6
Q

Define gastralgia

A

Abdominal pain

Also called gastrodynia

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7
Q

What is halitosis?

A

Bad-smelling breath

Halit/o means breath; -osis means abnormal condition

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8
Q

What is hepatomegaly?

A

Enlargement of the liver

Hepat/o means liver; -megaly means enlargement

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9
Q

Define jaundice.

A

Yellowing of the skin and sclerae caused by elevated levels of bilirubin

Also called icterus

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10
Q

What’s the deal with nausea?

A

Sensation that accompanies the urge to vomit

Does not always lead to vomiting; abbreviation N&V refers to nausea and vomiting

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11
Q

What is pyrosis?

A

Painful burning sensation in the esophagus, usually caused by reflux

Also known as heartburn

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12
Q

Define vomiting.

A

Forcible or involuntary emptying of the stomach through the mouth

The material expelled is called vomitus or emesis

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13
Q

What is ankyloglossia?

A

Inability to move the tongue freely due to a shortened frenulum

Also referred to as being ‘tongue-tied’

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14
Q

Define cleft palate.

A

Failure of the palate to close during embryonic development

Often accompanied by a cleft lip

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15
Q

What is esophageal atresia?

A

Esophagus that ends in a blind pouch and lacks an opening into the stomach

-eal means pertaining to; a- means no, not, without; -tresia means condition of an opening

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16
Q

What does gastroschisis refer to?

A

A congenital opening in the anterior abdominal wall

birth defect, baby is born with organs outside body due abdominal wall not forming completely in utero.

Surgery necessary, place baby’s organs inside body after birth.

Gastr/o means stomach; -schisis means split

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17
Q

Define Hirschsprung’s disease.

A

Congenital absence of normal nervous function in part of the colon

Results in absence of peristaltic movement and accumulation of feces

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18
Q

What is omphalocele?

A

A congenital herniation at the umbilicus

Also called exomphalos

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19
Q

Define pyloric stenosis.

A

Condition where the muscle between the stomach and small intestine narrows

Fails to open adequately to allow food into the duodenum

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20
Q

What is amelogenesis imperfecta?

A

An abnormal formation of tooth enamel

Results in separation from the dentin beneath

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21
Q

Define anodontia.

A

Complete or partial lack of teeth

Also referred to as edentulous

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22
Q

What characterizes aphthous stomatitis?

A

Recurring condition with ulcers on the mucous membranes of the mouth

Also called canker sore

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23
Q

What is cheilitis?

A

Inflammation of the lips

Cheil/o means lip; -itis means inflammation

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24
Q

Define dental caries.

