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French Rev Stuff > Directory + Rise to Power > Flashcards

Directory + Rise to Power Flashcards

1
Q

How did the Thermidorians fill vacancies in the CPS / CGS?

A

31st July, filled by moderate Dantonists and the Plain.

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2
Q

When was the Law of 22 Prairial repealed?

A

1st August, many held under its terms released.

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3
Q

When was the Revolutionary Tribunal reorganised to be less harsh?

A

10th August, from then on deportations were frequently used as an alternative.

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4
Q

What and when was the Law on Revolutionary Government?

A

24th August, reorganisation of government.

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5
Q

What did the Law on Revolutionary Government do?

A

Reduced revolutionary committees to 1 per dept, breaking power of SC.
Government put in hands of 16 committees. 25% of members changed each month.

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6
Q

What was the outcome of the Law of Revolutionary Government?

A

CPS + CGS lost power - CPS only oversaw diplomacy and war.
Representants-en-mission sent to remove Jacobins nationwide.

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7
Q

When were the powers of the Commune reduced?

A

31st Aug 1794

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8
Q

When were Church and State separated?

A

18th Sept 1794

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9
Q

When was the Jacobin Club officially closed down?

A

12th Nov 1794

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10
Q

When were representants-en-mission and the Rev Tribunal abolished?

A

April and May 1795 respectively.

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11
Q

When were the Girondins readmitted?

A

December 1794

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12
Q

What was the White Terror?

A

Purges against proponents of the Terror, random attacks on SC and destruction of Jacobin imagery.

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13
Q

Why did the Rev Tribunal exist until 1795?

A

To prosecute Jacobins after the Reaction

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14
Q

What did Louis’ brother declare in 1795?

A

June 1795 Verona Declaration, would ‘restore French glory’ and ‘take revenge on all regicides’.

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15
Q

When was peace made with each rebel group in 1795?

A

Western royalists February, Chouans April.

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16
Q

What did General Houche defeat in 1795?

A

July 1795 emigre rising at Quiberon Bay, 700 emigres executed.

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17
Q

What religious things did the Thermidorians retain bans on?

A

Religious dress, symbols and processions.

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18
Q

When was an oath of Catholic loyalty reintroduced?

A

February 1795 - pressure from Catholic clergy.

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19
Q

Who did the Thermidorians make peace with in 1794/5?

A

Prussia, Spain. So was only at war with Britain and Austria.

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20
Q

What territories did the Thermidorians capture 1794/5?

A

Austrian Netherlands, Batavia, Rhine, pre-war borders with Spain

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21
Q

What and when was the Rising of Germinal?

A

1st April 1795, 10,000 SC invaded Convention demanding bread and the 1793 Convention. Unarmed, retreated after NG arrived.

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22
Q

What were some causes of the early Thermidorian economic crisis?

A

Poor harvest in 1794, freezing 1794-5 winter.

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23
Q

What was the value of the Assignat by April 1795?

A

1/10 of the original value.

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24
Q

How much bread was the average Parisian living off on the 10th May 1795?

A

60g ration.

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25
Q

What was the aftermath of the Rising of Germinal?

A

Paris placed under martial law, arrested SC, disarmed all terrorists.

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26
Q

When and what was the Rising of Prairial?

A

20/21st May 1795, far over 10,000 SC forced access to the Convention, murdered a deputy. Demanded better food supply, release of Jacobin prisoners and the 1793 Constitution.

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27
Q

What happened on the 2nd day of the Rising of Prairial?

A

20,000 SC and NG trained cannon on the Convention. 40,000 soldiers called in and negotiated.

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28
Q

What happened on the 2nd day of the Rising of Prairial?

A

20,000 SC and NG trained cannon on the Convention. 40,000 soldiers called in and negotiated.

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29
Q

What was the aftermath of the Rising of Prairial?

A

Moved troops into insurgents home territory, executed 42 and inspected 6,000. Broke much of the SC political power.

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30
Q

When and what was the rising of Vendemiaire?

A

5th October 1795. Royalist uprising, over a potentially rigged plebiscite. 25,000 Parisians approached, 3 battalions stopped them.

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31
Q

What happened at the Rising of Vendemiare?

A

5th Oct 1795, Napoleon fired 40 cannon into the 25,000 Royalists around the convention, killing 300. Government therefore kept control. Only 10 executions.

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32
Q

What was the Council of 500?

A

Directory body, proposed and drew up legislation - but did not vote on it

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33
Q

What was the Council of Ancients?

A

Directory body, examined and approved legislation but did not propose it.

34
Q

What was the Directory of 5?

A

5 directors chosen by the Ancients from a list provided by the 500, executive and appointed ministers.

35
Q

What were the checks in place for the Directory of 5?

A

A director, chosen by lot, would retire each year, and none could sit in the Councils.

36
Q

Who were some notable Directors?

A

Carnot - CPS member but organised war.
Barras - previously brutally suppressed counter-rev; served Directory for whole period.

37
Q

When had Assignats lost all worth?

A

End of 1795

38
Q

When were Mandats introduced, and what happened?

A

February 1796 - 800 million mandats issued but they were counterfeited rapidly so they were also worth nothing within a year.

39
Q

When was metal coinage used, and what happened?

A

After 1796, but it bought about deflation as little currency was in circulation.

40
Q

When were weights and measures standardised?

A

1795, helping reduce grain prices.

41
Q

How did issuing Mandats help the government?

