Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Parasitology [LEC] > [Discussion] MODULE 1 UNIT 5 > Flashcards

[Discussion] MODULE 1 UNIT 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology -the study of the (?) of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems

A

distribution and determinants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

-“study of those living closely to each other.”

A

Epidemiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

-A group of people with common characteristics

A

Population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

-The number of cases in a population

A

Prevalence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

-Disease and anything that affects the well-being of a population

A

Health-related events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

-Cause or risk factor that brings about a change in a health condition

A

Determinant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

-diverse group of communicable diseases that prevail in tropical and subtropical conditions in 149 countries

A

NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

-affect more than one billion people and cost developing economies billions of dollars every year

A

NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

(?), without adequate sanitation and in close contact with infectious vectors and domestic animals and livestock are those worst affected

A

Populations living in poverty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Core epidemiologic tasks of a public health epidemiologist include

A

public health surveillance, field investigation, research, evaluation, and policy development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

is almost always part of the team dedicated to protecting and promoting the public’s health.

A

epidemiologist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The vector-borne NTDs include but not limited to:

A

•Dengue
•Lymphatic filariasis
•Onchocerciasis
•Chagas disease
•Leishmaniasis
•Human African trypanosomiasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Dengue
Zikaviruses
chikungunya viruses
arboviruses

A

Aedes aegypti mosquito

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

is the principle behind limiting the transmission of many vector-borne diseases

A

Vector control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

This includes a range of insectide-based and non-insecticide based techniques within local communities.

A

Vector control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

trypanosomiasis and filariasis

A

Tsetse flies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

These are attracted to the color blue.

A

Tsetse flies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The waterborne NTDs include but not limited to:

A

•Dracunculiasis
•Schistosomiasis
•Trachoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

is a key component of the global NTD strategy and is critical for preventing and providing care for most NTDs

A

safe water, sanitation and hygiene (known as WASH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Many of the pathogens that cause NTDs thrive where water and sanitation are inadequate.

A

WATER-BORNE NTDs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

water contaminated with feces and urine can contain worm eggs

A

schistosomiasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Latrines in Tanzania are known to breeding spots for Culex mosquittos

A

filariasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The skin-related NTDs include but not limited to:

A

•Buruli ulcer •post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis •Leprosy •mycetoma •Onchocerciasis •scabies •yaws

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

causes scabies

A

Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

an endoparasite primarily transferred through skin-to-skin contact and with fomites

A

Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

It was classified as an NTD in 2017 by the WHO in hopes of raising awareness.

A

Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

occur in countries with hot, tropical climates, especially in communities where overcrowding and poverty coexist, and where there is limited access to treatment

A

scabies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The zoonotic NTDs include but not limited to:

A

•Echinococcosis •Taeniasis •Rabies •Snakebites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

has the lowest incidence among all of the NTDs.

A

Neglected zoonotic diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The greatest burden falls on the 1 billion poor livestock keepers in Africa and Asia who live in close contact with their animals and depend on livestock production for their livelihoods and nutrition

A

endemic zoonosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

was identified as a leading cause of deaths from food-borne diseases

A

T. solium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

taeniasis or cysticercosis is also indicative of poor standards of sanitation and inappropriate pig husbandry practices

A

T. solium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The approach of treating populations at risk of human helminth diseases, to prevent transmission or morbidity of those diseases, with drugs either alone or in combination.

A

PREVENTIVE CHEMOTHERAPY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

along with complementary public health interventions is a mainstay of WHO’s recommended strategy of providing preventive chemotherapy to treat populations at risk of selected NTDs

A

anthelminthic and antimicrobial medicines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Delivery is usually undertaken by (?) organized by national health services but delivered by communities, through school-based treatments or via the health services themselves

A

mass drug distribution campaigns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

can help prevent the transmission of parasitic diseases.

A

Educating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

-refers to the frequency and pattern of health parasitic infections in a population

A

Distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

-refers not only to the number of health event, but also to the relationship of that number to the size of the population

A

Frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

-The occurrence of health-related events by time, place, and person

A

Patterns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

aims to describe the distributions of diseases and determinants.

A

Descriptive epidemiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

searches for patterns by examining characteristics of person, place, & time

A

Descriptive epidemiology

42
Q

are often revealed by answering three basic questions which these features of disease occurrence relate respectively to:

  1. Who gets the infection?
  2. Where does the infection occur?
  3. When does the infection occur?
A

Patterns

43
Q

age, sex/gender, race/ethnicity

A

Demographic factor

44
Q

The WHO African Region carries a disproportionately high share of the

A

malaria

45
Q

In 2020, the region was home to (?).

Children under 5 accounted for about (?) in the Region.

A

95% of malaria cases and 96% of malaria deaths
80% of all malaria deaths

46
Q

-a sexually transmitted parasite that can be passed between partners-can lead to vaginal infection

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

47
Q

increase a woman’s susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

48
Q

blood group or immune status

A

Constitutional factor

49
Q

Duffy blood group-negative people, largely of African ancestry, are resistant to erythrocyte

A

Plasmodium vivax infection

50
Q

Parasitic infections such as (?) have been reported to coexist, particularly in resource-limited settings such as India.

A

Strongyloides stercoralis and HIV

51
Q

such as eating raw meat

A

Behavior or activity

52
Q

Occupation, family income, educational achievement, living conditions, and social standing

A

Socio-economic status

53
Q

were higher among households who had no members whose education status is secondary and above.

A

Childhood parasitic infections

54
Q

Some farming practices such as the use of improperly treated animals manure as fertilizers, unhygienic practice of farmers and sanitation issues were factors that contribute to

A

parasite contamination in the farms

55
Q

was reported in 15 of the 23 Argentine provinces; human prevalence was between 3.4 and 64.8%.

A

Giardia

56
Q

Rural or urban

(?) in peri-urban areas had the higher infection rates.

A

Indigenous children and residents

57
Q

Every year, millions of US residents travel to countries where (?) is present.

A

malaria

58
Q

About 2,000 cases of (?) are diagnosed in the United States annually, mostly in returned travelers.

A

malaria

59
Q

All travelers to countries where (?) is present may be at risk for infection.

A

malaria

60
Q

are most common in developing countries in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world.

A

Parasitic diseases

61
Q

These places are often hot and humid, conditions which are suitable for the growth of many parasites

A

Tropical, subtropical or temperate region

62
Q

Migrants have problematic access to (?); non-institutional organizations (NGOs), as well as institutional bodies may play a role in facilitating their access to mainstream health care.

A

health-care

63
Q

is distributed worldwide, particularly in the tropics, most commonly in areas of poor sanitation.

A

Amoebiasis

64
Q

Long-term travelers (duration >6 months) are significantly more likely than short-term travelers (<1 month) to develop

A

E. histolytica infection

65
Q

is seasonal.

A

Malaria

66
Q

is often performed during wet seasons with the increased spawn of mosquittos.

A

Chemopreventive treatment

67
Q
  • refers to a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly.
A

Sporadic

68
Q
  • refers to the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a population within a geographic area
A

Endemic

69
Q
  • refers to persistent, high levels of disease occurrence.
A

Hyperendemic

70
Q
  • refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population, in that area.
A

Epidemic

71
Q
  • carries the same definition of epidemic, but is often used for a more limited geographic area
A

Outbreak

72
Q
  • refers to an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of peope.
A

Pandemic

73
Q

-the relative magnitude of two quantities or a comparison of any two values.

A

Ratio

74
Q

Example:
3 males : 1 female
8 patients : 1 nurse

A

Ratio

75
Q

-comparison of a part to the whole
Example: 5.5 per 1000 persons
8% of African Americans

A

Proportion

76
Q

-proportion of individuals in a population with a particular parasite species at a specified point in time (point prevalence) or over a specified interval of time (period prevalence)

A

Prevalence

77
Q

-the proportion of new cases of parasitic infections in a population in a specified time period

A

Incidence

78
Q

-refers to burden of infection which is related to the number of worms per infected person

A

Intensity of infection

79
Q

The epidemiological triangle

Three components:

A

agent
host
environment

80
Q

These refer to the characteristics of man that favor the survival of the parasite within the host

A

Host factors

81
Q

are intrinsic factors that influence a person’s exposure, susceptibility, or response to the parasite.

A

Host factors

82
Q

These refer to the characteristics of man that favor the survival of the parasite within the host.

A

Host factors

83
Q

Children are vulnerable to

A

soil-transmitted helminths

84
Q

is found to be more prevalent among adults than children and among males compared to females

A

Lymphatic filariasis

85
Q

Attributed to occupation of men in these areas such as abaca farming that increases their exposure to the mosquito vectors

A

Lymphatic filariasis

86
Q

plays an important role in the susceptibility of an individual to infection and manifestations of clinical signs and symptoms

A

Poor nutrition

87
Q

A low protein diet favors the appearance of (?) and complications of disease.

A

amoebiasis

88
Q

A high carbohydrate diet favors the development of some

A

tapeworms

89
Q

Popularity of travels increases the transmission of disease from

A

endemic areas to susceptible population

90
Q

two human hookworms

A

Necator americanus
Ancylostoma duodenale

91
Q

Americas and tropical Africa

A

Necator americanus

92
Q

Europe and Southwest Asia

A

Ancylostoma duodenale

93
Q

refers to the genetic characteristic of people or group of people that confers resistance or susceptibility to parasitic infection

A

Racial phenomenon

94
Q

Individuals with sickle cell trait (heterozygous for HbS gene) are relatively protected against

A

Plasmodium falciparum malaria

95
Q

refer to climatic factors such as temperature, humidity, or amount of rainfall in a particular place that affect the development and survival of parasites

A

Physical factors

96
Q

Tropical countries where there is warmer temperature, higher rainfall and less seasonal changes have optimum conditions that are most favorable for the survival, development and transmission of

A

STH.

97
Q

made up of many variables such as occupation, family income, educational achievement, living conditions, and social standing

A

Socioeconomic factors

98
Q

The frequency of many adverse health conditions increases with

A

decreasing socioeconomic status

99
Q

increase the speed and efficiency of parasite transmission and spread

A

Crowded living conditions

100
Q

Infections or diseases affect the (?) in the world, settings where large numbers of people have little or no access to adequate health care, clean water, sanitation, housing, education and information

A

poorest people

Parasitology [LEC] (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions