Practicum 2 Urinary Flashcards by Camille Styles

How many liters of blood do the kidneys filter daily?

150-180 L

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Blood filtration allows what to leave the body in urine?

Toxins, metabolic wastes, and excess ions

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The urinary system regulates:

volume and chemical makeup of blood

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The urinary system maintains:

The proper balance between water and salts and acids and bases

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The urinary system promotes what during prolonged fasting

Gluconeogenesis

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Production of ____ helps regulate blood pressure and ____ to stimulate RBC production

Renin, Erythropoietin

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Activation of ____ metabolizes its active form _____

Vitamin D, Vitamin D3–Calcitriol

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Organs of the Urinary System:

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 urinary bladder, urethra

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The ___ is the large fat pad that surrounds the ____ in the posterior region of the ____ cavity

Perirenal fat capsule, kidney, abdominal

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Approximately ____ of systemic ____ output flows through the kidneys each minute

1/4 (1200 ml), cardiac

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____ into and ____ out of the kidneys follow similar paths

Arterial flow, venous flow

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What is the structural and functional unit of the kidney and how many per kidney?

The nephron, >1.500,000

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The nephron consists of:

Renal (Bowmans) Corpuscle + tubule
Proximal and Distal convoluted tubule
Descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle
Glomerulus and Glomerular capsule
Collecting tubule

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The nephron produces what:

Urine

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Filters plasma to form filtrate

Renal Corpuscle

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Converts filtrate into urine

Renal Tubule

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The renal corpuscle is made up of what?

Glomerulus and Glomerular Capsule

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_____ is a tuft of ____ associated with a renal tubule

Glomerulus, capillaries

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Blind, cup-shaped end of a renal tubule that completely surrounds the glomerulus

Glomerular Capsule

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Blood enters through the:

Afferent arteriole

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Blood leaves through the:

Efferent arteriole

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2 Types of Nephrons:

Cortical and Juxtamedullary

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Cortical Nephrons have:

Short nephron loops
Glomerulus is further away from cortex-medulla junction
Efferent arteriole supplies peritubular capillaries

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Juxtamedullary Nephrons have:

Long nephron loops
Glomerulus closer to cortex medulla junction
Efferent arterioles supply vasa recta

Glomerular Filtration Pt 1.

- Afferent arterioles feed glomerulus - Efferent arterioles drain glomerulus (blood exits) - Afferent feeder= bigger in diameter efferent (drainer)= smaller in diameter - High pressure forces filtrate out of capillary bed into the capsule - Juxtaglomerular cells are blood pressure sensors for afferent arterioles

Tubular Reabsorption Pt 2

- 75-80% of reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule - Reabsorbs into peritubular capillary - Reabsorption depends on selective body needs - IS REABSORBED: water, glucose, and amino acids - IS NOT REABSORBED: urea, creatine, uric acid, drug metabolites

What is the reverse process of tubular reabsorption called? What is secreted and where?

Tubular Secretion last call for unwanted solutes Secretes: extra ions, creatinine, and drug metabolites from peritubular capillaries to the tubular cells

Term for voiding urine:

Micturition

Filling of the bladder activates _____ which triggers a ______ that causes _____ of the ____

Stretch receptors, parasympathetic response, relaxation, Internal Urethral Sphincter (smooth muscle; Involuntary reflex)

Filling the bladder also activates _____ and triggers ____ of the ______

The Pons, relaxation, external urethral sphincter (skeletal muscle; voluntary control)

Bladder capacity is _____, but _____ triggers the ______

600-800 ml, ~200 - 300 ml, Micturition Reflex

Blood filtered through kidneys creates _____ liters of ____

1.0-1.8 liters of urine

What 2 muscles contract to empty the bladder?

1. Detrusor 2. Rugae

Only males have the ____ _____ surrounding urethra close to bladder

Prostate gland

Why do males have lower urinary tract infection rates?

The urethra for them is longer so bacteria is to travel farther

Constituents of urine: ____, _____, _____, ______, ______, ______, _____, ______

MOSTLY Water, urea, sodium, potassium, phosphate, sulfate ions, creatinine, uric acid

General Characteristics of urine:

- Color: straw to yellow from urochrome - Odor: Ammonia - pH: slightly acidic (pH = 6, range pH 4.5-8) - Specific gravity: denser than water

WBC pus in urine:

Pyuria

RBC in urine:

Hematuria

The results of a urine dipstick test, known as _____ may point to a diagnosis of ____, _____, ____, or a ______.

Urinalysis, urinary tract infection (UTI), kidney disease, diabetes, urinary tract injury

If urinalysis test results are ___, other tests will be needed before a definite diagnosis can be made.

Abnormal

Abnormal Urinary Constituents--Glucose: list at leat 1 condition

Glycosuria/Glucosuria Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and excessive carbohydrate intake

Abnormal Urinary Constituents--Protein: list at leat 1 condition

Proteinuria/Albuminuria Severe hypertension and glomerulonephritis and bacterial toxins and excessive physical exertion and pregnancy

Abnormal Urinary Constituents-- Ketone Bodies: list at leat 1 condition

Ketonuria Diabetes; starvation; low carbohydrates diets

Abnormal Urinary Constituents-- Erythrocytes/RBCs: list at leat 1 condition

Hematuria Bleeding in the tract due to kidney stones, urinary tract tumors, trauma to urinary tract organs; Glomerulonephritis

Abnormal Urinary Constituents--Hemoglobin: list at leat 1 condition

Hemoglobinuria Renal disease; hemolytic anemia; transfusion reactions

Abnormal Urinary Constituents--Nitrites: list at leat 1 condition

Nitrituria Urinary tract infections (UTIs)

Abnormal Urinary Constituents--Bile pigments: list at leat 1 condition

Bilirubinuria Liver disease; gallstones

Abnormal Urinary Constituents--Leukocytes/WBCs: list at leat 1 condition

Pyuria Urinary tract infections (UTIs); gonorrhea

Urine Sediments are composed of two parts, what are they and what do they entail?

Unorganized sediments: chemical substances that form crystal/precipitate Organized sediments: come form red blood cells and white blood cells and include casts

Medical term for kidney stone disease

Urolithiasis

Medical term for kidney stones

Renal Calculi

Cylindrical structures produced by the kidney and present in the urine in certain disease states

Urinary casts

Urinary casts form in the _____ and _____, then dislodge and pass into the _____ where they can be detected by microscopy

Distal convoluted tubule, collecting ducts of nephrons, urine

Abnormal Urinary Constituents:

Urinary Casts and Urine sediments

Blood supply flow to AND from the kidney

To: Aorta --> Renal artery --> Segmental artery --> Arcuate artery --> Cortical radiate artery --> Afferent arteriole --> GLOMERULUS CAPILLARIES From: GLOMERULUS CAPILLARIES --> Efferent arteriole --> Peritubular cappilaries + vasa recta --> Cortical radiate vein --> Arcuate vein --> Interlobar vein --> Renal vein --> Inferior vena cava

Most kidney stones are small enough to ______

Pass without intervention

_____ can be used with soud waves to break up kideny stones without surgery

Lithotripsy