Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Parasitology [LEC] > MODULE 2 UNIT 4 > Flashcards

MODULE 2 UNIT 4 Flashcards

1
Q

group of protozoa that live in the blood and tissues of their human host and other vertebrates

A

hemoflagellates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

move by means of flagella

A

hemoflagellates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

hemoflagellates is from the family of

A

Trypanosomatidae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hemoflagellates infecting man belong to two genera

A

Leishmania and Trypanosoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

heteroxenous

A

hemoflagellates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

transmission of hemoflagellates

A

bite of an arthropod vector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

four morphologic forms of clinical significance associated with hemoflagellates

A

amastigote, promastigote, epimastigote, and trypomastigote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

amastigote was formerly called

A

leishmania

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

promastigote was formerly called

A

leptomonas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

epimastigote was formerly called

A

crithidia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

trypomastigote was formerly called

A

trypanosoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

It is also known as the L-D (Leishman-Donovan) body.

A

Amastigote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

This stage is adapted to intracellular existence, being found inside macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, or endothelial cells.

A

Amastigote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The body is slightly wider than that of the promastigote.

A

Epimastigote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Volutin granules are found in the cytoplasm.

A

Trypomastigote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

shape and size: ovoidal in shape and, on an average, measures 5 µm long by 3 µm wide

A

Amastigote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

All Leishmania species pass their life cycle in two hosts:

A

(1) man and other mammalian hosts; (2) insect vector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

insect vector host of Leishmania

A

female sandlfy of the genus Phlebotomus in the Old World, and the genus Lutzomyia in the New World

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Leishmaniasis is transmitted by the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies. 1) Identify the species; 2) Order of cycle

A

1) Leishmania; 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The sandflies inject the infective stage (i.e., promastigotes) from their proboscis during blood meals 1) Identify the species; 2) Order of cycle

A

1) Leishmania; 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Promastigotes that reach the puncture wound are phagocytized by macrophages and other types of mononuclear phagocytic cells. 1) Identify the species; 2) Order of cycle

A

1) Leishmania; 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Promastigotes transform in these cells into the tissue stage of the parasite (i.e., amastigotes), which multiply by simple division and proceed to infect other mononuclear phagocytic cells 1) Identify the species; 2) Order of cycle

A

1) Leishmania; 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Parasite, host, and other factors affect whether the infection becomes symptomatic and whether cutaneous or visceral leishmaniasis results 1) Identify the species; 2) Order of cycle

A

1) Leishmania; 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Sandflies become infected by ingesting infected cells during blood meals 1) Identify the species; 2) Order of cycle

A

1) Leishmania; 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

In sandflies, amastigotes transform into promastigotes, develop in the gut (in the hindgut for leishmanial organisms in the Viannia subgenus; in the midgut for organisms in the Leishmania subgenus), and migrate to the proboscis 1) Identify the species; 2) Order of cycle

A

1) Leishmania; 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The Trypanosoma brucei complexes pass their life cycle in two hosts:

A

(1) man and other mammalian hosts; (2) insect vector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

trypanosomiasis vector

A

tsetse fly of the genus Glossina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

During a blood meal on the mammalian host, an infected tsetse fly (genus Glossina) injects metacyclic trypomastigotes into skin tissue. The parasites enter the lymphatic system and pass into the bloodstream 1) Identify the species; 2) Order of cycle

A

1) Trypanosoma brucei complexes; 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Inside the host, they transform into bloodstream trypomastigotes , are carried to other sites throughout the body, reach other body fluids (e.g., lymph, spinal fluid), and continue the replication by binary fission 1) Identify the species; 2) Order of cycle

A

1) Trypanosoma brucei complexes; 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The entire life cycle of African trypanosomes is represented by extracellular stages. The tsetse fly becomes infected with bloodstream trypomastigotes when taking a blood meal on an infected mammalian host 1) Identify the species; 2) Order of cycle

A

1) Trypanosoma brucei complexes; 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

In the fly’s midgut, the parasites transform into procyclic trypomastigotes, multiply by binary fission , leave the midgut, and transform into epimastigotes 1) Identify the species; 2) Order of cycle

A

1) Trypanosoma brucei complexes; 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The epimastigotes reach the fly’s salivary glands and continue multiplication by binary fission 1) Identify the species; 2) Order of cycle

A

1) Trypanosoma brucei complexes; 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The cycle in the fly takes approximately 3 weeks.

