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Parasitology [LEC] > [DISCUSSION] MODULE 3 UNIT 1 > Flashcards

[DISCUSSION] MODULE 3 UNIT 1 Flashcards

1
Q

 Unicellular

A

PROTOZOA

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2
Q

 Single cell for all functions

A

PROTOZOA

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3
Q

 Kingdom: Protista

A

PROTOZOA

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4
Q

 Majority can replicate inside the infected host

A

PROTOZOA

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5
Q

 Multicellular

A

HELMINTHS

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6
Q

 Specialized cells

A

HELMINTHS

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7
Q

 Kingdom: Animalia

A

HELMINTHS

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8
Q

 Majority does not replicate inside the host

A

HELMINTHS

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9
Q

Multicellular, bilaterally symmetrical animals having three germ layers

A

HELMINTHS

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10
Q
  1. Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms):
A

i. Class: Cestoda (tapeworms)
ii. Class: Trematoda (flukes or digeneans)

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11
Q
  1. Phylum Nemathelminthes:
A

i. Subclass: Adenophorea (Aphasmidia)
ii. Subclass: Secernentea (Phasmidia).

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12
Q

(Aphasmidia)

A

Nemathelminthes, Adenophorea

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13
Q

(Phasmidia).

A

Nemathelminthes, Secernentea

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14
Q

tapeworms

A

Platyhelminthes, Cestoda

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15
Q

flukes or digeneans

A

Platyhelminthes, Cestoda

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16
Q

flatworms

A

Platyhelminthes

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17
Q

Elongated, cylindrical, unsegmented

A

Nematohelminthes (Nematode)

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18
Q

Dorsoventrally flated leaf-like or tapelike

A

Platyhelminthes (cestode, trematode)

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19
Q

Segmented or unsegmented

A

Platyhelminthes (cestode, trematode)

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20
Q

Separate (diecious)

A

Nematohelminthes (Nematode)

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21
Q

Mostly hermaphroditic (except schistosomes)

A

Platyhelminthes (cestode, trematode)

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22
Q

Body cavity Present

A

Nematohelminthes (Nematode)

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23
Q

Body cavity Absent

A

Platyhelminthes (cestode, trematode)

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24
Q

Alimentary canal Complete

A

Nematohelminthes (Nematode)

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25
Q

Alimentary canal Incomplete

A

(trematodes)

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26
Q

Alimentary canal Absent

A

(cestodes)

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27
Q

 are among the most abundant animals on Earth.

A

Nematodes

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28
Q

 They occur as parasites in animals and plants or as free-living forms in soil, fresh water, marine environments, and even other unusual places.

A

Nematodes

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29
Q

 The number of named species is about (?), but it is probable that only a small proportion of the free-living forms have been identified.

A

20,000

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30
Q

 Greek: nema- meaning

A

“thread“

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31
Q

 Elongated, cylindrical worms with an unsegmented body

A

NEMATODE

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32
Q

 referred to as roundworms because they are round when viewed in cross-section

A

NEMATODE

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33
Q

 Possess a relatively well-developed complete alimentary canal, with an anus

A

NEMATODE

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34
Q

 Body cavity is present

A

NEMATODE

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35
Q

 Head does not have suckers or hooks, but may have a

A

buccal capsule with teeth or cutting plates

36
Q

 Sexes are separate

A

(diecious)

37
Q

The male, which is smaller than the female, commonly has a (?) posterior end.

A

ventrally curved or coiled

38
Q

Either oviparous or larviparous

A

NEMATODE

39
Q

 The most common life cycle pattern among parasitic nematodes is direct. However, some use an indirect cycle with 2 hosts.

A

(filaria and Dracunculus)

40
Q

 The life cycles of the individual nematodes are similar but

A

parasite-specific

41
Q

 The specifics of each nematode organism’s life cycle are addressed on an

A

individual basis.

42
Q

In their life cycle, nematodes may assume three (3) basic morphologic stages:

A

egg, larva (pl. larvae), and adult worm.

43
Q

 Nematode eggs differ greatly in

A

size and shape

44
Q

Egg

 the shell is of variable thickness, usually consisting of three layers which protects the

A

ovum

45
Q

Nematode egg shell layers

A

o an innermost thin, impermeable lipid layer
o a middle, tough and chitinous layer
o an outer vitelline membrane.

46
Q

Terms generally used in reference to eggs are the following:

A
  1. Fertilized (fertile)
  2. Unfertilized (infertile)
47
Q

 laid by gravid (i.e., pregnant) female worm following copulation (mating) with a male worm

A

Fertilized (fertile)

48
Q

under proper incubation conditions, the (?) develops

A

fertilized ovum (zygote)

49
Q

a product of unmated female worm, therefore, will not develop further

A

Unfertilized (infertile)

50
Q

 having smaller cells, called blastomeres, formed by cleavage, a series of consecutive cell division of the fertilized ovum

A

Segmented

51
Q

 after a number of cleavages, a solid mass of blastomeres, called morula, is formed.

