Napoleon and France Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
When was the Order of the Legion d’Honneur created?
A
1802
2
Q
When were the Knights of the Empire introduced?
A
1808
3
Q
When did Napoleon crown himself Emperor?
A
1804
4
Q
When was the Imperial Nobility established?
A
1808
5
Q
What percentage of Napoleonic titles were given to military men?
A
59%
6
Q
How many lycees were set up?
A
45
7
Q
What were Napoleonic state primary schools called?
A
ecoles populaire
8
Q
When was the Imperial University established?
A
1808
9
Q
What was the Civil Code of 1804?
A
Allowed women some control over own property on marriage.
10
Q
What type of divorce was allowed in Napoleonic France?
A
Divorce by consent (sometimes)
11
Q
How did Napoleon reduce Parisian newspapers in 1800?
A
From 73 to 13, then later to 4.
12
Q
What were newspapers subject to under Napoleonic France?
A
Police supervision, only covered ‘official news’ and military bulletins.
13
Q
What had to apply for a licence to operate under Napoleonic France?
A
Publishing firms and theatres.
14
Q
When was the Napoleonic Censorship Board set up?
A
1810
15
Q
What was the Napoleonic ‘Myth of the saviour’?
A
Use of propaganda, so art, sculpture and architecture, to honour the achievements of Napoleon.
16
Q
When could churches open under Napoleon?
A
Any day, 1799
17
Q
What was made a day of rest under Napoleon?
A
Sunday, 1800
18
Q
What did the 1801 Napoleonic Concordat do?
A
Made Pope the head of the RCC again, Catholicism ‘religion of the majority’, freedom of worship for Catholics. Oath of loyalty to regime remained.
19
Q
What and when were the Organic Articles?
A
1802, controlled training of priests and restricted Church activity within France. Religious toleration for Protestants and Jews.
20
Q
What change to teaching was made in 1806?
A
New Catholic cathechism to be taught - loyalty to Napoleon above the Church.
21
Q
When was the Papal States occupied by France?
A
1808
22
Q
When was the Pope imprisoned by Napoleon?
A
1809
23
Q
When was the Napoleonic Civil Code issued?
A
1804
24
Q
What were the terms of the Napoleonic Civil Code?
A
Abolition of feudalism, separation of Church and State, equality before the law, Le Chapelier law, rights of purchasers of beins nationaux.
25
What was the Le Chapalier law?
Banned guilds and trade unions, removed the right to strike.
26
What social changes were made in the 1804 Civil Code?
Father/husband confirmed as head of the family, women's rights limited - especially with owning property / divorce.
27
How did the Civil Code change inheritance?
Ending of Primogeniture was confirmed. (First-born would not necessarily inherit everything)
28
What did the Criminal Code continue?
Written in 1807, continued use of jury trials introduced after 1789.
29
What did the Penal Code retain in regards to punishment?
1810, retained capital and corporal punishment.
30
How did Napoleon change the selection of judges?
Now appointed by the government rather than elected by local communities.
31
What Napoleonic criminal court was set up in 1801?
One to deal with 'brigands' (Chouan/Vendean rebels) - trail without a jury.
32
When were the Gendarmerie established?
1801, military police
33
What were the duties of the Gendarmerie?
Would deal with bandits, theft/violent crime, would put down rebellions and enforce conscription.
34
What was the role of the Napoleonic civilian police?
Acted as a 'secret police', Would intercept letters, destroy rebellious publications and round up and exile trouble-makers.
35
How was the Napoleonic civilian police organised?
Every town over 5,000 had a commissioner, who would answer to a departmental prefect and report to Minister of General Police.
36
Who was the Minister of General Police, and who did they report to?
Fouche 1800-1810 then Savary, reported directly to Napoleon.
37
What were the administrative/civilian police expected to do under Savary?
Seek out and remove potential, not only actual, opposition.
38
What tax did Napoleon keep from the Directory, and how did he try to reform it?
Land tax from directory, tried to make a land register - only 20% complete by 1815.
39
What tax was collected in urban areas under the Consulate?
Personal property tax, contribution personelle mobiliere.
40
What tax did Napoleon reintroduce in 1803?
Octrois, replaced personal property tax.
41
How was the Napoleonic tax system organised?
Each dept. had tax collectors and inspectors, paid in proportion to amount collected.
42
What was the central bureau responsible for handing after 1807?
Responsible for handling and auditing state finances
43
What taxes did Napoleonic France increasingly rely on?
Indirect taxes - taxes on alcohol, salt, tobacco and playing cards quadrupled.
44
What was one of Napoleon's first acts relating to money?
Only legal tender would be metal coinage, not worthless paper money.
45
When was the Bank of France set up, and what did it do?
1800, provided credit for government and businesses, controlled currency of gold/silver coins.
46
When was the assassination attempt on Napoleon?
24th December 1800. 52 killed/wounded.
47
Why did Napoleon hold a plebiscite in 1800?
To show apparent concern for democracy, and silence politicians who spoke out against his position.
48
What was the result of the 1800 plebiscite?
Only 1.5 million, or 25% of electorate, voted; ridiculous 99.94% support.
49
What did Napoleon do upon becoming First Consul?
Moved into the Tuileries, had coins minted with his face on them. Often wearing a laurel.
50
What did Napoleon select as First Consul?
Councils of State
51
How did Napoleon repress Jacobins?
Spies infiltrated groups, in 1801 129 Jacobins were arrested and deported.
52
How did Napoleon repress Royalists?
In September 1800 Napoleon told the comte de Provence to never return to France. Executed 750 chouans in 1800.
53
What were the royalist disturbances in Paris under the Consulate?
1800-1804, in 1804 Napoleon kidnapped and shot a Bourbon prince - duc d'Enghien - for allegedly being in league with emigres.
54
How did Napoleon repress Liberals?
In 1803 banished Madame de Stael and her lover to 64km from Paris. Curbed press freedom heavily, print completely controlled.
55
What were the terms of Napoleon's decree on press in 1800?
January 1800, only 13 newspapers allowed, no new newspapers published, had to be approved by Police, suppression of liberal ideas.
56
How did Napoleon win over royalists?
Promised to protect Catholicism, offered an amnesty to any in the West who would surrender.
57
Who did Napoleon specifically try to win over?
The bourgeoisie - biens nationaux kept, vote changes gave them more influence.
58
What were amalgame and ralliement?
Respectively, reconciling the old nobility and new elites; rallying all around the regime.
59
When and what was the Peace of Amiens?
1802, peace with Britain - so respite from war, popular with trading bourgeoisie.
60
When and what was the Battle of Marengo?
Victory over Austria in 1800, allowed Napoleon to exploit military propaganda
61
When was Napoleon made Consul for life?
1802 - could also name his heir.
62
What were the results of the 1802 plebiscite?
Another very suspicious 99.76% support.
63
When did Napoleon crown himself Emperor?
1804 - due partly to 1803 resumption of war. Became Emperor of the French with the House of Bonaparte.
64
What was the result of the 1804 plebiscite?
99.93% support (come on lmao)
65
When was Napoleon crowned?
2nd December 1804. Crowned himself.
66
When did Napoleon start blocking the Tribunate and Legislative?
Jan 1801
67
When did Napoleon purge the governmental bodies?
January to March 1802, removed 20 from Tribunate and 60 from Consulate.
68
When was the Tribunate abolished?
1810
69
When was the last meeting of the Legislative Body?
1813
70
Who was General Augereau?
Son of a fruit-seller, rose to become a Marshal of France, Grand Officer of the LoH and duc de Castiglione.
71
When was the Napoleonic school system set up?
May 1802 established the ecole populaires and lycees.
72
What did Napoleonic schools primarily teach?
Obedience to the State
73
What did lycees focus on?
Creating effective generals and civil servants
74
What did the Imperial University do?
Teacher-training - staff had to give an oath of loyalty
Curriculum - standardised
Inspections and reports to Napoleon
75
When did Napoleon marry Marie-Louise?
January 1810
76
What were married women not allowed to do?
Accept an inheritance without husband's permission
77
How were publishing houses reduced under Napoleon?
1808 decree reducing them from 200 to 60.
78
When was the Napoleonic censorship board set up?
January 1810
79
When did France move back to the Christian calendar?
1806
80
What did the Code of 1807 do?
Provided guidance for businesses, including debt and bankruptcy.
81
What was the 1808 criminal code?
Maintained trial by jury - though the first double jury disappeared in 1811. Arrest without trial possible.
82
What was the 1810 criminal code?
Laid down guidelines for punishments - death for murder, arson and forgery. Some hard labour and branding - but also maximum and minimum penalties.
83
How were judges selected under Napoleon?
Directly appointed by him. Local magistrates were also appointed after 1802.
84
When were judges purged?
Mostly in 1807
85
What were the Napoleonic special courts?
1801, suppression of brigands - no juries and could give death penalties.
86
What did Napoleon create in 1800 to help run the nation?
Prefects - agents responsible for carrying out central authority
87
What did prefects do?
Chief administrator - conscription, tax collection, agriculture, industry, etc. etc. etc
88
How many prefects had served under the revolutionary governments?
68%
89
When was the octrois reintroduced?
September 1803
90
How was tax collected under Napoleon?
Tax collectors paid in proportion to amount collected, passed to receivers who were scrutinised by the govt.
91
What was the Cour des Comptes?
Sept 1807 body to handle and audit state finances. Detailed accounts, needed authorisation for release of money
92
How did the bank of France help state finance?
Ensured Napoleon's loans were at a sensible interest as repayments were guaranteed.
93
What bodies did Chaptal establish?
Bureau of Statistics - obvious
Societe d'Encouragement, prizes and exhibitions of industry
Councils of Agriculture, Art and Commerce
94
What and when were the Chambers of Commerce?
1802, in 23 largest cities. Facilitated trade.
95
How much did French economy increase from 1790 to 1812?
Wool increased 400%, silks rose from 26 to 64 million francs.
96
How did agriculture decline under Napoleon?
Land was divided into smaller plots under the Civil Code, driving more to subsistence farming.
97
When were bad harvests under Napoleon?
1806, 1809 onwards.
98
When was Louisiana sold, and for how much?
1803, for 50 million francs as well as cancellation of 18 million francs of debt.
99
When was the continental blockade established?
1806-1807
100
What French trading region declined under Napoleon?
Atlantic, due to British blockades
101
What was the main failure of the Continental Blockade?
Inability to stop smuggling, despite customs officials tripling. Corruption rampant
102
What were limiting factors on Napoleonic economic change?
Large amount of farming. Industrial work unattractive. Focus on wartime industry. Bourgeoise looked down upon trade. Poor comms.
103
What happened economically in 1806?
Expenditure outstripped income (not good!)
104
When was France back in severe debt?
1810, inflation also rose. Banks collapsed.
105
When was an especially bad harvest under Napoleon?
1811
