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Parasitology [LEC] > MODULE 1 Unit 1: Parasitology Terminologies and Historical Background > Flashcards

MODULE 1 Unit 1: Parasitology Terminologies and Historical Background Flashcards

1
Q

Parasitology is the study of

A

parasitic organisms
protozoa
worms (helminths).

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2
Q

These are the different branches of microbiology based on taxonomic classification. [?], the study of protozoa, is one of them.

A

Protozoology

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3
Q

The word “parasite” is derived from the Greek words [?], meaning beside, and [?], meaning wheat, hence food. This indicates two organisms living in tandem with each other.

A
  • para

- sitos

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4
Q

When the word suffix –logy, meaning “study,” is added to the term para + sitos –, the almost exact meaning of the entire word parasitology, would be a

A

“study of those living closely to each other.”

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5
Q

is a branch of biology that is concerned with the study of living organisms that take up their abode on or within another living organism.

A

Parasitology

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6
Q

is the living organism that depends on another living organism for nourishment and survival.

A

parasite

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7
Q

is defined as the organism which harbors the parasite, provides nourishment and shelter to the latter, and is relatively larger than the parasite.

A

Host

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8
Q

A parasite that inhabits only the body surface, such as the skin or hair, is known as

A

ectoparasite

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9
Q

are examples of ectoparasites.

A

Lice and mites

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10
Q

is often employed for parasitization with ectoparasites.

A

infestation

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11
Q

A parasite which lives within the body of the host is called an

A

endoparasite

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12
Q

The invasion of a parasite within the body of the host, such as in the GIT, in the tissues, or intracellularly, is known as

A

infection

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13
Q

Most of the parasites causing human disease are

A

endoparasites

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14
Q

refers to infestation or infection with parasites.

A

Parasitosis

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15
Q

[?], one of the largest fields in parasitology, is the subject that deals with the parasites that infect humans, the diseases caused by them, clinical picture and the response generated by humans against them. It is also concerned with the various methods of their diagnosis, treatment and finally their prevention & control.

A

Medical (Clinical) Parasitology

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16
Q

The parasites that are of medical importance are categorized into three (3) major groups:

A

protozoa, helminths, arthropods.

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17
Q

are classified under kingdom Protista, subkingdom Protozoa.

A

protozoa

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18
Q

These are single-celled eukaryotic and heterotrophic microorganisms, morphologically and functionally complete and can perform all functions of life.

A
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19
Q

Protozoa [Greek [?], first; + Greek [?], zoon, living being, animal] are animal-like protists, referring to their motility in particular.

A
  • proto-

- zoion

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20
Q

When Robert Whittaker assigned protozoa to the Kingdom Protista in 1969, he did so as a matter of convenience, rather than on the basis of evolutionary relationships.

A
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21
Q

Classifying [?] into taxonomic groups is an ongoing process, and their status is often in a state of flux.

A

protozoan parasites

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22
Q

Most of the protozoa are completely [?] but few may cause major diseases.

A

nonpathogenic

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23
Q

The major protozoa causing disease in man belong to four (4) phyla:

A

a. Phylum Sarcomastigophora
b. Phylum Ciliophora
c. Phylum Apicomplexa
d. Phylum Microsopora

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24
Q

Phylum Sarcomastigophora

Subphylum Sarcodina

A 
Entamoeba histolytica
Entamoeba dispar
Entamoeba coli
Entamoeba gingivalis
Endolimax nana
Iodamoeba butschlii
Naegleria
Acanthamoeba
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25
Q

Phylum Sarcomastigophora

Subphylum Mastigophora

A 
Giardia lamblia
Dientamoeba fragilis
Chilomastix mesnili
Pentatrichomonas hominis
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichomonas tenax
Leishmania tropica
Leishmania brazilinesis
Leishmania donovani
Trypanosoma brucei complex
Trypanosoma cruzi
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26
Q

Phylum Ciliophora

A

Balantidium coli

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27
Q

Phylum Apicomplexa

A 
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium knowlesi
Babesia spp.
Cystoisospora belli
Cryptosporidium hominis
Cyclospora cayetanensis
Sarcocystis spp.
Toxoplasma gondii
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28
Q

Phylum Microspora

A 
Enterocytozoon bieneusi
Encephalitozoon spp.
Vittaforma corneae
Trachipleistophora hominis
Pleistophora spp.
Anncaliia vesicularum
Microsporidium spp.
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29
Q

Under Phylum Sarcomastigophora are two (2) subphyla based on

their modes of locomotion:

A

i. Subphylum Sarcodina

ii. Subphylum Mastigophora

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30
Q

Subphylum Sarcodina includes parasites that are commonly called the [?]. whose organelles of locomotion are temporary footlike cytoplasmic extensions called [?] (literally meaning false feet).

