Disabilities and challenges Flashcards
1
Q
What is the medical model?
A
Views disability as a biological problem of the person
2
Q
What are strengths of the medical model?
A
Can address biological sources of disabilities
3
Q
What are the weaknesses of the medical model?
A
Often overlooks broader sociopolitical constraints
4
Q
What is the social model?
A
Views disability as a socially created problem
5
Q
What are the strengths of the social model?
A
Makes it clear barriers and challenges are not inevitable, and aren’t exclusive of an individual’s “broken” body. Can improve the world through designs that accommodate wider variety of abilities and bodies.
6
Q
What is the biopsychosocial model?
A
Views disability as a result of multiple factors, including biology and social design.
7
Q
What are the weaknesses of the social model?
A
Can downplay embodied aspects of disability. Can also create political antagonism and adversaries.
8
Q
What is the economic model?
A
Views disability as impacting a person’s ability to work.
9
Q
What are the strengths of the economic model?
A
Recognizes a need for support and accommodations
10
Q
What are the weaknesses of the economic model?
A
Creates a legally defined category which can be stigmatizing and too narrow
11
Q
What is the functional solutions model?
A
Views disability by limitations with the intent to create solutions to overcome them
12
Q
What are the strengths of the functional solutions model?
A
It is results-oriented, producing solutions to real-world challenges
13
Q
What are the weaknesses of the functional solutions model?
A
Profit-driven solutions may miss the mark or benefit the innovator more than the target population; de-emphasizes sociopolitical root causes
14
Q
What is the charity model?
A
Views disability as unfortunate and in need of assistance from the outside, with those providing charity viewed as benevolent
15
Q
What are the strengths of the charity model?
A
Can inspire people to contribute time and money for assistance that is genuinely needed
16
Q
What are the weaknesses of the charity model?
A
Condescending toward people with disabilities, who may feel resentful of pity and dependence on accepting and cultivating pity. Often ignores long-term, more effective solutions
17
Q
What are the 7 models of disability in the CPACC BoK?
A
- Medical model
- Social model
- Biopsychosocial model
- Economic model
- Functional solutions model
- Charity model
- Social identity or Cultural affiliation model
18
Q
What is the Social identity or Cultural affiliation model?
A
Views disability as a source of personal identity or membership within a group of like-minded individuals
19
Q
What are the strengths of the Social identity or Cultural affiliation model?
A
Views disability as accepted and a source of pride in being associated with others
20
Q
What are the weaknesses of the Social identity or Cultural affiliation model?
A
Sense of belonging by one group can be counterbalanced by exclusion of people that don’t meet the group’s expectations
21
Q
What are the 9 major categories of disability?
A
- Visual
- Auditory
- Deaf-Blindness
- Speech
- Mobility, flexibility, and body structure
- Cognitive
- Seizure
- Psychological
- Multiple / compound
22
Q
What are the 3 types of visual disabilities?
A
- Blindness
- Low vision
- Colorblindness
23
Q
What are 2 solutions to being unable to see digital or electronic interfaces?
A
- Screen readers
- Audio descriptions
24
Q
What are solutions to being unable to see digital interfaces of public displays?
A
Audibly announce content and haptic or speech input
25
What are solutions to difficulty seeing low contrast text?
Software or hardware options can enhance contrast by changing colors
26
What are 5 solutions to being unable to see when walking?
1. Canes
2. Service animals
3. GPS with audio interface
4. Raised bumps on sidewalks and stairs, remove low-hanging architecture
5. Clear obstructions
27
What are 4 solutions to being unable to see signs or text on buildings?
1. Maps and geolocation apps to announce location and description
2. Braille labels
3. Tactile models
4. Color combinations with high contrast
28
What are 3 solutions to being unable to see or feel controls on flat interfaces (e.g. microwave)?
1. Use alternative interfaces with knobs, etc.
2. Audio interfaces
3. Remote control through apps
29
What are 3 solutions to being unable to read money?
1. Mobile apps to view money and read aloud
2. Manufacture paper bills in different sizes, shapes, or textures
3. Non-cash systems using voice output or compatible with screen-readers
30
What are 2 solutions to being unable to read text on containers and packaging?
1. Braille
2. Mobile apps to scan and announce
31
What are 2 solutions to being unable to read printed materials?
1. Optical character recognition software to convert print into digital text
2. Make information digitally available
32
What are solutions to being unable to tell the color of a clothing item?
Mobile apps can announce color
33
What is the difference between assitive technologies and adaptive strategies?
1. Assistive technologies are products used by disabled people
2. Adaptive strategies are enhancements to or changes in methods of interacting with environment or tech
34
What is blindness?
A sensory disability involving total or near-total vision loss. Some can perceive light and dark or general shapes, but cannot read or recognize people by sight.
35
What is low vision?
Uncorrectable vision loss that interferes with daily activities. May have low contrast and/or color deficiencies.
36
What is colorblindness?
Inability to distinguish certain color combinations, most commonly red-green.
37
What are 3 types of auditory disabilities?
1. Deafness
2. Hard of hearing
3. Central auditory processing disorder
38
What is deafness?
Total or near total loss of hearing. May or may not be Deaf.
39
What is hard of hearing?
Mild to severe hearing loss. Most use hearing aids or cochlear implants.
40
What is Central auditory processing disorder?
Inability to interpret, organize, and analyze what's heard even when no measurable hearing loss exists.
41
What is deaf-blindness?
Sensory disability that includes both deafness and blindness. Most deafblind are not completely deaf nor blind.
42
What are 3 types of speech disabilities?
1. Articulation
2. Aphasia
3. No speech / mutism
43
What is articulation disorder?
Difficulties in producing specific types of sounds. Might include leaving off sounds, adding sounds, distorting sounds, or swapping sounds.
44
What are the 3 categories of articulation disorders?
1. Speech sound disorder
2. Phonological process disorder
3. Motor speech disorder
45
What is speech sound disorder?
When speech sounds persist past a certain age.
46
What is phonological process disorder?
When there are patterns of not saying words correctly.
47
What is motor speech disorder?
When a person has trouble moving the muscles required for speech.
48
What is aphasia?
An impairment of language affecting production or comprehension of speech and the ability to read or write, always due to brain injury and most commonly stroke.
49
What is mutism?
Inability or unwillingness to speak. Neurogenic mutism is often an extreme form of other speech disorders.
50
What are the 3 types of psychogenic mutism?
1. Elective mutism
2. Selective mutism
3. Total mutism
51
What is elective mutism?
When a person chooses not to speak.
52
What is selective mutism?
When a person wants to speak but cannot in certain situations.
53
What is total mutism?
When a person does not speak under any circumstance.
54
What are 4 types of mobility, flexibility, and body structure disabilities?
1. Manual dexterity / fine motor control
2. Ambulation
3. Muscle fatigue
4. Body size or shape
55
What is manual dexterity / fine motor control?
Intricate movements of hand and wrist needed to manipulate, control, and use objects.
56
What condition often presents with manual dexterity / fine motor control disabilities?
ADHD
57
What is ambulation?
The ability to walk from place to place independently with or without an assistive device.
58
What are some causes of ambulation disorders?
Cerebral palsy, neuromuscular disorders, amputation, arthritis, back injuries.
59
What is muscle fatigue?
Overwhelming sense of tiredness, lack of energy, and feeling of exhaustion causing difficulty in performing voluntary tasks.
60
What are 6 associated symptoms of muscle fatigue?
1. Soreness
2. localized pain
3. shortness of breath
4. muscle twitching
4. trembling
5. weak grip
6. muscle cramps.
61
What are 5 factors that can cause muscle fatigue?
1. Illness
2. age
3. medications and treatments
4. inactivity
5. depression
62
What are body size or shape disabilities?
Disabilities caused by a variety of disorders that affect a person's stature, proportions, or shape.
63
What are 4 examples of body size or shape disabilities?
1. acromegaly
2. dwarfism
3. rheumatoid arthritis
4. obesity.
64
What are 6 types of cognitive disabilities?