A

African trypanosomiasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

An infected triatomine bug takes a blood meal and releases trypomastigotes in its feces near the site of the bite wound. Trypomastigotes enter the host through the bite wound or intact mucosal membranes, such as the conjunctiva 1) Identify the species; 2) Order of cycle

A

1) T. cruzi; 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Inside the host, the trypomastigotes invade cells near the site of inoculation, where they differentiate into intracellular amastigotes

A

1) T. cruzi; 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The amastigotes multiply by binary fission and parasitized cells rupture. 1) Identify the species; 2) Order of cycle

A

1) T. cruzi; 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Some amastigotes enter further cells and others differentiate through transitional promastigotes and epimastigotes into trypomastigotes, and then are released into the circulation as bloodstream trypomastigotes 1) Identify the species; 2) Order of cycle

A

1) T. cruzi; 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Trypomastigotes infect cells from a variety of tissues and transform into intracellular amastigotes in new infection sites where they again multiply by binary fission. The triatomine bug becomes infected by feeding on human or animal blood that contains circulating parasites

A

1) T. cruzi; 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The ingested trypomastigotes transform into epimastigotes in the vector’s midgut 1) Identify the species; 2) Order of cycle

A

1) T. cruzi; 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

. The parasites multiply and differentiate in the midgut and differentiate into infective metacyclic trypomastigotes in the hindgut 1) Identify the species; 2) Order of cycle

A

1) T. cruzi; 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Inhabit the macrophages of the skin and nearby lymph nodes.

A

Leishmania tropica complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Leishmania tropica complex other names

A

L. tropica, L. aethiopica, and L. major

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Leishmania braziliensis complex other names

A

L. braziliensis, L. panamensis, L, peruviana, and L. guyanensis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

L. donovani complex other names

A

L. donovani, L. infantum, and L. chagasi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Leishmania mexicana complex

A

L. mexicana, L. amazonensis, and L. venezuelensis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Inhabit the macrophages of the skin, and mucous membranes of the nose and buccal cavity.

A

Leishmania braziliensis complex; Leishmania mexicana complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Inhabit the reticuloendothelial cells of the viscera (liver, spleen, bone marrow, intestinal mucosa, and mesenteric venules)

A

L. donovani complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Inhabit the endothelial cells of the kidneys, lungs, meninges and CSF

A

L. donovani complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

The term Old World is used to refer to

A

Asia, Africa, and Europe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

refers to a part of the world that was known to its citizens before it came into contact with the Americans

A

Old World

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

New World refers to the Americas and it is inclusive of

A

North America, South America, and Central America

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

a general term used to describe diseases caused by genus Leishmania

A

Leishmaniasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) agent

A

Leishmania tropica complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Leishmania tropica complex other condition names:

A
  • oriental sores - tropical sore - Aleppo button - Jericho boils - Delhi boils - Baghdad boils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

causes cellular infiltration, necrosis and ulceration, and granuloma formation

A

Sandfly bite on the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

characterized by one or more ulcers containing pus that generally self-heal

A

Cutaneous leishmaniasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

small red papule; 2 cm or larger in diameter; intense itching

A

Cutaneous leishmaniasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

crater-like with elevated and indurated margins

A

Skin ulcer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

heals in 2-10 months even without treatment but leaves an ugly, dysfiguring scar

A

Skin ulcer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

cause new world leishmaniasis in South and Central America

A

Leishmania braziliensis complex and Leishmania mexicana complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (ML) agent

A

Leishmania braziliensis complex and Leishmania mexicana complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Leishmania braziliensis complex and Leishmania mexicana complex other condition names:

A
  • espundia - forest yaws (AKA pian bois (L. guyanensis) - uta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Infection starts off as a reaction at the bite.