A

amoebae (amoebas)

pseudopodia

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31
Q

[?] is a group of protozoa collectively called the flagellates because the organelles of locomotion are the [?], which are long, thin, whip-like structures.

A

Subphylum Mastigophora

flagella

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32
Q

Protozoa under Phylum Ciliophora are the [?]. They are motile by means of [?], which are short hair-like projections that cover the entire body surface. The only human parasite in this group is [?]

A

ciliates
cilia
Balantidium coli

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33
Q

is known as the sporozoa because very important groups of parasites fall under Class Sporozoa.

A

Phylum Apicomplexa

34
Q

Members of Phylum Apicomplexa do not have have special locomotory apparatus, but they possess, at some stage in their life cycle, a structure called the [?] serving as the organ of attachment to host cells.

A

apical complex

35
Q

All members are parasitic.

A

Phylum Apicomplexa

36
Q

contains many minute intracellular protozoan parasites, collectively referred to as microsporidia.

A

Phylum Microspora

37
Q

Phylum Microspora was formerly listed with the sporozoa because they possess [?] within a spore.

A

polar filaments

38
Q

The phylum contains more than 100 genera of parasites that infect invertebrates (mostly insects) and vertebrate hosts.

A

Phylum Microsopora

39
Q

In humans, [?] are opportunistic parasites of immunocompromised patients, including those undergoing chemotherapy and organ transplants. Because the disease they caused is considered rare, it shall not be covered in this module.

A

microsporidians

40
Q

Sarcodina [Greek [?], fleshy, from [?], sark-, flesh]

A
  • sarkodes

- sarx

41
Q

Ciliophora [Latin [?], lower eyelid (= eyelash); + Greek -[?], bearing, from [?], to carry]

A
  • cilium
  • phoros
  • pherein
42
Q

Mastigophora [Greek [?], zoon, living being, animal; + Greek [?]-, whip; + Greek -phoros, bearing, from pherein, to carry]

A
  • zoion

- mastig

43
Q

Sporozoa [Greek [?], seed; + Greek zoion, zoon, living being, animal]

A
  • spora
44
Q

[?], the parasitic worms, fall under the kingdom Animalia.

A

Helminths

45
Q

These are complex, multicellular eukaryotic organisms with specialized tissues and organs.

A

Helminths

46
Q

Worms that [?] humans are diverse ranging from barely visible to huge worms of several meters long.

A

parasitize

47
Q

During some stages of their life cycle, helminths are [?] in size. Although they are not strictly microorganisms, they are discussed with microbiology because of their ability to cause disease and laboratory identification of these organisms includes many of the same techniques used for identifying microbes.

A

microscopic

48
Q

Helminths, which occur as parasite in humans, belong to two (2) phyla:
a.) phylum Nematoda, and b.) phylum Platyhelminthes.

A
49
Q

Helminths, which occur as parasite in humans, belong to two (2) phyla:

A

a.) phylum Nematoda, and b.) phylum Platyhelminthes.

50
Q

Nematoda

A 
Trichuris trichiura
Capillaria philippinensis
Capillaria hepatica
Ascaris lumbricoides
Enterobius vermicularis
Hookworm:
 -Necator americanus
 -Ancylostoma duodenale
 -Ancylostoma caninum
 -Ancylostoma braziliense
Strongyloides stercoralis
Trichinella spiralis
Toxocara spp.
Filaria
- Wuchereria bancrofti
 - Brugia malayi
 - Onchocerca volvulus
 - Loa loa
 - Mansonella spp. 
Dracunculus medinensis
51
Q

Cestoidea

A 
Diphyllobothrium latum
Spirometra spp.
Taenia solium
Taenia saginata
Hymenolepis nana
Hymenolepis diminuta
Dipylidium caninum
Echinococcus granulosus
Raillietina garrisoni
52
Q

Trematoda

A 
Fasciola hepatica
Clonorchis sinensis
Opisthorchis felineus
Opisthorchis viverrini
Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Fasciolopsis buski
Echinostoma ilocanum
Artyfechinostomum malayanum
Heterophyids
Paragonimus westermani
Schistosoma japonicum
Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma haematobium
53
Q

are elongated and tapered at both ends, and unsegmented.