1. Intellectual disabilities
2. Reading and dyslexia
3. Math and computation
4. ADHD
5. ASD
6. Non-verbal learning disability
65
What are intellectual disabilities?
Significant limitations in intellectual functioning (reasoning, learning, problem solving) and in adaptive behaviors for a range of everyday social and practical skills. Sometimes called learning disabilities. Definitions vary by country.
66
What are the American Association of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities' 3 criteria for an intellectual disability?
1. IQ below 70 - 75
2. Significant limitations in 2 or more adaptive areas
3. Condition manifests before age 18
67
What are reading disabilities and dyslexia?
Inability to perceive text or to process the meaning of words, phrases, and ideas. Dyslexia may include difficulty with phonological processing, spelling, and/or rapid visual-verbal responding. Often learning disabilities are accompanied by reading disabilities.
68
What are typical causes of adult onset dyslexia?
Brain injury or dementia.
69
What are math and computation disabilities?
Impairments in ability to learn and communicate math.
70
What is dyscalculia?
Inability to understand arithmetic and how to calculate.
71
What is dysgraphia?
Inability to draw or copy figures and graphs.
72
What are 7 common signs of dyscalculia?
1. Trouble grasping meanings of quantities like biggest vs. smallest
2. Understanding that 5 = five = V
3. Remembering things like multiplication tables
4. Counting money or making change
5. Estimating time
6. Judging speed or distance
7. Understand logic behind math or holding numbers in head while solving problems
73
What is ADHD?
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is characterized by inattention, distractibility, hyperactiveness, and impulsivity.
74
What is ASD?
Autism spectrum disorder refers to a range of conditions characterized by some degree of impairment in social behaviors, communication and language, and narrow range of interests and activities that are both unique to the individual and carried out repetitively. Level of function is highly variable.
75
What 4 conditions are commonly present with ASD?
1. Epilepsy
2. depression
3. anxiety
4. ADHD
76
What are 12 common traits in ASD?
1. Not responding to name by 12 months
2. Not pointing at interested objects by 14 months
3. Not playing pretend by 18 months
4. Avoid eye contact / prefer to be alone
5. Have trouble understanding or discussing feelings
6. Delayed speech and language
7. Repeat words and phrases
8. Give unrelated answers to questions
9. Get upset by minor changes
10. Obsessive interests
11. Flapping hands, spinning in circles
12. Unusual reactions to sensory input
77
What is NVLD?
Non-verbal learning disability is similar to Asperger's with difficulty in social interactions, sensory input, and making transitions. Is thought to be the same disorder but describes different severity (with Asperger's more severe).
78
What are 9 signs of NVLD?
1. Great vocabulary and verbal expression
2. Excellent memory skills
3. Attention to detail but missing big picture
4. Poor abstract reasoning
5. Concrete thinking
6. Physical awkwardness and poor coordination
7. Poor social skills
8. Trouble adjusting to changes
9. Anxiety, depression, low self-esteem
79
What are the 2 types of seizure disabilities?
1. General
2. Photosensitive
80
What is a seizure?
A sudden, uncontrolled electrical brain disturbance. Can cause changes in behavior, movements, feelings, and levels of consciousness.
81
What are 8 symptoms of a seizure?
1. Visual hallucinations
2. Inability to speak
3. Convulsions
4. Loss of muscle tone
5. Staring
6. Falling down
7. Biting the tongue
8. Loss of bladder / bowel control
82
When do seizures commonly begin?
Early childhood or late adulthood.
83
What is photosensitive epilepsy?
Condition in which people have seizures triggered by flashing or flickering lights or patterns.
84
What are the two groups of people with photosensitive epilepsy?
Those with pure photosensitivity that is only triggered by photosensitivity, and those that experience seizures at other times too.
85
What flash or flicker rates will trigger seizures?
Most commonly between 16 and 25 times a second, but as low as 3 or as high as 60.
86
What patterns are most likely to trigger a seizure?
High contrast patterns.
87
What are the 3 types of psychological disabilities?
1. Social disabilities
2. Emotional disabilities
3. Behavioral disabilities
88
What is a social disability?
A disorder in which a person feels anxiety or fear in all or certain social situations, or doing everyday things in front of other people. The person is afraid they will be humiliated, judged, and rejected.
89
What 7 things do people with social anxiety tend to do?:
1. Blush, sweat, tremble, feel rapid heart rate, have blank mind
2. Feel nauseous
3. Show rigid body posture, make little eye contact, speak overly softly
4. Find it scary and difficult to be with other people
5. Be very self-conscious
6. Feel afraid of being judged
7. Stay away from places where there are other people
90
What are the 5 characteristics of an emotional disturbance?
1. Inability to learn that cannot be explained by other factors
2. Inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships
3. Inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances
4. General pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression
5. Tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with personal or school problems
91
What are 5 behaviors seen in children with emotional disturbances?
1. hyperactivity
2. Aggression of self-injurious behavior
3. Withdrawal
4. Immaturity
5. Learning difficulties
92
What are behavioral disorders?
Patterns of disruptive behaviors in children that last for at least 6 months and cause problems in school, at home, or in social situations.
93
What are 6 characteristics of behavioral disorders?
1. Inattentiveness
2. Hyperactivity
3. Impulsivity
4. Defiance
5. Drug use
6. Criminal activity
94
People with multiple or compound disabilities often show deficits in what 5 areas?
1. Intellectual functioning
2. Adaptive skills
3. Motor skills
4. Sensory functioning
5. Communication
95
What are 2 solutions to being unable to hear talks, presentations, and performances.
1. Provide sign language interpretation.
2. Provide live captions on a monitor during the speech.
96
What are 3 solutions to being unable to hear the audio portions of videos?
1. Provide synchronized captions
2. Provide sign language interpretation
3. Provide a transcript
97
What are solutions to being unable to hear doorbells, alarms, and other alerts?
Provide alternative visual alerts such as flashing lights, pulse, dim, turn on and off.
98
What are 3 solutions to being unable to distinguish sounds?
1. Auditory training (occupational therapy)
2. Compensatory strategies such as graphical organizers such as story trees, and metacognition strategies such as organization and problem-solving skills
3. Enviromental modifications such as acoustic dividers and noise barriers
99
What are solutions to being unable to see a digital test as a deafblind person?
Screen reader can convert text to refreshable braille / printed braille
100
What are solutions to being unable to hear audio as a deafblind person?
Screen reader can convert transcript to refreshable braille / printed braille
101
What are solutions to being unable to perceive video, including audio?
Screen reader can convert transcript to refreshable braille / printed braille
102
What are solutions to being unable to speak with other persons?
Text-to-speech or augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices.
103
What are 3 solutions to being unable to write understandable text?
1. Programs with writing templates, organization tools, word prediction, and spell checkers
2. Speech-to-text programs
3. Additional time to complete tasks.
104
What are 2 solutions to perceiving words as floating and not in a line?
1. Special fonts
2. Additional time to complete tasks
105
What are 2 solutions to perceiving words and letters differently?
1. Changing font, adding contrast or underline
2. Additional time to complete tasks
106
What are 5 solutions to requiring additional time to read and process content:
1. Extend time-outs and return to same location on page
2. Voice-output technology and screen readers with text highlighting to assist with tracking
3. Enhanced visible focus indicators
4. Special programs or dictionaries which provide images with text
5. Additional time to complete tasks
107
What are solutions to struggling to decipher content the way it is presented in a webpage?
Apply a custom style sheet (CSS)
108
What are solutions to struggling to complete security challenges like CAPTCHAs?
Support the ability to change the type of problem presented.
109
What are 2 solutions to having difficulty processing content visually?
1. Voice output to reinforce reading with audible content
2. Additional time to complete tasks
110
What are 2 solutions to difficulties with spelling?
1. Spelling and grammar checker
2. Dictation
111
What are 6 disability etiquette rules?
1. Speak to the person directly, not the person accompanying them
2. Do not make assumptions about abilities
3. Offer assistance only when you have permission
4. Respect their ability to make decisions and judgment on their own behalf
5. Use language and terminology that places people first
6. Avoid referring to people by their disability
