Practicum 2 Respiratory Flashcards by Camille Styles

Major functions of the respiratory system (2):

Supply body with oxygen
Remove carbon dioxide form body that is produced by metabolism

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What are the 4 processes that define respiration and their descriptions:

Pulmonary Ventilation: movement of air in and out of lungs
External Respiration: gas exchange between the capillaries and alveoli
Transport of Respiratory Gases: blood transport through cardiovascular
Internal Respiration: cellular respiration between blood and tissue cells

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2 divisions of the respiratory system

Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract

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URT Components and its basic function:

-Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, pharynx (naso,oro, and laryngo), larynx
-To warm, moisten, and filter inspired air

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LRT Components:

Trachea, Primary bronchi, Lungs

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2 Zones of the Respiratory System:

Conducting and Respiratory Zone

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Conducting Zone Components:

Oral Cavity-
1. Nasal Cavity
2. Pharynx
3. Larynx
4. Trachea
Lungs-
5. Primary bronchus
6. Secondary bronchus
7. Bronchioles
8. Terminal bronchiole

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Zone where gas exchange occurs

Respiratory Zone

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Respiratory Zone Components (3):

Respiratory bronchiole
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs

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The zone where air conduction occurs

Conducting zone

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Conducting Zone– what does it do? (3):

-Conducts air in and out of lungs
-Filters, humidifies, and warms air
-Passageways from nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles

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Respiratory Zone– what does it do:

-Provides surfaces for gas exchange with pulmonary capillaries

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The larynx is commonly known as:

The voice box

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The Larynx Basic Functions (3):

Bfrings air to trachea
(windpipe)
Vocalization
Valsalva maneuver

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_____ is a maneuver in which one tries with force to exhale with the ____ closed, impeding the return of venous blood to the heart. It is also used to aid in ______

Valsalva maneuver, windpipe, defecation, urination, and lifting

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Lower Respiratory Tract– What is the name of the part from the larynx into the mediastinum (between the lungs)

The trachea (windpipe)

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Lower Respiratory Tract–
The wall that’s composed of 3 layers of mucosa:

Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells

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Lower Respiratory Tract–
The outermost layer made of connective tissue that encases 16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage:

Adventitia

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Primary site of gas exchange

Alveolus

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Lower Respiratory Tract–
Connective tissue with seromucous glands

Submucosa

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Alveoli are surrounded by _____

Blood capillaries > Pulmonary veins > Heart

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____ occurs through membranes of Type I cells

Rapid gas exchange

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Type II cells produce ____ which reduces alveolar surface tension and
each alveolus has ____

Surfactant, Alveolar macrophage (phagocyte)

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Double-layered sac that encloses each lung

Pleura

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Space between pleura; filled with pleural fluid which prevents friction

Pleural Cavity

____ is “negative” (<760 mmHg or 1 atmosphere) during ___ which aids in air entering the lungs

Pleural pressure, Quiet breathing

The act of breathing:

Pulmonary Ventilation

Breathing in: ____ Pressure in Lung is ____

Inspiration (inhalation), less than 760 mmHg

Breathing out: ____ Pressure in lung is _____

Expiration (exhalation), greater than 760 mmHg

Fundamental Respiratory Mechanics--Key Functions:

- Inhale Oxygen - Exhale CO2 - Regulate blood pH

Fundamental Respiratory Mechanics--Key Components (PGC):

- Pump (Musculoskeletal) - Gas Exchanger (Alveoli) - Controller (Neural)

Inspiration: active or passive? Expiration: active or passive?

Active Process Passive Process

Boyle’s Law equation:

P1V1=P2V2

Exhaling CO2 is what 2 types of expiration?

- Quiet and Forced Expiration

Inspiration is a ____ and the Key Muscles are _____

Active Process -External intercostals -Diaphragm -Scalene

Quiet Expiration is a ___ and there's a ____

Passive process, Natural recoil of lung

Forced Expiration is a ___ and the Key muscles used are ____

Active Process -Internal intercostals -Abdominals

The ____ is a ____ structure with a peripheral attachment to a number of bony structures.

Diaphragm, musculotendinous

Physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation

- Require energy - Resistance to gas flow = friction in airways - Higher airway resistance= harder to breathe

Severe ____ or obstruction of ____ can occur during acute asthma attacks or ____ this stops/reduces _____

Constriction, bronchioles, anaphylactic shock, ventilation

Asthma, also known as ___ or anaphylaxis also known as ____ dilates _____ which reduces airway resistance

Albuterol, Epinephrine, bronchioles

____ _____ _____ resists any force that tends to increase surface area of liquid + a water–high surface tension that coats alveolar walls and reduces alveoli to smallest size

Alveolar surface tension

Reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid and discourages alveolar collapse

Surfactant

_____ is the measure of change in lung volume that occurs with given change in transpulmonary pressure

Lung compliance

The higher the ____ the easier it is to expand and fill lungs. This is diminished by:

Lung compliance - Nonelastic scar tissue replacing lung tissue (fibrosis) - Reduced production of surfactant - Decreased flexibility of thoracic cage

Used to assess respiratory status and the 4 different types

Respiratory Volumes 1. Tidal Volume (TV) 2. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) 3. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) 4. Residual Volume (RV)

Instrument for measuring respiratory volumes and capacities

Spirometer

Spirometry can distinguish between:

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Restrictive Disease

Increased airway resistance (e.g., bronchitis) TLC, FRC, RV may increase

Obstructive pulmonary disease

Reduced TLC due to disease or fibrosis VC, TLC, FRC, RV decline

Restrictive disorders

In healthy patients the ____ is usually around ____.

Forced Expiratory Volume 1 second /Forced Vital Capacity 70%

____ disorders have a near-normal _____ because lung volume is ____ which affects both FEV1 and FVC. The airway resistance is not affected

Restrictive, Forced Expiratory Volume 1 second /Forced Vital Capacity, reduced

Lung volume reduced only in patients with ____ (as low as ___ in severe obstructive airway disease).

Restrictive lung disease 20-30%

Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV)

- Volume of air expired first second during maximal expiratory effort - Reduced in both obstructive (increased airway resistance) and restrictive (low vital capacity) lung disease

Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

- Total volume of air expired after a full inspiration - Normal/decreased in patients with obstructive lung disease - Decreased in patients with restrictive lung disease

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV):

Amount of gas expelled during exhalation during specific time intervals of Forced Vital Capacity + indicates airway resistance

RESTRICTIVE lung disease-- examples and volume is?

- Example: Pulmonary fibrosis, Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome, weak respiratory muscles, pneumothorax - Volumes are decreased - Often in a normal range (0.8 - 1.0)

OBSTRUCTIVE lung disease-- examples and violume is?

- Example: Asthma or COPD - Volumes are normal/reduced but flow rates are impeded - Often low (Asthma can reduce the ratio to 0.6, Emphysema can reduce the ratio to 0.78 - 0.45)

OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE definition:

- Unable to get air OUT or in at a normal rate - Less than 70-75% - The lower the ratio the worse the obstruction

RESTRICTIVE LUNG DISEASE definition:

- Unable to get air IN to fill normal volume - Low Forced Vital Capacity - Normal/elevated Forced Vital Capacity/Forced Expiratory Volume 1

Bronchial breath sounds are? and what is the procedure?

- Tubular, hollow sounds, heard when auscultating over the large airways (2nd and 3rd intercostal spaces) - Louder and higher-pitched than vesicular breath sounds   - Procedure: Place stethoscope beneath larynx and follow down sternum until sounds disappear

In adults, the normal respiratory rate is roughly _____ per minute In children, the normal respiratory rate ______

12 to 20 breaths Varies by age

The _____, _____, and _____ of your breaths indicate how well your body is working to _____ to all your ____ and tissues.

Speed, pattern, depth, deliver oxygen, vital organs

Vesicular breath sounds are? What is the procedure?

- Normal movement of air through bronchioles during inspiration and expiration - Hollow blowing sound that is low pitched - Procedure: Listen below scapula, in between ribs, and under the clavicle.

Term for listening to heart and lung sounds

Auscultating

_____ is one of the main vital signs of the human body and the number of breaths taken per minute.

Respiratory Rate

Practicum 2 Respiratory Flashcards

(66 cards)