The Terror Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
When was France declared a republic?
A
22nd September 1792
2
Q
What was Louis referred to in the republic?
A
Louis Capet, or Louis le Dernier - ‘Louis the Last’.
3
Q
What did Jacobins want to happen to Louis?
A
Put on trial and executed
4
Q
What did Girondins want to happen to Louis?
A
Accepted he was guilty, but didn’t necessarily want a death penalty.
5
Q
Which faction supported centralisation of government?
A
Jacobins, the Girondins wanted decentralisation
6
Q
Which faction was favoured by the SC?
A
Jacobins, the Girondins were suspicious of the SC and didn’t agree with economic controls.
7
Q
Which faction favoured a moderate approach to change?
A
Girondins, the Jacobins wanted a more militant, radical approach.
8
Q
What decrees were the Girondins able to pass in Nov 1792?
A
16th Nov - River Scheldt ‘free and open’ to all traffic, to annoy GB.
19th Nov ‘Edict of Fraternity’ - willing to help all achieve freedom
9
Q
When was a committee set up to investigate a trial of Louis?
A
1st Nov 1792
10
Q
When was the Armoire de Fer discovered?
A
20th November 1792 - evidence of Louis’ correspondence with the Austrians.
11
Q
When was the decision taken to try Louis?
A
3rd December 1792, Convention acting as both judge and jury (!)
12
Q
When was Louis’ indictment read to him?
A
11th Dec 1792, arguing he was a threat to the future of France.
13
Q
What did the Girondins propose in respect to Louis’ trial?
A
A referendum to determine verdict and punishment, rejected by Jacobins + Plain.
14
Q
When were votes held to decide the fate of the King?
A
15-17 January 1793
15
Q
What were the results of the votes on the guilt of Louis?
A
693 found him guilty with none against.
Referendum rejected 424 to 283.
16
Q
What were the results of the votes on the fate of Louis?
A
16-17 January 1793. 721 votes cast.
2 imprisonment
26 reprieve
46 death with conditions
286 for banishment
361 for death without conditions
17
Q
When was the verdict of Louis’ death read to him?
A
20th January 1793
18
Q
When was Louis executed?
A
21st January 1793
19
Q
What land had France secured between Sept 1792 and January 1793?
A
Netherlands, Savoy, Nice, areas of the Rhine.
20
Q
What did Danton proclaim in January 1793, related to the war?
A
‘Natural borders’
21
Q
What happened in the war from March 1793?
A
French troops driven out of Netherlands, invasions from Spain, Britain and Austria.
22
Q
When did France declare war on Britian?
A
February 1793
23
Q
When does Dumoriez defect to the Austrians?
A
April 1793
24
Q
When does the Republic of Mainz fall?
A
July 1793
25
Where did the Chouan Uprisings take place?
West of France, throughout much of the war
26
Why was the West of France ideal for rebellion?
Religious resentment, sale of church lands bought in hated bourgeoisie land-owners, poor food supply.
27
What was the spark for the Rising in the Vendee?
Levy for 300,000 men in March 1793.
28
What were the early actions in the Vendee?
Catholic and Royal Army of the Vendee formed, Cholet fell on the 14th March.
29
How many men were sent to the Vendee in May?
30,000
30
How many men were sent to the Vendee in September?
100,000
31
When was the Vendeean army mostly destroyed?
December 1793
32
When was the CGS established, and what did it do?
October 1792, to oversee policing and the administration of Justice.
33
When were the number of CGS members reduced?
From 30 deputies to 12 during the beginning of 1793
34
When was a draft of 300,000 men ordered?
February 1793, to be carried out in March. By ballot if necessary.
35
When were representants-en-mission appointed?
March 1793, 82 appointed to travel in pairs across France.
36
What did representants-en-mission do?
Ensure loyalty and function of departements, maintain public order, arrest suspects, supervise levies.
37
What extra duties were representats-en-mission given in April 1793?
Ensuring the morale of troops and the loyalty of their generals.
38
When was the Revolutionary Tribunal set up?
March 1793, to try counter-revolutionaries.
39
What was the structure of the Revolutionary Tribunal?
5 judges, a public prosecutor, and jurymen from Paris and surrounding departements.
40
What decree was passed, referring to rebel punishments, in March 1793?
19th March 1793, rebels bearing arms could be executed without appeal within 24 hours.
41
When were watch committees made mandatory, and what did they do?
March 1793, to look out for suspicious behaviour and hand suspects over to tribunals.
42
When was the CPS set up, and what did it do?
April 1793, responsible for the conduct of war, diplomacy, the army, and application of revolutionary laws.
43
What did the CPS have authority over?
The CGS, as well as other ministers and government agencies.
44
What structure did CPS meetings take?
9 men, elected by the NC monthly, whose meetings were closed to outsiders.
45
Why were there disturbances in Paris in February and March '93?
Over the price of bread, soap, sugar and coffee. Shopkeepers threatened with violence.
46
When were Girondin printing presses attacked?
9-10th March
47
When was Marat arrested?
12th April 1793, after the Girondins made an indictment for his arrest. Acquitted 12 days later, Girondins seen as enemies of liberty.
48
When and why were the first price controls established?
3rd May, 8,000 SC surrounded Convention demanding price controls so Robespierre was able to win a vote.
49
When was the Convention besieged by the SC?
31st May - 2nd June. Thousands of SC demanded that Girondins be expelled.
50
What happened on the 2nd June 1793?
80,000 - 100,000 SC gathered around Convention, deputies forced from leaving until 29 Girondin deputies expelled and put under house arrest.
51
What was the cause of the Federalist revolt?
The expulsion of the Girondins on the 2nd June 1793
52
How many departements protested against the expulsion of the Girondins?
60 out of 83.
53
How many departements seriously rebelled against the expulsion of the Girondins?
8 out of 83
54
What happened in Toulon in 1793?
City appealed for help from the Anglo-Spanish fleet and proclaimed Louis XVII as King. Taken in December by Napoleon.
55
How much of the French navy was at Toulon?
26 ships, 1/3 of the whole French navy.
56
When were most of the Federalist revolts crushed?
Between July and October
57
When was the Jacobin constitution finished?
24th June '93 (I think)
58
Why was the Jacobin constitution never implemented?
Heavily endorsed by a national plebiscite, yet never implemented because of wartime situation.
59
What were the decrees of the Jacobin constitution?
All adult males could vote, every man had the right to express himself with direct political action (i.e revolts), everyone was entitled to public assistance.
60
When was the levee en masse passed?
23rd August 1793
61
What were the terms of the Levee en Masse?
All men without immediate dependants to give military service.
Married men to 'forge weapons'
Women to 'Make tents and serve in hospitals'
Children to 'shed old linen for lint'
Old to 'excite the courage of warriors, preach hatred of kings and unity of republic'
62
What were some tactical considerations of the levee en masse?
Only called up young men, as France was more in need of weapons and supplies than fighters.
63
How many men-in-arms did France have by 1794?
A million.
64
What was military defeat made?
A political crime.
65
How many generals were executed in 1793?
17 - including Custine and Houchard, leaders of the forces of the Rhine and North respectively.
66
Who was largely in charge of organising the Army in late 1793 - 1794?
Carnot
67
When was the Battle of Wattignies?
October 1793, first French victory in a while - 3 Austrian regiments destroyed.
68
What happened in the war in August 1793?
Austro-Prussian army besieges French positions in Rhine. Siege of Dunkirk starts.
69
What did the CPS proclaim in October 1793?
'The cowardly satellites of tyranny have fled before you'
70
What military events happened in December 1793?
Vendeean rebels defeated, Republicans recapture Toulon, Austrians defeated at Alsace. Austrians and Prussians retreat across Rhine.
71
When did Robespierre join the CPS?
July 1793
72
What powers did the CPS have over the executive?
If 2/3 of the CPS members voted on an order it **had** to be carried out, weakening the Executive Council.
73
Who were the dominant members of the CPS?
Robespierre, Saint-Just, Couthon and Carnot.
74
How often did the CPS report to the Convention?
Once a week, just became a rubber stamp.
75
When was Marat murdered?
13th July, by a disgruntled Girondin.
76
What was the outcome of Marat's death?
SC increasingly agitated, demanding for all 'suspects' to be arrested.
77
When did the SC march on the convention for a 2nd time, and why?
5th September 1793, demanding lower bread prices, higher wages and attacks on those 'oppressing the people'.
78
What legislation was passed on 9th Sept. 1793?
SC paramilitaries established - armees revolutionnaires - to force farmers to surrender grain. 9th Sept 1793
79
What and when was the Law on Suspects?
17th Sept 1793, made it so people could be arrested because of conduct, words, or writings. Nobles suspect. Essentially intensified arrests.
80
What were watch committees to do under the Law of Suspects?
Draw up lists of suspects, giving then to the CGS.
81
What and when was the New Law of the General Maximum?
29th Sept 1793 - replaced May law, max price for grain, flour meat, oil, etc. as well as wage regulations.
82
What did an unknown Jacobin deputy say on the 5th Sept. 1793?
To 'place terror on the order of the day'.
83
How many died during the Terror?
40,000 between 1792 and 1794.
84
How many were guillotined during the Terror?