A

Plaque disease caused by interaction between food and bacteria in the mouth

Leads to tooth decay, also called cavities

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25
What is gingivitis?
Inflammatory disease of the gums characterized by redness and swelling ## Footnote Also includes bleeding
26
Define glossitis.
Inflammation of the tongue ## Footnote Gloss/o means tongue; -itis means inflammation
27
What is oral mucositis?
Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the mouth ## Footnote Can be an adverse effect of chemotherapy
28
Define oral leukoplakia.
Condition of white patches on the lips and buccal mucosa ## Footnote Usually associated with tobacco use and may be precancerous
29
What is periodontal disease?
Pathological condition of the tissues surrounding the teeth ## Footnote Peri- means surrounding; -al means pertaining to
30
Define ptyalism.
Condition of excessive salivation ## Footnote -ism means condition
31
What is sialoadenitis?
Inflammation of a salivary gland ## Footnote Sialoaden/o means salivary gland; -itis means inflammation
32
What does sialolithiasis refer to?
Condition of stones in a salivary gland or duct ## Footnote Sial/o means saliva; lith/o means stone; -iasis means presence of, condition
33
Define achalasia.
Impairment of esophageal peristalsis and lower esophageal sphincter's inability to relax ## Footnote Also called cardiospasm and megaesophagus
34
What is dyspepsia?
Feeling of epigastric discomfort shortly after eating ## Footnote Includes nausea, fullness, heartburn, and/or bloating
35
What does esophagitis mean?
Inflammation of the esophagus ## Footnote Esophag/o means esophagus; -itis means inflammation
36
Define gastritis.
Acute or chronic inflammation of the stomach ## Footnote May be accompanied by anorexia, nausea, and vomiting
37
What is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
Flowing back of stomach contents into the esophagus ## Footnote Characterized by pyrosis with or without regurgitation
38
Define peptic ulcer disease (PUD).
An erosion of the mucosal lining of the stomach or duodenum ## Footnote Also called gastric or duodenal ulcer
39
What is appendicitis?
Inflammation of the vermiform appendix ## Footnote May be acute or chronic, with or without peritonitis
40
What are hernias?
Protrusions of organs/tissues from normal cavity ## Footnote Most named for location, e.g., inguinal or umbilical
41
What is a femoral hernia?
Protrusion of a loop of intestine through the femoral canal into the groin ## Footnote Also called a crural hernia
42
Define hiatal hernia.
Protrusion of a portion of the stomach through the diaphragm ## Footnote Also known as a diaphragmatic hernia
43
What is an inguinal hernia?
Protrusion of a loop of intestine into the inguinal canal ## Footnote Can be indirect or direct
44
Define umbilical hernia.
Protrusion of the intestine and omentum through a weakness in the abdominal wall at the navel ## Footnote An omphalocele is a congenital condition
45
What is a ventral hernia?
Protrusion of the intestine and omentum through the abdominal wall except at the umbilicus ## Footnote May be epigastric or incisional
46
Define colitis.
Inflammation of the large intestine ## Footnote -itis means inflammation
47
What is Crohn’s disease?
Inflammation of the ileum or colon of idiopathic origin ## Footnote Also called regional or granulomatous enteritis
48
Define ulcerative colitis.
Chronic inflammation of the colon and rectum with profuse, watery diarrhea ## Footnote Both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are types of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
49
What is an anal fissure?
Cracklike lesion of the skin around the anus ## Footnote -al means pertaining to
50
Define anorectal abscess.
Circumscribed area of inflammation in the anus or rectum containing pus ## Footnote -rect/o means rectum; -al means pertaining to
51
What does anorectal fistula refer to?
Abnormal channel between the rectum and the anus ## Footnote -rect/o means rectum; -al means pertaining to
52
Define constipation.
Infrequent, incomplete, or delayed bowel movements ## Footnote Obstipation is intractable constipation
53
What is diverticulitis?
Inflammation occurring secondary to diverticulosis
54
Define diverticulosis.
Development of diverticula in the lining of the intestines ## Footnote Both large and small intestines can be affected
55
What does ileus refer to?
Obstruction of the intestine ## Footnote Paralytic ileus is lack of peristaltic movement
56
What is intussusception?
Inward telescoping of the intestines ## Footnote May cause obstruction
57
Define irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
Diarrhea, gas, and/or constipation resulting from stress with no underlying disease ## Footnote Symptoms can vary
58
What is a polyp of the colon?
Benign growth on the mucous membrane of the large intestine ## Footnote Can be precancerous
59
Define proctitis.
Inflammation of the rectum and anus ## Footnote Also called rectitis
60
What is proctoptosis?
Prolapse of the rectum outside of the anus ## Footnote -ptosis means drooping, prolapse
61
Define volvulus.
Twisting of the intestine ## Footnote Can lead to obstruction
62
What is cirrhosis?
Chronic degenerative disease of the liver ## Footnote Commonly associated with alcohol abuse and chronic liver disease
63
What does peritonitis mean?
Inflammation of the peritoneum ## Footnote Most commonly occurs when an inflamed appendix ruptures
64
Define cholangitis.
Inflammation of the bile vessels ## Footnote -itis means inflammation
65
What is cholecystitis?
Inflammation of the gallbladder, either acute or chronic ## Footnote May be caused by choledocholithiasis or cholelithiasis
66
Define choledocholithiasis.
Presence of stones in the common bile duct ## Footnote Choledoch/o means common bile duct; lith/o means stones; -iasis means presence of
67
What does cholelithiasis refer to?
Presence of calculi in the gallbladder ## Footnote Characterized by right upper quadrant pain with nausea and vomiting
68
What is pancreatitis?
Inflammation of the pancreas ## Footnote May lead to serious complications
69
What is choledocholithiasis?
Presence of stones in the common bile duct ## Footnote Origin: choledoch/o (common bile duct), lith/o (stones), -iasis (presence of)
70
What is cholelithiasis?
Presence of calculi in the gallbladder, characterized by right upper quadrant pain with nausea and vomiting ## Footnote Origin: chol/e (gall, bile), lith/o (stones), -iasis (presence of)
71
Define pancreatitis.
Inflammation of the pancreas, which may be acute or chronic ## Footnote Origin: pancreat/o (pancreas), -itis (inflammation)
72
What is celiac disease?
Inability of intestines to absorb wheat proteins, disease also called celiac sprue ## Footnote Origin: celi/o (abdomen), -ac (pertaining to)
73
What does hematemesis mean?
Vomiting of blood ## Footnote Origin: hemat/o (blood), -emesis (vomiting)
74
What is melena?
Black, tarry stools caused by the presence of partially digested blood ## Footnote Origin: melan/o (black, dark)
75
What is herpetic stomatitis?
Inflammation of the mouth caused by the herpes simplex virus ## Footnote Origin: stomat/o (mouth), -itis (inflammation)
76
Define hepatitis.
Inflammatory disease of the liver often caused by various viruses ## Footnote Origin: hepat/o (liver), -itis (inflammation)
77
What is hepatitis A (HAV)?
Virus transmitted through direct contact with fecally contaminated food or water ## Footnote Origin: hepat/o (liver), -itis (inflammation)
78
What is hepatitis B (HBV)?
Virus transmitted through contaminated blood or sexual contact ## Footnote Origin: hepat/o (liver), -itis (inflammation)
79
What is hepatitis C (HCV)?
Virus transmitted through blood transfusion, percutaneous inoculation, or sharing of infected needles ## Footnote Origin: hepat/o (liver), -itis (inflammation)
80
Define cystadenoma.
Glandular tumors filled with cysts, most common benign tumors in the pancreas ## Footnote Origin: cyst/o (bladder, cyst), aden/o (gland), -oma (tumor)
81
What is an odontogenic tumor?
Benign tumors that arise around the teeth and jaw ## Footnote Origin: odont/o (tooth), -genic (pertaining to produced by)
82
What are adenomatous polyps?
Growths that arise from glandular tissue with potential to become malignant ## Footnote Origin: aden/o (gland), -omatous (pertaining to tumor), hyper- (excessive), plas/o (formation, growth)
83
Define adenocarcinoma.
A malignant tumor of epithelial origin that originates from glandular tissue or has a glandular appearance ## Footnote Origin: aden/o (gland), -carcinoma (cancerous tumor)
84
What is hepatocellular carcinoma?
Malignant tumors of epithelial origin that originate in the liver cells, most common type of primary liver cancer ## Footnote Origin: hepat/o (liver), cellul/o (cell), -ar (pertaining to)
85
What is squamous cell carcinoma?
Cancers that arise from the cells that cover the surfaces of the body ## Footnote Origin: squam/o (scaly), -ous (pertaining to)
86
Hypochloridia
Lacking or deficient in stomach acid

Biology 1060 - rosa (9 decks)

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