A

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (ML)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

The skin lesion is similar to cutaneous leishmaniasis but often weeping ulcers.

A

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (ML)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

It can go by metastasis into the mucous membrane of the nose, ears, pharynx and/ or larynx causing extensive dysfiguring lesion and can become fatal.

A

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (ML)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

New World cutaneous leishmaniasis

A

Leishmania mexicana complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

New World cutaneous leishmaniasis other condition names:

A
  • chiclero ulcer - bay sore
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Infection leads to CL that resembles the Old World CL.

A

New World cutaneous leishmaniasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

chiclero ulcer characterized by ulcerations in pinna is caused by

A

L. mexicana

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) agent

A

Leishmania donovani complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Old World VL agent

A

L. donovani and L. infantum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) other condition names:

A

Kala-azar, Dumdum fever, Death fever

73
Q
  • It literally means “black death” in India, referring to the characteristic darkening of the skin of the forehead and temple
A

Kala-azar

74
Q
  • the parasite was discovered by Dr. William Leishman from the spleen smear of a soldier who died of the disease in Dumdum, Calcutta, India
A

Dumdum fever

75
Q
  • This is the only leishmaniasis that is fatal if not treated
A

Death fever

76
Q

American VL [AVL]

A

New World VL

77
Q

New World VL agent

A

L. chagasi

78
Q

rare papule most likely occurs at the bite site; skin lesions are absent

A

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL)

79
Q

Affects internal organs (particularly, spleen, liver, and bone marrow) causing fever, hepatomegaly, jaundice, splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy

A

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL)

80
Q

Chronic cases usually lead to death in 1 or 2 years

A

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL)

81
Q

acute disease debilitates the patient and becomes lethal in a matter of weeks

A

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL)

82
Q

Phlebotomus sandfly

A

L. tropica; L. aethiopica; L. major

83
Q

general term used to refer to human diseases caused by hemoflagellates of the genus Trypanosoma

A

Trypanosomiasis

84
Q

identified Trypanosoma brucei as the causative agent of the trypanosomal diseases known as nagana and sleeping sickness

A

David Bruce

85
Q

T or F: David Bruce is a British pathologist.

A

F - Scottish

86
Q

a form of the disease often found in cattle

A

nagana

87
Q

T. brucei first described has become known as

A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

88
Q

was not described until 1910 by Stephens and Fantham

A

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

89
Q

causative agent of Chagas’ disease

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

90
Q

was later described in 1909 by a young medical student in Brazil named Carlos Chagas

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

91
Q

African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness

A

Trypanosoma brucei complexes

92
Q

causing West African trypanosomiasis

A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

93
Q

causing East African trypanosomiasis

A

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

94
Q

salivarian trypanosomes

A

T. brucei complexes

95
Q

undergo anterior station of development

A

trypomastigotes

96
Q

They migrate to mouth parts of the vectors, so that infection is transmitted by the their bite (inoculative transmission)

A

trypomastigotes

97
Q

chronic form of African trypanosomiasis

A

T. brucei gambiense

98
Q

mild, long course that ends fatally with central nervous system (CNS) involvement after several years’ duration

A

T. brucei gambiense

99
Q

acute form of African trypanosomiasis (short
course and ends fatally within a year)

A

T. brucei rhodesiense

100
Q

African trypanomiasis first sign of infection

A

African trypanomiasis first sign of infection

101
Q

painful, red nodule on the skin at the site of bite by the tsetse fly

A

trypanosomal chancre

102
Q

The lesion will resolve spontaneously within 1 to 2 weeks.

A

trypanosomal chancre

103
Q

This is systemic trypanosomiasis when trypomastigotes are in the blood and lymph nodes without central nervous system involvement.

A

Stage I African trypanomiasis

104
Q

It involves nonspecific signs and symptoms such as fever, malaise, headache, generalized weakness, and anorexia and lymphadenopathy.

