Digestive System Practicum

Question 1

What is ingestion

Answer 1

Selective intake of food

Question 2

What is digestion

Answer 2

Mechanical and biochemical processes

Question 3

What is the net result of digestion

Answer 3

A breakdown of food into a form usable by the body

Question 4

What is adsorption

Answer 4

Uptake of nutrient molecules into the epithelial cells of the digestive tract and into blood or lymph

Question 5

What is defecation

Answer 5

Elimination of undigested residue

Question 6

A broad range of biochemical reactions occurring in the body

Answer 6

Metabolism

Question 7

The buildup of small molecules into larger more complex molecules via enzymatic reactions

Answer 7

Anabolism

Question 8

The breakdown of large complex molecules into smaller molecules via enzymatic reactions

Answer 8

Catabolism

Question 9

the act/process of chewing + food is crushed and mixed with saliva to form bolus for swallowing

Answer 9

Mastication

Question 10

Ball like mixture of food and saliva that forms in the mouth during the process of chewing

Answer 10

Bolus

Question 11

The pulpy acidic fluid which passes from the stomach to the small intestine consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food (bolus enters stomach and leaves as ____)

Answer 11

Chyme

Question 12

Involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wave-like movements that push the contents of the canal forward

Answer 12

Peristalsis

Question 13

The GI Tract is known as what (2 terms)

Answer 13

Gastrointestinal Tract and Alimentary Tract

Question 14

The GI Tract is composed of:

Answer 14

1. Oral Cavity
2. Pharynx
3. Esophagus
4. Stomach
5. Large Intestine
6. Small Intestine

Question 15

Accessory Organs for GI Tract

Answer 15

1. Teeth
2. Tongue
3. Salivary glands
4. Liver
5. Gall bladder
6. Pancreas

Question 16

Ingested food…

Answer 16

Needs to be broken down

Question 17

Breaks down food by chewing; or churning of the stomach

Answer 17

Physical (mechanical) Digestion

Question 18

Breaks down food by enzymes and acids

Answer 18

Chemical Digestion

Question 19

What happens to digested food

Answer 19

It gets absorbed into the body thru absorption (when it is small enough to pass thru epithelial cells)

Question 20

Things that don’t get absorbed get:

Answer 20

Eliminated

Question 21

Behind the nasal cavity

Answer 21

Nasopharynx

Question 22

Behind oral cavity

Answer 22

Oropharynx

Question 23

Epiglottis to base of larynx

Answer 23

Laryngopharynx

Question 24

2 layers to the Laryngopharynx:

Answer 24

Skeletal muscles: inner (longitudinal) and outer (circular constrictor which are wave-like contractions that propel food down esophagus)

Question 25

Mouth chews food to create:

Answer 25

Bolus

Question 26

Swallowing of bolus:

Answer 26

Deglutition

Question 27

What takes bolus to stomach

Answer 27

Esophagus

Question 28

Wave of muscle contraction to take bolus to stomach

Answer 28

Peristalsis

Question 29

Material that leaves the stomach and enters the duodenum

Answer 29

Chyme

Question 30

Esophagus is:

Answer 30

Highly muscularized for peristalsis

Question 31

Gastric Gland is made up of what and do what:

Answer 31

branched tubules in inner lining of stomach and they secrete gastric juice including protective mucus

Question 32

What is gastric juice and what is it composed of?

Answer 32

It is a digestive fluid formed within stomach lining with a key role of digesting proteins that is made of: - water - electrolytes - hydrochloric acid - enzymes - intrinsic factor - paracrine hormones

Question 33

Hydrochloric Acid

Answer 33

- a strong acid secreted by parietal cells - lowers stomach pH to 2 - converts pepsinogen into pepsin and breaks nutrients apart kills bacteria from food

Question 34

Pepsinogen

Answer 34

- secreted by chief cells - converted into pepsin in presence of hydrochloric acid - pepsin breaks tertiary and secondary proteins for easier digestion

Question 35

Gastric Lipase

Answer 35

- another digestive enzyme made by chief cells - helps break down short and medium chain fats

Question 36

Amylase

Answer 36

- found in gastric juices but not made by the stomach - enzyme comes from saliva and travels with bolus into stomach - breaks down carbs but acidity stops it - the mucus is secreted by neck cells and coats/protects the stomach lining from acidic environment

Question 37

Intrinsic Factor

Answer 37

- secreted by parietal cells - key for absorption of vitamin B-12 - essential for healthy nervous system and blood cell production

Question 38

What is the disease that develops with age where little pouches form inside the lining of the colon and on rare occasions be bleed/develop an infection

Answer 38

Diverticulosis when infected called diverticulitis

Question 39

What condition is a type of inflammatory bowel disease that causes the swelling of tissues in the digestive tract that can lead to abdominal pain, severe diarrhea, fatigue, and weight loss/malnutrition

Answer 39

Crohn's disease

Question 40

Teeth are either baby teeth or adult teeth, what are there scientific names?

Answer 40

Deciduous = baby Permanent = adult

Question 41

What is stimulated by food or pressure in mouth

Answer 41

Saliva

Question 42

Saliva is made of ____ which moistens food and binds it into a ball called ____

Answer 42

mucin and bolus

Question 43

Enzyme in saliva that breaks down starches into less complex sugars:

Answer 43

Salivary Amylase

Question 44

Salivary Glands are made up of what parts:

Answer 44

1. Parotid Gland 2. Submandibular 3. Sublingual

Question 45

What is the largest gland in the body with how many lobes

Answer 45

Liver and 4

Question 46

What is produced in the liver, what does it do, and where is it stored:

Answer 46

Bile and it emulsifies fats for better digestion, it is stored in the gallbladder and finally released when digestion occurs

Question 47

Blockage of what duct causes bile to accumulate and cause what?

Answer 47

The common hepatic/bile duct and jaundice occurs

Question 48

Jaundice can also indicate what?

Answer 48

Cirrhosis or hepatits

Question 49

A system of veins that plays a crucial role in our body

Answer 49

Hepatic portal circulation

Question 50

Definition and function of the Hepatic Portal Circulation

Answer 50

- consists of veins that transport blood from specific regions of the gastrointestinal tract (between esophagus and rectum) to liver - includes venous drainage from supplementary organs like spleen and pancreas - primary function is to supply liver with metabolites and ensure ingested substances are processed in liver before systemic circulation - limits damage from ingested toxins

Question 51

____ cells produce ____ granules which are inactive enzymes that are secreted and ____ in the _____

Answer 51

Acinar, Zymogen, activated, duodenum

Question 52

Examples of Pancreatic Enzymes:

Answer 52

Proteases which digest proteins and peptides - trypsin - chymotrypsin - carboxypeptidase

Question 53

Other pancreatic enzymes:

Answer 53

- amylases: digest carbs - lipases: digests lipids and fats - nucleases: digest nucleic acids DNA and RNA