A

nematodes

54
Q

They are also known as roundworms because they are round in cross-section.

A

nematodes

55
Q

Members of [?] are collectively referred to as flatworms because their bodies are dorsoventrally flattened in cross-section.

A

Platyhelminthes

56
Q

All medically important species belong to two (2) classes:

A

i. Class Cestoidea (Cestoda)

ii. Class Trematoda

57
Q

[?], or tapeworms, are flat, segmented and have a ribbon-like appearance.

A

Cestodes

58
Q

[?], or also known as the flukes, are typically flattened and leaf-shaped.

A

Trematodes

59
Q

[?], which form the largest group of species in the kingdom Animalia, are animals characterized by segmented bodies, hard external skeletons, and jointed legs.

A

Arthropods

60
Q

Representative classes of arthropods include the following:
• [?] (six legs): bees, flies, lice, mosquitoes, the study of which
is called entomology.
• [?] (eight legs): spiders, mites, ticks
• [?] (four antennae): crabs, crayfish

A
  • Insecta
  • Arachnida
  • Crustacea
61
Q

Arthropods cause disease through:
• [?]: Scabies and pediculosis are caused by infestation with arthropods, Sarcoptes scabiei (mite) and Pediculus humanus capitis (lice) respectively.
• [?]: Through bites of spiders, flies, bugs, mites, and
ticks; also occurs with stings of scorpions, ants, wasps, and bees.
• [?]: Pediculus humanus capitis (lice)
• [?]: Arthropods that carry pathogenic microorganisms are called vectors, e.g., mosquitoes, flies.
• [?]
• [?]

A
  • Direct tissue invasion
  • Envenomation
  • Blood loss
  • Transmission of infectious agent
  • Hypersensitivity reactions
  • ## Psychological manifestations.
62
Q

While the broad definition of parasitology may have included infectious agents such as bacteria, fungi, algae, and viruses, the term “parasite” applies only to animal ([?]— helminths and arthropods) or animal-like ([?]) parasites.

A
  • metazoa

- protozoa

63
Q

Thus, parasitology has evolved separately from

A

bacteriology, mycology, phycology, and virology.

64
Q

[?], too, has branched off as a separate discipline, but it remains a subject of paramount importance to parasitologists, who must understand the relationships between arthropods and the parasites they harbor and disperse.

A

Medical entomology

65
Q

Because many [?] are large enough to be seen with the unaided eye, they have been known for thousands of years.

A

parasitic worms

66
Q

The first clear documentation of these organisms is to be found in the [?] (c. 1550 BC) and other ancient Egyptian writings.

A

Papyrus Ebers

67
Q

[?], commonly known as the “guinea worm” or the “ fiery serpent of Israelites”, was certainly recognized on the shores of the Red Sea in the preChristian era.

A

Dracunculus medinensis

68
Q

Dutch [?], who is the “Father of Microbiology” because he was the first to undisputedly observe, describe, study, conduct scientific experiments with microbes using single-lensed microscopes of his own design in 1681.

A

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

69
Q

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek is also universally acknowledged as the “Father of Protozoology”. He observed a protozoan, [?], in his own stools.

A

Giardia lamblia

70
Q

The Italian [?] has the best claim to the title “Father of Parasitology”. He was the first to recognize and correctly describe details of many important parasites.

A

Francesco Redi

71
Q

Francesco Redi was especially interested in [?], particularly lice, although in his classical text he also described dog and cat tapeworms.

A

ectoparasites

72
Q

Francesco Redi, in 1671, produced an illustration of

A

Fasciola hepatica

73
Q

The presence of ectoparasites

A

INFESTATION

74
Q

Father of parasitology

A

REDI

75
Q

Term for parasite that colonizes the internal organs and body fluids

A

ENDOPARASITE

76
Q

Animal parasite characterized by segmented bodies and jointed legs

A
77
Q

Locomotory organelles of mastigophorans

A

FLAGELLA

78
Q

Describes arthropod that carries pathogenic microorganisms

A

ENDOPARASITE

79
Q

Phylum classification of Plasmodium species

A
80
Q

Branch of zoology that deals with the study of insects

A
81
Q

An organism that is dependent upon a particular species of organism

A

Parasitology [LEC] (23 decks)

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