A

Stage I African trypanomiasis

105
Q

refers to the enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes commonly seen in T. b. gambiense infections

A

Winterbottom’s sign

106
Q

Other symptoms that may be seen during this stage of the disease include erythematous rash, pruritis, localized edema, and Kerandel’s sign (a delayed sensation to pain).

A

Stage I African trypanomiasis

107
Q

characterized by CNS involvement

A

Stage II African trypanomiasis

108
Q

Mental retardation, tremors, meningoencephalitis, somnolence (excessive sleepiness), and character changes may develop

A

Stage II African trypanomiasis

109
Q

patient slips into a coma and death occurs, resulting from damage to the CNS

A

Stage II African trypanomiasis

110
Q

African trypanosomes exhibit unique antigenic variation of their

A

glycoproteins

111
Q

There is a cyclical fluctuation in the trypanosomes in the blood of infected vertebrates after every

A

7- 10 days

112
Q

Each successive wave represents a variant antigenic type (VAT) of trypomastigote possessing

A

variant-specific surface antigens (VSSAs) or variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) coat antigen

113
Q

a single trypanosome may have as many as [?] that help to evade immune response

A

1,000 or more VSG genes

114
Q

found in tropical West Africa and Central Africa

A

T.b. gambiense

115
Q

species of tsetse flies responsible for the transmission of T.b. gambiense

A

Glossina palpalis and Glossina tachinoides

116
Q

riverine species that breed especially in shaded areas along banks of rivers or stream

A

Glossina palpalis and Glossina tachinoides

117
Q

Transmission can occur when people frequent these areas to swim or do they laundry.

A

T.b. gambiense

118
Q

There are no known animal reservoir hosts.

A

T.b. gambiense

119
Q

rarely acquired congenitally if the mother is infected during pregnancy

A

T.b. gambiense

120
Q

found in East and Central Africa

A

T. b. rhodesiense

121
Q

primary species of tsetse flies responsible for the transmitting T.b. rhodesiense

A

Glossina morsitans, Glossina pallidipes, and Glosssina swynnertoni

122
Q

Wild game animals, as well as cattle and sheep, are known reservoir hosts of this organism. The disease is actually a zoonosis.

A

T. b. rhodesiense

123
Q

It is an occupational hazard for individuals working in game reserves and may also be a threat to visitors of game parks

A

T. b. rhodesiense

124
Q

causative agent of American trypanosomiasis which is also known as Chagas’ disease

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

125
Q

The Trypanosoma cruzi passes its life cycle in two hosts:

A

(1) man and other mammalian hosts; (2) insect vector

126
Q

vector of Trypanosoma cruzi

A

reduviid bug or triatomine bug

127
Q

causative agent of American trypanosomiasis which is also known as Chagas’ disease

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

128
Q

The Trypanosoma cruzi passes its life cycle in two hosts:

A

(1) man and other mammalian hosts; (2) insect vector

129
Q

bug in the family Reduviidae, subfamily Triatominae: Commonly belong to the genera of Triatoma, Rhodnius, and Panstrongylu

A

reduviid bug or triatomine bug

130
Q

cone-nosed bug, assassin bug, or kissing bug

A

reduviid bug or triatomine bug

131
Q

they tend to bite the host on the face

A

kissing bug

132
Q

stercorarian trypanosome

A

T. cruzi

133
Q

undergo posterior station of development

A

T. cruzi

134
Q

migrate to hindgut and are passed in feces

A

trypomastigotes

135
Q

Infection is acquired by rubbing the feces of the vector into the wound caused by its bite or into the mucous membrane conjunctiva (contaminative transmission)

A

T. cruzi

136
Q

Chagas’ disease may be

A

asymptomatic, chronic, or acute

137
Q

Chagas’ disease most common initial symptom

A

chagoma

138
Q

erythematous nodule produced by the proliferation of the T. cruzi organisms

A

chagoma

139
Q

s. This lesion may be present anywhere on the body, but it is most frequently located on the face.

A

chagoma

140
Q

Edema as well as a rash around the eyes and face may subsequently occur.

A

Chagas’ disease

141
Q

The painful chagoma may last how long before subsiding?