A

Wrote off 2/3 of government debt, though it destroyed the creditors who bought them.

42
Q

When had the Directory balanced payments?

A

1797 and 1798. Though it alienated taxpayers and creditors.

43
Q

Who was arrested in January 1797?

A

Andre Brotier, for planning a military rising in Paris to overthrow the Directory.

44
Q

When was the Conspiracy of Equals planned for, and what happened?

A

Soldiers planned to rise up on 11th May 1796, Directory had Babeuf and a co-conspirator guillotined and others deported.

45
Q

What and when was the Coup of Fructidor?

A

4th Sept 1797. Two of the Directors were arrested, Council of 500 was purged of 177 royalist deputies.

46
Q

Why did the Coup of Fructidor happen, and what was the aftermath?

A

April 1797 Royalists did well in elections, up to 182 seats. Fears of a royalist majority. Afterwards, 2 new directors replaced Carnot and Barthelemy.

47
Q

When and what was the Coup of Floreal?

A

11th May 1798. Jacobins did well in the March elections, so 127 were purged before they could take their seats. Results from 8 depts. ignored.

48
Q

What did the Coup of Floreal show?

A

The difficulty of using the constitution of 1795

49
Q

When and what was the coup of Prairial?

A

18th June 1798. Director Treilhard replaced with Louis Gohier. Directors Lepeaux and Douai were forced to step down by Barras and Sieyes.

50
Q

Why did the Coup of Prairial happen, and what was the outcome?

A

Criticisms over conduct of war and election of Director Treilhard. Directors had been purged by councils. Little to hold government together, was only a matter of time until Brumaire destroyed Directory.

51
Q

What law was passed in July 1799?

A

Law of Hostages - authorities could take action against ‘radicals’.

52
Q

When was Napoleon made commander-in-chief of the Army of Italy?

A

March 1796

53
Q

How did Napoleon reform his army?

A

Arranged for them to be paid in silver rather than paper ““money””

54
Q

When did Piedmont-Sardinia withdraw from the 1st coalition?

A

April 1796

55
Q

What did Napoleon do in May 1796?

A

Defeated Austrians at Lodi, captured and looted Milan.

56
Q

How big of an indemnity did the Pope pay to Napoleon?

A

21 million livres, plus 800,000 livres shipping costs - June 1796

57
Q

What victories did Napoleon achieve related to Mantua, and what did this lead to?

A

At Arcola, Nov 1796, and Rivoli, Jan 1797. Occupation of Venice by May 1797.

58
Q

What was the Cisalpine Republic?

A

June 1797, client states of France in the north of Italy.

59
Q

What did Napoleon’s client states have?

A

Directories and two-chamber legislatures which he nominated himself.

60
Q

When and what was the Treaty of Campo Formio?

A

17th October 1797, peace with Austria. Also recognised French control of Belgium, client states and natural borders.

61
Q

When did the War of the 2nd Coalition begin?

A

1799

62
Q

How did Napoleon conduct his foreign policy in 1797?

A

Completely independently, ignoring any directives from Paris.

63
Q

When did General Hoche die?

A

1797, only general as famous as Napoleon.

64
Q

When was Napoleon’s Egyptian campaign?

A

May 1798 - May 1799

65
Q

Why did Napoleon want an Egyptian campaign?

A

Follow ancient generals, undermine British.

66
Q

How many troops did Napoleon command in Egypt?

A

35,000. Directors eager to send him away.

67
Q

What was the Battle of the Pyramids, and what happened after?

A

French victory near Cairo in July, yet the British destroyed the French fleet in August.

68
Q

When and why did Napoleon leave Egypt?

A

August 1799, to pursue political power at home and fend off the 2nd coalition.

69
Q

How did Napoleon reform the army?

A

Reformed it into corps of 10,000 to 30,000

70
Q

How many hours of work a day could Napoleon put in?

A

18-20 hours(!)

71
Q

When was Abbe Sieyes made a Director?

A

May 1799

72
Q

What were the preparations for the Coup of Brumaire?

A

Lucien elected as President of the Council of 500. Plan was to force Directors to resign and draw up a new constitution.

73
Q

When did the Coup de Brumaire begin?

A

18th Brumaire, Sieyes, Ducos and Barras stepped down as Directors, crippling the government.

74
Q

What happened on the Coup de Brumaire?

A

9th Nov Moulin and Gohier - remaining Directors - put under house arrest. 10th Nov Council of Ancients stormed. Deputies from 500 and Ancients removed.

75
Q

Who were the 3 consuls appointed after the Coup?

A

Sieyes, Ducos and Napoleon - Cambaceres and Lebrun replaced Ducos and Sieyes.

76
Q

What and when was the constitution of Year VIII?

A

24th December 1799, Following the Coup, mostly concentrated power on the 3 consuls.

77
Q

What was the First Consul?

A

Shared power with 2 others, acted as director of policy and initiated legislation. 10 year terms (!!)

78
Q

What was the Senate?

A

Body of 80 nominated by 1st Consul, advised first consul and could override legislature. Selected deputies.

79
Q

What was the Council of State?

A

Advisory body chosen by the 1st Consul

80
Q

What was the Legislative Body?

A

Upper chamber of 300, would vote on legislation but not discuss it.

81
Q

What was the Tribunate?

A

100 members, would discuss legislation but not vote on it.

82
Q

Who could vote under the Consulate?

A

Anyone who had lived in the same house for 1 year.

French Rev Stuff (8 decks)

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