A

Segmented

52
Q

 the ovum/zygote is in one-cell stage

A

Unsegmented

53
Q

 having an embryo (developing larva) which is an important criterion for egg maturity

A

Embryonated

54
Q

 might refer to an egg that is “immature”, i.e., not yet well into the process of development until egg contains a visible embryo; or it may be unfertilized so such egg will not contain a viable zygote

A

Unembryonated

55
Q

There are four larval (or juveline) stages of a nematode life:

A

○ first-stage (L1, rhabditiform larva)
○ second-stage (L2)
○ third-stage (L3, filariform larva)
○ fourth-stage larva (L4)

56
Q

first-stage

A

L1, rhabditiform larva

57
Q

third-stage

A

L3, filariform larva

58
Q

 The egg embryonates and (?) develops inside the egg.
 During each larval stage, a (?) happens where the cuticle is shed, allowing the nematode to increase in size.
 After reaching a particular stage of growth and favorable conditions are present, the (?) and the larva emerges from the egg shell.
 A molt of the L4 stage results into the (?) (either male or female) which occurs in the definitive host.
 (?) reside in their preferred habitat, where they concentrate on obtaining nutrition and reproduction.
 Depending on the species, the adult female nematode may lay eggs ((?) female) or larvae ((?) female); some produce eggs containing fully formed larvae ((?) female).

A

L1
molt
egg hatches
adult stage
Adults
oviparous, viviparous, ovoviviparous

59
Q

 Most often, the infective stage is the (?) with first-stage larva for (?) and the third-stage larva for the (?).

A

embryonated egg
Adenophorea
Secernentea

60
Q

 In other nematodes, infection is brought by the (?) that have hatched from the egg.

A

larvae

61
Q

Infection of humans with different species of nematodes is by:

A

i. ingestion of the infective stage egg or larva
ii. larval penetration through the skin of the host
iii. transmission of larvae by the bite of an insect

62
Q

i. ingestion of the infective stage egg or larva

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

63
Q

ii. larval penetration through the skin of the host

A

Necator americanus

64
Q

iii. transmission of larvae by the bite of an insect

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

65
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Small intestine

66
Q

Hookworms-Necator americanus

A

Small intestine

67
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale

A

Small intestine

68
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Small intestine

69
Q

Capillaria philippinensis

A

Small intestine

70
Q

Trichinella spiralis

A

Small intestine

71
Q

Trichuris trichiura

A

Large intestine

72
Q

Enterobius vermicularis

A

Large intestine

73
Q

Capillaria hepatica

A

Extraintestinal sites

74
Q

Filaria

A

Extraintestinal sites

75
Q

Dracunculus medinensis

A

Extraintestinal sites

76
Q

In general terms, the effect of parasitic nematodes on the host depends upon the following factors:

A

i. the worm burden ii. the habitat of the parasite iii. the activities of the parasite iv. the length of time the infection persists v. the overall health of the host

77
Q

 Since the nematodes can only rarely multiply in humans, the number of parasites present is a critical factor in determining the amount of damage to the host.

A

Worm Burden

78
Q

 In most cases, an infection of a small number of worms in a relatively healthy individual may remain asymptomatic or cause minimal discomfort.

A

Worm Burden

79
Q

 However, patients who have a heavy worm burden, particularly if combined with other health problems, are probably more likely to experience severe symptoms and/ or complications.

A

Worm Burden

80
Q

 The local reaction to adult worms in the intestine are generally minimal. Many infected patients are asymptomatic, but manifestations of infection include abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fever. Skin irritation, the formation of skin blisters, and muscle involvement may also be present.

A

Habitat

81
Q

 The pathogenicity of intestinal nematodes may be due, in part, to migration of adults or larvae through human tissues such as liver or lungs, piercing of the intestinal wall, bloodsucking activities of adult worms, or allergic reactions to substances secreted or excreted by either adult worms or larval stages.

A

Habitat

82
Q

 This can be serious in heavy infections.

A

Habitat

83
Q

 Pathogenicity induced by the tissue-dwelling adult nematodes primarily results from immune and nonspecific host responses to the parasite secretions and excretions and to degenerating parasite material. In some cases it may result from circulating larval stages. Migrating nematodes are usually associated with blood or tissue eosinophilia.

A

Activity

84
Q

 Nematodes are long-lived worms. Infections with nematodes have been known to last for up to 12 months or longer (some infections may last 10 to 15 years or more), depending on the specific species involved. The occurence of reinfections and/or autoinfections may increase the infection time up to several years and beyond; some infections persist indefinitely.

A

Length of Infection

85
Q

 The occurrence of reinfections and/or autoinfections may increase the infection time up to several years and beyond; some infections persist indefinitely.

A

Length of Infection

Parasitology [LEC] (23 decks)

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