17,000
85
How many cases did the Rev. Tribunal hear between March and Sept. 1793?
260, 66 executed
86
How many cases did the Rev. Tribunal hear between September and December 1793?
500,000 (!!), 180 executed
87
When was Marie Antionette tried and executed?
Tried 14th Oct 1793, executed 16th Oct 1793
88
What was Marie-Antionette accused of?
Orgies, squandering government money, conspiracy against the state, sharing intelligence with the enemy and incest with her son.
89
Who was put on trial on the 24th Oct 1793?
21 expelled Girondin leaders, guilty and executed on the 31st Oct 1793.
90
When was the Duc D'Orleans executed?
6th Nov 1793 - links to the royal family.
91
When and why was Madame Roland executed?
8th November 1793, wife of Roland.
92
What did SJ say on his speech on 10th Oct 1793?
'The provisional government of France is revolutionary until there is peace'.
93
What was used in the popular terror?
Local watch committees, armees revolutionnaires of up to 40,000 men roaming the countryside, CGS spies, 100+ representatns-en-mission.
94
What atrocities happened in the Vendee?
7873 guillotined (!!), 2000 executed in Noyades (mass drownings).
95
What atrocities happened in Toulon?
700-800 shot in a massacre on Toulon's Champ de Mars following December recapture.
96
What atrocities happened in Lyons?
Barere suggested Lyons should be razed. Mitraillades carried out, 2,000 executed via cannon in less than a month.
97
When was dechristianisation made an official policy?
October 1793
98
What happened to the figures on the Notre Dame?
All beheaded
99
When were all remaining churches closed?
November 1793, following frenzied attacks on religious imagery
100
When did the Archbishop of Paris resign?
7th Nov 1793
101
When and where was the Festival of Reason?
November 1793, held at the Temple of Reason - renaming of Notre Dame
102
When did major attacks on religion cease?
December 1793
103
When was the Law of 14 Frimaire II?
4th December 1793
104
What did the Law of 14 Frimaire do to the powers of the CPS?
CPS given direct power over ministers, generals, representatns and local government. Other authorities under CGS.
105
What did the Law of Frimaire do the powers of the SC?
Popular societies and patriotic committees closed down, armees revolutionnaires disbanded from March 1794.
106
Who was denounced in a March 1794 reading to the Convention?
The Hebertists and the Indulgents.
107
Why were the Hebertists arrested?
Rumours of a plot to assassinate NC members, Hebert and 18 associates arrested.
108
What happened to the Hebertists?
Hebert and 18 associates guillotined on the 24th March 1794.
109
When were the Indulgents arrested, and what happened?
30th March - potential bribery was the charge. Danton, Desmoulins and 13 others guillotined on 5th April.
110
What festivals were announced in March 1794?
Festivals of the Cult of the Supreme Being - generic atheistic state religion.
111
When was the Cult of the Supreme Being formally announced?
7th May - with the Festival of the Supreme Being taking place on 8th June.
112
When was the Law of 22 Prairial?
10th June 1794
113
What were the terms of the Law of 22 Prairial?
10th June 1794.
All political criminals to be taken before Parisian tribunal.
Only acquittal or death.
No witnesses or defence.
Trials to take no more than 3 days.
114
How did the Law of 22 Prairial affect the NC?
Replaced all previous legislation, so the Convention deputies were no longer immune to prosecution.
115
How many did the Tribunal condemn from 10th June to 26th July?
1284 death sentences produced and 278 acquitted in about 45 days!
116
What were the classes of the victims of the Great Terror?
Around 25% clergy, 35% nobles, 40% bourgeoisie.
117
When was a maximum wage set for the final time?
23rd July 1793, along with a rise in the price of bread. Infuriated workers.
118
What infuriated the CGS?
The dominance of the CPS, Cult of the Supreme Being, and Law of 22 Prairial.
119
What divisions were there within the CPS?
Carnot and SJ argued over military tactics, Billaud grew increasingly upset with the radicalism of the body.
120
When did Robespierre stop attending the CPS?
July 1794 - took a 3 week break from start on month.
121
When and what was Robespierre's last speech?
26th July 1794, accused many groups of conspiring against public liberty and hinted at more purges - even attacking other CPS members. Refused to name who he was accusing.
122
When was SJ's last speech?
27th July 1794 - arrived ready to deliver a speech, quickly shouted down and a decree to arrest Robespierre and most of the CPS was rapidly passed.
123
What happened on the 10th Thermidor?
28th July, Robespierre and 22 associates went to the guillotine. 71 more executed next day, and 12 more the day after.
124
How many Commune members died after the Coup de Thermidor?
87 of 95.
