Eye & Adnexa - Pathology

Question 1

What is the definition of blepharitis?

Answer 1

Eyelid inflammation

Blepharitis is characterized by redness, irritation, and swelling of the eyelid margins.

Question 2

What does blepharochalasis refer to?

Answer 2

Hypertrophy of the eyelid skin

It is a condition that results in excess skin on the eyelids.

Question 3

What is blepharoptosis?

Answer 3

Drooping of the upper eyelid

This condition can be due to muscle weakness or nerve damage.

Question 4

What is a chalazion?

Answer 4

Hardened swelling of the meibomian gland resulting from a blockage

Also known as a meibomian cyst.

Question 5

Define dacryoadenitis.

Answer 5

Inflammation of lacrimal gland

This can lead to pain and swelling in the area of the gland.

Question 6

What does dacryocystitis mean?

Answer 6

Inflammation of lacrimal sac

It may cause swelling and tenderness in the inner corner of the eye.

Question 7

What is ectropion?

Answer 7

Turning outward (eversion) of the eyelid

This condition exposes the conjunctiva and may lead to irritation.

Question 8

Define entropion.

Answer 8

Turning inward of the eyelid toward the eye

This can cause the eyelashes to rub against the cornea.

Question 9

What does epiphora refer to?

Answer 9

Overflow of tears; excessive lacrimation

It may occur due to blockage of the tear ducts.

Question 10

What is exophthalmos?

Answer 10

Protrusion of the eyeball from its orbit

Often seen in conditions like Graves’ disease.

Question 11

What is a hordeolum?

Answer 11

Infection of one of the sebaceous glands of an eyelash

Commonly referred to as a stye.

Question 12

What does lacrimal canaliculitis mean?

Answer 12

Inflammation of tear ducts

Particularly affects the lacrimal canaliculi.

Question 13

Define conjunctivitis.

Answer 13

Inflammation of conjunctiva

Commonly known as Pink Eye and is highly contagious.

Question 14

What is a pinguecula?

Answer 14

A yellowish, noncancerous growth on the conjunctiva

Usually asymptomatic and may lead to pingueculitis if irritated.

Question 15

What does pterygium refer to?

Answer 15

A winglike growth of the medial canthus of the eye

Often results from exposure to wind or weather.

Question 16

What is hyphema?

Answer 16

Blood in the anterior chamber of the eye due to hemorrhage

Often caused by trauma.

Question 17

Define iridocyclitis.

Answer 17

Inflammation of anterior uvea, specifically iris and ciliary body

Symptoms include photophobia, miosis, and synechia.

Question 18

What is keratitis?

Answer 18

Inflammation of cornea

Can result from infections or injuries.

Question 19

What does keratomalacia mean?

Answer 19

Softening of the cornea

Often due to vitamin A deficiency and malnutrition.

Question 20

Define scleritis.

Answer 20

Inflammation of sclera

It can cause severe pain and discomfort.

Question 21

What is synechia?

Answer 21

Adhesion of lens to cornea

This can occur after inflammation or trauma.

Question 22

What does uveitis refer to?

Answer 22

Inflammation of uvea

It can affect the iris, ciliary body, and choroid.

Question 23

What is aphakia?

Answer 23

Condition of no lens

Can be congenital or acquired.

Question 24

Define cataract.

Answer 24

Progressive loss of transparency of lens

Often age-related and classified as nuclear or cortical.

Question 25

What is age-related macular degeneration (ARMD)?

Answer 25

Progressive destruction of the macula resulting in loss of central vision ## Footnote Most common visual disorder after age 75.

Question 26

What does posterior cyclitis mean?

Answer 26

Inflammation of ciliary body ## Footnote Also known as Pars Planitis.

Question 27

Define retinal ischemia.

Answer 27

Lack of blood flow to retina ## Footnote Can lead to serious vision problems.

Question 28

What is a retinal tear?

Answer 28

Separation of retina from choroid layer ## Footnote Can occur due to trauma, inflammation, or aging.

Question 29

What does retinitis pigmentosa refer to?

Answer 29

Hereditary, degenerative disease marked by nyctalopia and progressive loss of visual field ## Footnote It affects peripheral vision.

Question 30

What is glaucoma?

Answer 30

Higher intraocular pressure due to obstruction of outflow of aqueous humor ## Footnote Chronic or primary open-angle glaucoma is the most common type.

Question 31

Define optic neuritis.

Answer 31

Inflammation of optic nerve ## Footnote Often a precursor to multiple sclerosis.

Question 32

What is optic papillitis?

Answer 32

Inflammation of the optic disk ## Footnote Accompanied by various degrees of visual deficiencies.

Question 33

What does papilledema refer to?

Answer 33

Swelling of the optic disk ## Footnote Usually secondary to increased intracranial pressure.

Question 34

What is retrobulbar neuritis?

Answer 34

Inflammation of optic nerve behind the eyeball ## Footnote The etiology is often unknown.

Question 35

Define astigmatism.

Answer 35

Malcurvature of the cornea leading to blurred vision ## Footnote If uncorrected, it may result in asthenopia which is the technical name for eye strain or eye fatigue.

Question 36

What does esotropia mean?

Answer 36

Turning inward of one or both eyes ## Footnote It can affect binocular vision.

Question 37

What is exotropia?

Answer 37

Turning outward of one or both eyes ## Footnote This condition can also disrupt binocular vision.

Question 38

Define hypermetropia.

Answer 38

Farsightedness ## Footnote Also known as hyperopia.

Question 39

What does myopia mean?

Answer 39

Nearsightedness ## Footnote It prevents the eye from focusing on distant objects.

Question 40

What is presbyopia?

Answer 40

Progressive loss of elasticity of the lens ## Footnote It usually accompanies aging.

Question 41

What does strabismus refer to?

Answer 41

Lack of coordination between eyes ## Footnote Often called a 'squint'.

Question 42

Define achromatopsia.

Answer 42

Impairment of colour vision ## Footnote Also known as color blindness.

Question 43

What is amblyopia ex anopsia?

Answer 43

Dull or dim vision due to disuse ## Footnote Commonly referred to as lazy eye.

Question 44

What does diplopia mean?

Answer 44

Double vision ## Footnote Emmetropia refers to normal vision.

Question 45

Define hemianopsia.

Answer 45

Loss of half of visual field ## Footnote Often results from a cerebral vascular accident (stroke).

Question 46

What is nyctalopia?

Answer 46

Inability to see well in dim light ## Footnote Causes include vitamin A deficiency and retinitis pigmentosa.

Question 47

What does photophobia mean?

Answer 47

Extreme sensitivity to light ## Footnote It can be associated with various ocular conditions.

Question 48

Define scotoma.

Answer 48

Area of decreased vision in visual field ## Footnote Commonly known as a 'blind spot'.

Question 49

What is anisocoria?

Answer 49

Unequally sized pupils ## Footnote This may be due to pressure on the optic nerve.

Question 50

What does miosis refer to?

Answer 50

Excessive or prolonged constriction of pupil ## Footnote It can be caused by various conditions or medications.

Question 51

Define mydriasis.

Answer 51

Excessive or prolonged dilation of the pupil ## Footnote Often indicates a neurological condition.

Question 52

What is nystagmus?

Answer 52

Involuntary back and forth eye movements ## Footnote It may result from disorders of the labyrinth of the ear.

Question 53

What is a choroidal hemangioma?

Answer 53

Tumor of choroid layer ## Footnote It is benign and may cause visual loss or retinal detachment.

Question 54

What does intraocular melanoma refer to?

Answer 54

Malignant tumor of the choroid, ciliary body, or iris ## Footnote Typically occurs in individuals aged 50 to 60.

Question 55

Define retinoblastoma.

Answer 55

An inherited condition present at birth that arises from embryonic retinal cells ## Footnote It is a malignant tumor often seen in children.

Question 56

Em

Answer 56

Emmetropia - perfect 20/20 vision