A

2 to 3 months

142
Q

Patients who contract T. cruzi through the ocular mucosa develop a characteristic conjunctivitis and unilateral edema of the eyelids, a condition known as

A

Romaña’s sign.

143
Q

T. cruzi produces inflammatory response, cellular destruction and fibrosis of muscles and nerves that control tone of hollow organs like heart, esophagus, colon, etc

A

chronic disease

144
Q

chronic disease due to T. cruzi results to

A

cardiac myopathy (cardiomegaly), megaesophagus and megacolon megaesophagus and hepatosplenomegaly

145
Q

dilatation of esophagus and colon

A

megaesophagus

146
Q

The invasion and destruction of various other organs, including those already mentioned, may also contribute to death in chronic patients.

A

Romaña’s sign.

147
Q

fever, chills, fatigue, myalgia, and malais

A

acute Chagas’ disease

148
Q

An attack of acute infection may result in one of the following scenarios:

A

(1) recovery; (2) transition to the chronic stage of disease; or (3) death

149
Q

occurs a few weeks after acute Chagas’ disease attack

A

death

150
Q

exists only in the American continent (western hemisphere) and is limited to South and Central America only

A

T. cruzi

151
Q

nests in human homes that are open in design

A

triatomine bug

152
Q

mammalian hosts, dogs and cats are of particular importance as reservoir hosts

A

triatomine bug

153
Q

hemoflagellates is from the family of

A

Trypanosomatidae

154
Q

Hemoflagellates infecting man belong to two genera

A

Leishmania and Trypanosoma

155
Q

heteroxenous

A

hemoflagellates

156
Q

group of protozoa that live in the blood and tissues of their human host and other vertebrates

A

hemoflagellates

157
Q

Human leishmaniasis is caused by how many Leishmania species that infect mammals?

A

20 of 30

158
Q

Mediterranean, parts of the former Soviet Union, Afghanistan, India, Kenya, Middle East (especially in urban areas)

A

L. tropica

159
Q

Highlands of Ethiopia, Kenya, perhaps Southern Yemen

A

L. aethiopica

160
Q

Former Soviet Union, Iran, Israel, Jordan, parts of Africa, Syria (esp. in rural areas)

A

L. major

161
Q

Lutzomyia sandfly

A

L. braziliensis; L. panamensis; L. peruviana; L. guyanensis;

162
Q

Mexico to Argentina

A

L. braziliensis

163
Q

Panama and Colombia

A

L. panamensis

164
Q

Peruvian Andes

A

L. peruviana

165
Q

Guiana, Brazil, Venezuela

A

L. guyanensis

166
Q

Lutzomyia sandfly

A

L. mexicana; L. amazonensis; L. venezuelensis

167
Q

Belize, Guatemala, Yucatan Peninsula

A

L. mexicana

168
Q

Amazon River Basin, Brazil

A

L. amazonensis

169
Q

Venezuela

A

L. venezuelensis

170
Q

Phlebotomus sandfly

A

L. donovani; L. infantum

171
Q

Parts of Africa, India, Thailand, Peoples Republic of China, Burma, East Pakistan

A

L. donovani

172
Q

Burma, East Pakistan

A

L. infantum

173
Q

Lutzomyia sandfly

A

L. chagasi

174
Q

Mediterranean Europe, Near East, Africa; also in Hungary; Romania, southern region of former Soviet Union, northern China, southern Siberia

A

L. chagasi

175
Q

L. donovani person to person modes of transmission

A

blood transfusions, sexual contact, congenitally by vertical transmission from mother to fetus, and by accidental inoculation

176
Q

transmission of hemoflagellates

A

transmission of hemoflagellates

177
Q

The most common mode of infection is through bite of sandflies.

A

Leishmania

178
Q

occur by direct contact, transmitted from man-to-man or animal-to-man by direct inoculation of amastigotes

A

Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

179
Q

Other less common routes of transmission for T. cruzi

A

blood transfusions, organ transplantation, transplacental transmission, and foodborne transmission (via food/drink contaminated with the vector and/or its feces)

Parasitology [LEC] (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions