Dion 1201 core 1 Notes Flashcards
1
Q
What are the improvements provided by USB cables over older serial connections?
A
Higher speeds, multi-device support, and power delivery
USB cables significantly enhance connectivity capabilities compared to older standards.
2
Q
Which USB version is the fastest and most powerful?
A
USB 4.0
USB 4.0 offers the highest performance in terms of speed and power delivery capabilities.
3
Q
How does the length of a USB cable affect its performance?
A
Affects performance and power delivery capabilities
Longer cables can lead to signal degradation.
4
Q
What is the most common video cable that supports high-definition video/audio and HDCP?
A
HDMI
HDMI cables can support resolutions up to 8K.
5
Q
What are the key features of DisplayPort?
A
Open standard, high-speed capabilities
Commonly used in PC environments.
6
Q
What does DVI support?
A
Both analog and digital signals
DVI is an older standard in the video cable category.
7
Q
What is the legacy analog interface still found in older systems?
A
VGA
VGA is less common in modern systems.
8
Q
What high-speed interface supports video, data, and power using USB-C connectors?
A
Thunderbolt
Thunderbolt has evolved to utilize USB-C for connectivity.
9
Q
What should be considered for video cables regarding resolution compatibility?
A
Ensure the cable supports the desired resolution (e.g., 1080p, 4K, 8K)
This is crucial for optimal display performance.
10
Q
What is the primary internal storage connection type that uses separate data and power cables?
A
SATA
SATA can achieve speeds up to 6 Gbps.
11
Q
What are the key considerations for storage cables?
A
- Speed Requirements
- Compatibility
- Power Needs
- Cable Length
Each factor impacts performance and usability.
12
Q
What defines motherboard size and layout, influencing case and power supply compatibility?
A
Form Factor
Different form factors include ATX, Mini-ATX, and microATX.
13
Q
What is the primary difference between x86 and x64 CPU architectures?
A
x86 is limited to 32-bit operations, while x64 allows for higher memory support
x64 architecture enhances overall performance.
14
Q
What installation mechanism ensures safe and precise installation of CPU sockets?
A
ZIF (Zero Insertion Force)
ZIF prevents damage to CPU pins during installation.
15
Q
What allows applications to execute multiple instructions simultaneously?
A
Multithreading
This feature increases efficiency and performance.
16
Q
What are the active components of cooling systems?
A
- Processor fans
- Case fans
- Power supply fans
- Graphics card fans
Active cooling is crucial for maintaining optimal temperatures.
17
Q
What is the primary function of a Power Supply Unit (PSU)?
A
Converts high-voltage AC to low-voltage DC required by computer components
Efficient PSUs are essential for system performance.
18
Q
What are the common DC output voltages required by PCs?
A
- 3.3 volts
- 5 volts
- 12 volts
12 volts DC is critical for high-power components.
19
Q
What type of memory is temporary storage for data and instructions before processing by the CPU?
A
Random Access Memory (RAM)
RAM is essential for system performance and multitasking.
20
Q
What are the types of memory modules used in desktops and laptops?
A
- DIMM (Dual In-line Memory Modules)
- SODIMM (Small Outline DIMM)
DIMMs are larger and used in desktops, while SODIMMs are compact for laptops.
21
Q
What does ECC memory stand for?
A
Error Correcting Code Memory
ECC memory is used in servers and high-reliability environments.
22
Q
What is the purpose of virtualization in computing?
A
Enhances security and reduces need for additional power, space, and cooling
Virtualization uses a hypervisor to manage multiple virtual machines.
23
Q
What are the two types of hypervisors?
A
- Type 1 (bare metal)
- Type 2
Type 1 runs natively on hardware, while Type 2 runs on top of an existing OS.
24
Q
What is the difference between public and private cloud deployment models?
A
Public cloud is shared among multiple customers; private cloud is exclusive to a single organization
Each model has its own cost and security implications.
25
What does SaaS stand for?
Software as a Service
## Footnote
SaaS provides complete solutions managed by service providers.
26
What is the significance of Service Level Agreements (SLAs) in cloud computing?
Guarantee uptime and availability of services
## Footnote
SLAs are crucial for reliability in cloud services.
27
What is a GovCloud?
Higher security and control but more expensive
## Footnote
GovCloud is designed for government agencies requiring strict compliance and security measures.
28
What is a Hybrid Cloud?
Combines public and private cloud features
## Footnote
Sensitive data is stored in the private cloud, while less critical tasks are managed in the public cloud.
29
What is a Community Cloud?
Shared among multiple organizations with common needs
## Footnote
This model reduces costs but introduces security challenges.
30
What does SaaS stand for?
Software as a Service
## Footnote
SaaS provides a complete solution managed by a service provider, including hardware and software.
31
What does PaaS stand for?
Platform as a Service
## Footnote
PaaS provides hardware, networking, storage, OS, middleware, and runtime for users to create application code.
32
What does IaaS stand for?
Infrastructure as a Service
## Footnote
IaaS provides IT resources such as servers and storage, with users managing OS and applications.
33
What is Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI)?
Hosts desktop operating systems on a centralized server or server farm
## Footnote
VDI separates the computing environment from the physical computer.
34
What are Cloud Storage Applications?
Online platforms for remote file storage
## Footnote
Examples include Dropbox, Google Drive, and OneDrive.
35
What is File Synchronization?
Keeps data consistent across all connected devices
## Footnote
Changes on one device reflect across others instantly.
36
What is a Content Delivery Network (CDN)?
Distributed servers storing copies of files for faster delivery
## Footnote
CDNs reduce latency by minimizing the distance between user and server.
37
What is a Network Interface Card (NIC)?
Provides Ethernet connections (copper, fiber, wireless)
## Footnote
NICs are essential for connecting devices to a network.
38
What is the function of a Hub?
Connects multiple devices and broadcasts to all
## Footnote
Hubs are considered obsolete due to inefficiencies.
39
What distinguishes a Switch from a Hub?
Prevents collisions and increases security
## Footnote
Switches can be unmanaged (plug-and-play) or managed (configurable).
40
What is the purpose of Wireless Access Points (WAPs)?
Extends wired networks into wireless
## Footnote
WAPs allow devices to connect wirelessly to the network.
41
What is the role of a Router?
Connects different networks using IP addresses
## Footnote
Routers are crucial for directing traffic between networks.
42
What do Firewalls do?
Filters traffic based on Access Control Lists (ACLs)
## Footnote
Firewalls enhance network security by monitoring incoming and outgoing traffic.
43
What is Power over Ethernet (PoE)?
Supplies power and data over Ethernet cables
## Footnote
Standards include 802.3af, 802.3at, and 802.3bt.
44
What is a Personal Area Network (PAN)?
Smallest network, covers ~10 feet
## Footnote
Examples include Bluetooth and USB connections.
45
What is a Local Area Network (LAN)?
Connects devices within a limited area
## Footnote
Often found in buildings or campuses.
46
What is a Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)?
Connects multiple LANs within a city
## Footnote
MANs can extend up to 25 miles.
47
What is a Wide Area Network (WAN)?
Connects geographically dispersed networks
## Footnote
WANs span states or countries.
48
What is an Internet of Things (IoT) device?
Devices connected to the internet that collect and share data
## Footnote
Examples include smart thermostats and wearable fitness trackers.
49
What are the categories of IoT devices?
* Building/home automation systems
* IP video systems
* Physical access control systems
* Scientific/industrial equipment
## Footnote
These categories illustrate the diversity of IoT applications.
50
What is the purpose of Network Cables?
Facilitate data transmission between devices
## Footnote
Types include twisted pair cables, optical cables, and coaxial cables.
51
What are Twisted Pair Cables?
* UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)
* STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)
## Footnote
Categories include Cat5, Cat5e, Cat6, Cat7, and Cat8.
52
What is the maximum length for Twisted Pair Cables?
100 meters, with exceptions for specific categories
## Footnote
Cat6 at 10Gbps has a maximum length of 55m, and Cat8 is limited to 30m.
53
What are Optical Cables used for?
Data transmission over long distances with light signals
## Footnote
Types include Single-Mode Fiber and Multi-Mode Fiber.
54
What is the function of a Cable Tester?
Verifies the integrity of network cables
## Footnote
Cable testers are essential tools for ensuring proper connections.
55
What does DHCP stand for?
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
## Footnote
DHCP automates the process of IP address assignment.
56
What does DNS stand for?
Domain Name System
## Footnote
DNS translates domain names into IP addresses for web browsing.
57
What is the structure of an IPv4 address?
32-bit number in dotted decimal notation
## Footnote
Example: 192.168.1.4, consisting of four 8-bit octets.
58
What is the maximum number of unique IPv4 addresses?
~4.3 billion unique addresses
## Footnote
This limitation has led to the development of IPv6.
59
What is Classful Addressing?
Divides IP addresses into fixed classes
## Footnote
Classes include A, B, C, D, and E with specific subnet masks.
60
What are Private IP Addresses?
Used in local networks, not routable on the internet
## Footnote
Examples include ranges 10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255, 172.16.0.0-172.31.255.255, and 192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255.
61
What is the difference between Static and Dynamic IP Assignment?
* Static: Manual configuration
* Dynamic: DHCP automatically assigns settings
## Footnote
Dynamic assignment reduces manual errors and is better for client devices.
62
What is the primary purpose of IPv6?
Address exhaustion resolution of IPv4
## Footnote
IPv6 uses a 128-bit addressing system allowing for 340 undecillion addresses.
63
What is the structure of an IPv6 address?
128 bits written in hexadecimal with 8 segments
## Footnote
Example: 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:2a4e:0370.
64
What does TCP stand for?
Transmission Control Protocol
## Footnote
TCP is connection-oriented and ensures reliable data delivery.
65
What does UDP stand for?
User Datagram Protocol
## Footnote
UDP is connectionless and used for real-time applications.
66
What is the function of a Port in networking?
Facilitates communication between devices and applications
## Footnote
Ports are categorized into well-known, registered, and dynamic/private.
67
What are Well-Known Ports?
Ports ranging from 0-1023 for standard services
## Footnote
Examples include FTP, SSH, and HTTP.
68
What is the role of a Firewall?
Filters traffic to protect networks
## Footnote
Firewalls can be hardware or software-based.
69
What is the purpose of a VPN?
Creates a secure connection over the internet
## Footnote
VPNs protect data privacy and enable remote access.
70
What is the range of available IP addresses in a typical private network?
192.168.1.2-192.168.1.254
71
What is a Lease in DHCP?
Temporary assignment with configurable duration
72
What do Reservations in DHCP ensure?
Specific devices always receive the same IP based on MAC address
73
What are Exclusions in DHCP?
IPs reserved for static assignment within DHCP scope
74
What does DNS stand for?
Domain Name System
75
What is the primary function of DNS?
Translates domain names to IP addresses
76
What is the structure of DNS?
Hierarchical structure (root, TLD, SLD, subdomains, hosts)
77
What types of lookups does DNS use?
Recursive or iterative lookups
78
What is the highest level in the DNS hierarchy?
Root Level, represented by a dot (.)
79
What are examples of Top-Level Domains (TLD)?
* .com
* .net
* .org
* Country codes like .uk
80
What does an A Record in DNS do?
Maps domain to IPv4 address
81
What is the purpose of an AAAA Record in DNS?
Maps domain to IPv6 address
82
What does a CNAME Record do?
Creates domain alias
83
What is the function of an MX Record?
Specifies mail servers with priority
84
What does a TXT Record store?
Text information for verification
85
What is the purpose of an NS Record?
Identifies authoritative DNS servers
86
What does a PTR Record do?
Resolves IP address to domain name (reverse lookup)
87
What does SPF stand for in DNS-based spam management?
Sender Policy Framework
88
What is the purpose of DKIM?
Verifies email integrity with cryptographic signatures
89
What does DMARC specify?
Policies for handling emails that fail SPF/DKIM authentication
90
What is the primary function of a VLAN?
Logical segmentation of physical network
91
What protocol is used for tagging frames in VLANs?
802.1Q protocol
92
What are Broadcast Domains in a VLAN?
Limits broadcast traffic to devices within the same VLAN
93
What is VLAN Trunking?
Consolidates traffic from multiple VLANs over a single physical connection
94
What is the Default VLAN used for?
Used for untagged traffic (typically VLAN 0 or 1)
95
What is a Site-to-Site VPN?
Connects two locations (branch to headquarters)
96
What is a Client-to-Site VPN?
Connects single device to corporate network
97
What is a Clientless VPN?
Provides secure access via web browser without installing software
98
What does a Full Tunnel VPN configuration do?
Encrypts all traffic through VPN (maximum security)
99
What is the advantage of a Split Tunnel VPN configuration?
Encrypts only traffic destined for corporate network (better performance)
100
What do File Servers allow clients to do?
Access shared disk storage
101
What do Print Servers manage?
Print jobs from multiple users
102
What protocols do File and Print Servers use?
* SMB (port 445)
* NetBIOS (ports 137, 139)
103
What protocol does SMTP use?
Port 25
104
What does POP3 do?
Downloads email to local device (port 110)
105
What is the function of IMAP?
Keeps email on server for multi-device access (port 143)
106
What is the role of Microsoft Exchange?
Enterprise-level mailbox server for Windows
107
What does RADIUS stand for?
Remote Authentication Dial In User Service
108
What are the three main functions of AAA servers?
* Authentication
* Authorization
* Accounting
109
What types of database servers are there?
* Relational (MySQL, SQL Server)
* NoSQL (MongoDB)
* In-Memory (Redis)
110
What does NTP stand for?
Network Time Protocol
111
What is the primary function of NTP Servers?
Synchronize time across network devices
112
What is the function of Syslog Servers?
Centralize logging and monitoring
113
What do Proxy Servers act as?
Intermediaries between client and remote server
114
What do Load Balancers do?
Distribute traffic across multiple servers
115
What is Unified Threat Management (UTM)?
Integrate multiple security functions in a single appliance
116
What are ICS and SCADA systems used for?
Automate industrial processes and manage geographically dispersed equipment
117
What is a key characteristic of Embedded Systems?
Purpose-specific computer systems with dedicated functions
118
What are Legacy Systems?
Outdated systems no longer supported by vendors
119
What are the types of display technologies?
* LCD
* LED
* OLED
* Mini-LED
120
What is the difference between Capacitive and Multi-Touch touchscreens?
Capacitive detects changes in electrostatic field; Multi-Touch supports multiple contact points
121
What does Pixel Density measure?
Number of pixels per inch (PPI)
122
What is the standard refresh rate for general tasks?
60 Hz
123
What is the screen resolution for 4K?
3840 x 2160
124
What is the purpose of a Digitizer in mobile devices?
Converts touch input to digital signals
125
What does an Accelerometer measure?
Motion in 2D (X and Y axes)
126
What is the function of a Gyroscope?
Measures orientation and angular velocity in 3D
127
What are the standards for Wi-Fi?
* 802.11a
* 802.11b
* 802.11g
* 802.11n
* 802.11ac
* 802.11ax
128
What types of Mobile Operating Systems are there?
* Android
* iOS
129
What is the purpose of Mobile Device Management (MDM)?
Controls entire device, enforces security policies
130
What factors are combined in Multifactor Authentication (MFA)?
* Knowledge Factor
* Possession Factor
* Inherence Factor
* Behavior Factor
* Location Factor
131
What does POP3 do in email configuration?
Downloads and deletes emails from server
132
What is the primary function of a Print Server?
Centralized management for multiple printers
133
What is the benefit of secured prints?
Holds jobs until user authenticates at printer
134
What is the main function of a Laser Printer's Imaging Drum?
Holds electrostatic charge to create the image
135
What does the Fuser Assembly in a Laser Printer do?
Bonds toner to paper using heat and pressure
136
What is the process of cleaning in a Laser Printer?
Excess toner removed from drum
137
What is a key component of an Inkjet Printer?
Ink Cartridges
138
What is the role of the Printhead in an Inkjet Printer?
Directs ink onto paper
139
What is the main function of a Thermal Printer's Heating Element?
Creates images by applying heat
140
What are Impact Printers known for?
Physically strike ink ribbon against paper to create marks
141
What do 3D Printers create?
Objects layer by layer from digital designs
142
What is the function of the Print Bed in a 3D Printer?
Surface where object is built
143
What is the first step in replacing a printer ribbon?
Power off, open panel, remove old ribbon, install new one
## Footnote
This is a basic procedure for maintaining printers.
144
What is the main functionality of 3D printers?
Creates objects layer by layer from digital designs
## Footnote
3D printers can use various materials such as plastic filament and resin.
145
Name the key components of a 3D printer.
* Print Bed
* Build Surface
* Extruder
* Gears/Motors
* Fans
## Footnote
Each component plays a vital role in the printing process.
146
What are the three main 3D printing technologies?
* Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
* Stereolithography (SLA)
* Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
## Footnote
FDM is the most common for home and office use.
147
What is the first step in the six-step troubleshooting methodology?
Identify the Problem
## Footnote
This involves gathering information and performing backups.
148
True or False: RAID protects against data loss but is immune to failures.
False
## Footnote
RAID systems require regular maintenance and monitoring.
149
What is the common issue related to power in hardware troubleshooting?
* Button connection
* Wall outlet
* Power cable
* PSU
* Internal cables
## Footnote
Power issues can lead to hardware malfunction.
150
What does APIPA stand for and what does it indicate?
Automatic Private IP Addressing; indicates DHCP failure
## Footnote
APIPA addresses allow local network access but no internet connectivity.
151
What are the symptoms of authentication failures?
* Access denial messages
* Account lockouts
* Failure logs
## Footnote
These symptoms can arise from various issues including incorrect credentials.
152
Fill in the blank: The first step in diagnosing storage issues is to check _______.
[connections and BIOS detection]
## Footnote
Proper connectivity is crucial for storage device functionality.
153
What are common sources of mobile malware?
* Clicking malicious links
* Downloading apps from untrusted sources
* Operating system vulnerabilities
## Footnote
Awareness of these sources can help in prevention.
154
What should you do when experiencing print feed issues with paper jams?
Carefully remove jammed sheets and inspect for small remnants
## Footnote
Ensuring that sensors and rollers are clear can prevent future jams.
155
What does SMART technology help predict?
Drive failures
## Footnote
While it can predict failures, it cannot fix issues.
156
What is the primary concern for VoIP quality?
Latency and jitter
## Footnote
These factors can significantly affect call clarity.
157
What are the primary troubleshooting steps for limited connectivity issues?
* Check physical connections
* Verify DHCP server operation
* Release/renew IP addresses
## Footnote
These steps can help restore connectivity.
158
What are common symptoms of mobile performance issues?
* Degraded performance
* Unable to install new applications
## Footnote
Addressing these issues may involve freeing storage and updating software.
159
What is a key takeaway for troubleshooting video issues?
Physical cable issues often result in signal loss or degraded performance
## Footnote
Regular inspection of cables can prevent display issues.
160
Fill in the blank: RAID is not immune to _______.
[failures]
## Footnote
Understanding RAID limitations is crucial for data integrity.
161
What should be regularly checked to maintain printer functionality?
* Print queue
* Print spooler
* Print driver
## Footnote
Regular maintenance and effective print management can prevent issues.
162
What are the primary causes of mobile power issues?
* Poor battery health
* Charging issues
* Swollen batteries
## Footnote
Proper charging habits are essential for extending battery lifespan.
