Experiment in Constitutional Monarchy Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
When did the EG start?
A
Opened 4th May 1789, first session 5th May 1789.
2
Q
What were some early problems in the EG?
A
Voting still not fixed, no reform package or any agenda put forward.
3
Q
What did Abbe Sieyes argue at the start of the EG?
A
That the 3rd estate had the right to act alone if the other estates would not join it
4
Q
When did some clerics join the 3rd estate group in the EG?
A
10th June 1789
5
Q
When did the 3rd Estate vote to call itself the ‘National Assembly’?
A
17th June 1789, 491 votes to 90. Asserted right to represent whole nation.
6
Q
When did Louis XVI’s son die?
A
4th June 1789
7
Q
When was the Tennis Court Oath, and what led to it?
A
20th June NA locked out of meeting place, moved to local tennis court and declared that they would not disband until France had a constitution.
8
Q
When was the first Royal Session?
A
23rd June 1789, King refused to call the NA the NA, used EG term. Demanded estates still meet separately. Deputies refused to leave after the session.
9
Q
What did Louis do on the 26th June 1789?
A
Bring 4800 extra troops to Paris.
10
Q
What did Louis do on the 27th June 1789?
A
Recognised the NA and permitted voting by head. Too late, as had already lost the trust of the NA.
11
Q
How many troops were in Paris by the 4th July 1789?
A
30,000
12
Q
When was Necker dismissed for the 2nd time?
A
11th July 1789
13
Q
When was the Storming of the Bastille?
A
12th-13th July 1789. Symbol of royal oppression, also held gunpowder needed for looted muskets.
14
Q
What else was happening at the time of the Storming of the Bastille?
A
40 out of 54 customs posts destroyed. Rebels armed themselves. National Guard established.
15
Q
How many attacked Les Invalides, and when?
A
12th July 1789, same time as the Bastille, 8,000 attacked and took 32,000 muskets.
16
Q
When and what was the Great Fear?
A
17th July - 3rd August, attacks on local nobles. National Guard units set up. Revolution spread beyond Paris. Peasants refused to pay tax and sought destruction of feudal dues.
17
Q
When were feudal rights abolished?
A
4th August 1789
18
Q
What were the causes of the Great Fear?
A
Rumours about returning emigres, marauding brigands - in league with nobles - attacking families, and grain merchants making vast profits.
19
Q
What 1789 decrees did Louis refuse?
A
The August Decrees and the DOROMAC.
20
Q
When was the DOROMAC passed?
A
26th August 1789
21
Q
Why did Louis refuse the DOROMAC and Decrees?
A
Challenged divine right, likely pressure from wife+court, hoped rev. government would simply collapse
22
Q
What was Louis offered after refusing the DOROMAC and Decrees?
A
A suspensory veto - ability to delay, but not forbid, legislation
23
Q
When was the March to Versailles?
A
5th October 1789, 6000-7000 set out to Versailles to gain an audience with the King.
24
Q
What was the result of the March to Versailles?
A
Louis was forced to accept the DOROMAC and August Decrees, and was forced to move back to Paris. Escorted back on the 6th October.
25
Where was the royal family housed in Paris?
The Tuileries, where they were 'protected' by the National Guard.
26
Which deputies were particularly enthusiastic about Church reform?
Abbe Sieyes, Talleyrand, Gregoire.
27
How were Church taxes changed in the 1789-1790 reforms?
Don Gratuit abolished, tithe and church tax abolished.
28
When were early religious changes under the Constitutional Monarchy?
August 1789- June 1790
29
When was citizenship granted to Protestants and Jews?
Protestants December 1789, Jews January 1790 / September 1791
30
When was all church property nationalised?
2nd November 1789
31
What did the Constitutional Monarchy do to religious orders?
Dissolved them unless they could prove they were charitable.
32
What happened to pluralism and the payment of annates under the Cons. Monarchy?
Abolished / ended
33
When was the CCC proposed?
12 July 1790
34
What did the CCC do to diocese and bishops?
Boundaries of diocese redrawn to correspond with departements, each departement would have 1 bishop. So 83 instead of 135.
35
What did the CCC stipulate about clergy and church officials?
Clergy would become paid state officials, would have to reside in their diocese. Bishops and priests were to be elected, giving citizens control over spiritual leaders.
36
When was the CCC adopted?
December 1790
37
When was the Oath to the CCC?
27th Nov 1790,
38
What was the Oath to the CCC?
Clergy had to swear to be faithful to the nation, law and king, and maintain the constitution. Any who refused would lose office and salary.
39
How many swore the Oath to the CCC?
Only 7 of 160 bishops, and 55% of the Parish clergy.
40
What did the Pope do to those who took the CCC?
Suspended them, following 1791 April Papal bull.
41
What did the French government do in response to the 1791 Papal bull?
Occupied and annexed Avignon, declared in Nov 1791 that refractory priests were counter-revolutionaries.
42
When were refractory priests deported?
May 1792 onwards.
43
What was the impact of the CCC?
Deeply divided the nation between those who prioritised revolution and those who prioritised religion.
44
What form did the new 1789 constitution take?
August 1789, representative democracy / cons. monarchy with an elected body as legislative, king + ministers as executive and an independent judiciary.
45
How many chambers did the constitutional govt. have?
Sept 1789 decided on one chamber, the Assembly
46
What vetoing powers was the King granted under the Assembly?
A 3-year suspensory veto, granted to balance out power and ensure the Assembly did not rule in self-interest.
47
What other powers did the King have under the Assembly?
Could appoint ministers to form a cabinet.
48
What title did the King hold under the Assembly?
From October 1789 - King called 'King of the French' not 'King of France', to show power was derived from the law and people.
49
How was the king supported under the Assembly?
Given a 25 million livres budget along with his private income - still 20 million less than before rev.
50
How often were elections held under the Assembly?
Once every 2 years though electoral colleges.
51
What were active and passive citizens?
Made December 1789, Active citizens were over 25, had lived in one place for a year and paid taxes equal to 3 day's labour could vote; other, 'passive' citizens could not vote.
52
What powers did the Assembly have?
Power to make laws, collect taxes, and decide on issues of war and peace.
53
How did the running of each departement work?
Would have an elected council of 36, which would appoint a directorate of 8 to run the region. Uniform across all of France.
54
How was the legal system reformed under the Assembly?
Jurors draw by lot, judges paid salaries.
55
What was the system of courts under the Assembly?
JPs dealt with minor cases, District courts above them, then a capital court. A single high court of appeal also existed.
56
What were the legal rights of people under the Assembly?
Judge within 24 hours of arrest, proceedings open to the public, lawyers for all, only capital punishment was the guillotine, fair punishments.
57
When was the Assembly's penal code?
September 1791, less severe punishments and less death penalties.
58
When did assignats start being issued?
December 1789. Rapidly inflated.
59
When were the gabelle and aides abolished?
Gabelle March 1790, aides 1791.
60
What was the Assembly's 'patriotic contribution'?
Sept 1789, 25% of income from anyone earning over 400 livres a year.
61
What was the 1791 tax system?
A land tax, a poll / property tax, and a limited tax on commercial activity.
62
When was the grain trade deregulared?
August 1789
63
When were guilds abolished?
1791
64
How was everyone addressed under the Assembly?
As a citizen, so no 'master/mistress'. Theoretical social equality.
65
When was the Le Chapelier law under the Assembly?
June 1791, no strikes or trade unions allowed.
66
Where did the noble political club meet, and what newspapers did they publish?
Salon Francias, L'Ami du Roi was a royalist, satirical publication.
67
What was the Society of 89?
Supporters of the constitutional monarchy, high entry fee so mostly bourgeoisie.
68
How many Jacobin clubs were there by August 1790?
152
69
How many Jacobin club members were there by the end of 1790?
1000
70
When did the Jacobin club reduce membership fees?
October 1791, large amounts of artisans joined.
71
When did the breakaway Feuillant Club form?
July 1791
72
When was the Cordeliers Club founded?
April 1790, left-wing
73
Who were notable Cordeliers members?
Danton, Desmoulins, Jean-Paul Marat. Hebert.
74
What were some of the causes of the Flight to Varennes?
King being a prisoner in the Tuileries, CCC challenging religious convictions. Pressure from wife and sister for Louis to resist revolutionaries.
75
When did Count Mirabeau die, and what impact did this have?
2 April 1791, was the King's courtier and a member of the NA, acting as a go-between - death led to Flight.
76
How did the political clubs lead to the Flight?
Were rapidly growing and becoming increasingly radical, deeply worrying king.
77
What happened when Louis tried to celebrate Easter?
18 April 1791, prevented from leaving the Tuileries by a mob with NG support - in defiance of Lafayette.
78
When was the Flight to Varennes?
20/21st June
79
Why did the Flight to Varennes fail?
Louis rejected advisers' choice of route, travelled in a 6-horse coach, took too long loading so left without protection.
80
What happened when Louis returned to Paris after the Flight?
Citizens kept hats on to show disrespect - clearly sowed doubts about King's commitment to revolution.
81
When was Louis 'Temporarily suspended'?
16th July 1791 - 290 Assembly deputies abstained from voting as they thought this was too extreme a measure.
82
What did Louis leave before his Flight?
A list of complaints, including his opposition to many of the Assembly's decrees which he had officially accepted.
83
When was the Champ de Mars massacre?
17h July 1791
84
What was the Champ de Mars demonstration?
6,000 people turned out to sign a petition for the establishment of a republic.
85
What happened at the Champ de Mars massacre?
Lafayette was sent by the Assembly to disperse the crowd - stones were thrown, the Guard fired directly into the crowd and killed around 50.
86
What was the Champ de Mars seen as?
A betrayal of the people by the moderates, a massacre.
87
When and what was the Declaration of Pillnitz?
Issued 27th August 1791, declaration from Austria and Prussia that the French Crown should be restored and they would use force to reinstate Louis.
88
How many pre-rev army officers were emigres by 1791?
Around 60%
89
When did the Legislative Assembly first meet?
1st October 1791
90
What were the Legislative Assembly's first decrees?
9th Nov - decree against Emigres, threatening perpetual banishment.
29th Nov - decree demanding refractory priests take the oath or be seen as traitors.
91
What happened to the LA's first decrees?
Vetoed by Louis.
92
When did Prussia and Austria make a formal alliance?
Feb 1792, promising 20,000 men in a war against France.
93
When did France declare war on Austria?
20th April 1792
94
What happened at the battle of Marquain?
29th April 1792, French troops retreated as soon as they saw the enemy and massacred one of their officers.
95
What acts did Louis veto following the outbreak of war?
Deportation of ref. priests 27th May, disbanding of King's Guard 29th May, 8th June 20,000 Federe Camp.
96
When and why did Louis dismiss his ministry?
13th June, Roland had pleaded with him to undo his suspensory vetoes.
97
When was the 1st major Journee?
20th June 1792, anniversary of the TCO. 8,000 involved
98
What happened on the 20th June Journee?
Mob marched to Tuileries, demanded that Louis withdraw vetoes and reinstate pro-war ministers.
99
What did Louis do at the 20th June Journee?
Put on a bonnet rouge and toasted to the nation - making no promises to actually do anything. The crowd withdrew after the Mayor of Paris asked them to.
100
What was the response to the 20th June Journee?
Lafayette visited the Assembly 28th June and demanded action against the protestors.
101
What and when was 'Le partie en danger'?
11th June declaration that all men should support the war effort in a spirit of self-sacrifice.
102
When was Robespierre's first major speech?
29th July, that France should become a republic and argued for a National Convention forming.
103
What was the Brunswick Manifesto?
Arrived 1st August, warning that French soldiers would be executed and that Paris would be destroyed if harm came to the King.
104
When was the second major Journee?
10th August 1792
105
How many participated in the 10th August Journee?
20,000 SC and 2,000 federes.
106
How many were defending the king at the 10th August journee?
2000-3000 men, 700-800 of them Swiss Guards.
107
What were the casualties of the 10th August journee?
Almost all the swiss guard, around 1,000 SC/federes.
108
What happened after the capture of the King on 10th August 1792?
Royal family moved to the Temple prison. Assembly declared king 'temporarily suspended'.
109
What was the aftermath of the 10th August journee?
Distinction between active and passive citizens ended, a new Convention promised. Danton made Minister of Justice. All vetoed laws came into force.
110
What law was passed on the 26th August 1792?
Ref. priests had 2 weeks to leave or be deported to French Guyana.
111
When did Lafayette defect?
19th August defected to Austrians, after an attempt to march on Paris and restore constitution.
112
When was Verdun besieged?
News reached Paris on 1st Sept.
113
What acts did Danton pass before the Sept Massacres?
30th Aug house searches - 3,000 arrested. 2nd September, conscription on pain of death.
114
When were the September Massacres, and how many died?
2-7th Sept 1792, around 1,500 Parisian prisoners.
115
Who were the victims of the September Massacres?
Refractory priests, political prisoners, ordinary criminal, clergy.
116
What did the September Massacres do to French politics?
Widened the split between the Jacobins and Girondins.
117
What happened in the 1792 elections?
No Girondin candidates were elected in Paris, outside Paris many 'Plain' deputies were elected.
