MODULE 1 Unit 1: Parasitology Terminologies and Historical Background

Question 1

Parasitology is the study of

Answer 1

parasitic organisms
protozoa
worms (helminths).

Question 2

These are the different branches of microbiology based on taxonomic classification. [?], the study of protozoa, is one of them.

Answer 2

Protozoology

Question 3

The word “parasite” is derived from the Greek words [?], meaning beside, and [?], meaning wheat, hence food. This indicates two organisms living in tandem with each other.

Answer 3

• para

- sitos

Question 4

When the word suffix –logy, meaning “study,” is added to the term para + sitos –, the almost exact meaning of the entire word parasitology, would be a

Answer 4

“study of those living closely to each other.”

Question 5

is a branch of biology that is concerned with the study of living organisms that take up their abode on or within another living organism.

Answer 5

Parasitology

Question 6

is the living organism that depends on another living organism for nourishment and survival.

Answer 6

parasite

Question 7

is defined as the organism which harbors the parasite, provides nourishment and shelter to the latter, and is relatively larger than the parasite.

Answer 7

Host

Question 8

A parasite that inhabits only the body surface, such as the skin or hair, is known as

Answer 8

ectoparasite

Question 9

are examples of ectoparasites.

Answer 9

Lice and mites

Question 10

is often employed for parasitization with ectoparasites.

Answer 10

infestation

Question 11

A parasite which lives within the body of the host is called an

Answer 11

endoparasite

Question 12

The invasion of a parasite within the body of the host, such as in the GIT, in the tissues, or intracellularly, is known as

Answer 12

infection

Question 13

Most of the parasites causing human disease are

Answer 13

endoparasites

Question 14

refers to infestation or infection with parasites.

Answer 14

Parasitosis

Question 15

[?], one of the largest fields in parasitology, is the subject that deals with the parasites that infect humans, the diseases caused by them, clinical picture and the response generated by humans against them. It is also concerned with the various methods of their diagnosis, treatment and finally their prevention & control.

Answer 15

Medical (Clinical) Parasitology

Question 16

The parasites that are of medical importance are categorized into three (3) major groups:

Answer 16

protozoa, helminths, arthropods.

Question 17

are classified under kingdom Protista, subkingdom Protozoa.

Answer 17

protozoa

Question 18

These are single-celled eukaryotic and heterotrophic microorganisms, morphologically and functionally complete and can perform all functions of life.

Question 19

Protozoa [Greek [?], first; + Greek [?], zoon, living being, animal] are animal-like protists, referring to their motility in particular.

Answer 19

• proto-

- zoion

Question 20

When Robert Whittaker assigned protozoa to the Kingdom Protista in 1969, he did so as a matter of convenience, rather than on the basis of evolutionary relationships.

Question 21

Classifying [?] into taxonomic groups is an ongoing process, and their status is often in a state of flux.

Answer 21

protozoan parasites

Question 22

Most of the protozoa are completely [?] but few may cause major diseases.

Answer 22

nonpathogenic

Question 23

The major protozoa causing disease in man belong to four (4) phyla:

Answer 23

a. Phylum Sarcomastigophora
b. Phylum Ciliophora
c. Phylum Apicomplexa
d. Phylum Microsopora

Question 24

Phylum Sarcomastigophora

Subphylum Sarcodina

Answer 24

Entamoeba histolytica
Entamoeba dispar
Entamoeba coli
Entamoeba gingivalis
Endolimax nana
Iodamoeba butschlii
Naegleria
Acanthamoeba

Question 25

Phylum Sarcomastigophora | Subphylum Mastigophora

Answer 25

``` Giardia lamblia Dientamoeba fragilis Chilomastix mesnili Pentatrichomonas hominis Trichomonas vaginalis Trichomonas tenax Leishmania tropica Leishmania brazilinesis Leishmania donovani Trypanosoma brucei complex Trypanosoma cruzi ```

Question 26

Phylum Ciliophora

Answer 26

Balantidium coli

Question 27

Phylum Apicomplexa

Answer 27

``` Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium malariae Plasmodium knowlesi Babesia spp. Cystoisospora belli Cryptosporidium hominis Cyclospora cayetanensis Sarcocystis spp. Toxoplasma gondii ```

Question 28

Phylum Microspora

Answer 28

``` Enterocytozoon bieneusi Encephalitozoon spp. Vittaforma corneae Trachipleistophora hominis Pleistophora spp. Anncaliia vesicularum Microsporidium spp. ```

Question 29

Under Phylum Sarcomastigophora are two (2) subphyla based on | their modes of locomotion:

Answer 29

i. Subphylum Sarcodina | ii. Subphylum Mastigophora

Question 30

Subphylum Sarcodina includes parasites that are commonly called the [?]. whose organelles of locomotion are temporary footlike cytoplasmic extensions called [?] (literally meaning false feet).

Answer 30

amoebae (amoebas) | pseudopodia

Question 31

[?] is a group of protozoa collectively called the flagellates because the organelles of locomotion are the [?], which are long, thin, whip-like structures.

Answer 31

Subphylum Mastigophora | flagella

Question 32

Protozoa under Phylum Ciliophora are the [?]. They are motile by means of [?], which are short hair-like projections that cover the entire body surface. The only human parasite in this group is [?]

Answer 32

ciliates cilia Balantidium coli

Question 33

is known as the sporozoa because very important groups of parasites fall under Class Sporozoa.

Answer 33

Phylum Apicomplexa

Question 34

Members of Phylum Apicomplexa do not have have special locomotory apparatus, but they possess, at some stage in their life cycle, a structure called the [?] serving as the organ of attachment to host cells.

Answer 34

apical complex

Question 35

All members are parasitic.

Answer 35

Phylum Apicomplexa

Question 36

contains many minute intracellular protozoan parasites, collectively referred to as microsporidia.

Answer 36

Phylum Microspora

Question 37

Phylum Microspora was formerly listed with the sporozoa because they possess [?] within a spore.

Answer 37

polar filaments

Question 38

The phylum contains more than 100 genera of parasites that infect invertebrates (mostly insects) and vertebrate hosts.

Answer 38

Phylum Microsopora

Question 39

In humans, [?] are opportunistic parasites of immunocompromised patients, including those undergoing chemotherapy and organ transplants. Because the disease they caused is considered rare, it shall not be covered in this module.

Answer 39

microsporidians

Question 40

Sarcodina [Greek [?], fleshy, from [?], sark-, flesh]

Answer 40

- sarkodes | - sarx

Question 41

Ciliophora [Latin [?], lower eyelid (= eyelash); + Greek -[?], bearing, from [?], to carry]

Answer 41

- cilium - phoros - pherein

Question 42

Mastigophora [Greek [?], zoon, living being, animal; + Greek [?]-, whip; + Greek -phoros, bearing, from pherein, to carry]

Answer 42

- zoion | - mastig

Question 43

Sporozoa [Greek [?], seed; + Greek zoion, zoon, living being, animal]

Answer 43

- spora

Question 44

[?], the parasitic worms, fall under the kingdom Animalia.

Answer 44

Helminths

Question 45

These are complex, multicellular eukaryotic organisms with specialized tissues and organs.

Answer 45

Helminths

Question 46

Worms that [?] humans are diverse ranging from barely visible to huge worms of several meters long.

Answer 46

parasitize

Question 47

During some stages of their life cycle, helminths are [?] in size. Although they are not strictly microorganisms, they are discussed with microbiology because of their ability to cause disease and laboratory identification of these organisms includes many of the same techniques used for identifying microbes.

Answer 47

microscopic

Question 48

Helminths, which occur as parasite in humans, belong to two (2) phyla: a.) phylum Nematoda, and b.) phylum Platyhelminthes.

Question 49

Helminths, which occur as parasite in humans, belong to two (2) phyla:

Answer 49

a.) phylum Nematoda, and b.) phylum Platyhelminthes.

Question 50

Nematoda

Answer 50

``` Trichuris trichiura Capillaria philippinensis Capillaria hepatica Ascaris lumbricoides Enterobius vermicularis Hookworm: -Necator americanus -Ancylostoma duodenale -Ancylostoma caninum -Ancylostoma braziliense Strongyloides stercoralis Trichinella spiralis Toxocara spp. Filaria - Wuchereria bancrofti - Brugia malayi - Onchocerca volvulus - Loa loa - Mansonella spp. Dracunculus medinensis ```

Question 51

Cestoidea

Answer 51

``` Diphyllobothrium latum Spirometra spp. Taenia solium Taenia saginata Hymenolepis nana Hymenolepis diminuta Dipylidium caninum Echinococcus granulosus Raillietina garrisoni ```

Question 52

Trematoda

Answer 52

``` Fasciola hepatica Clonorchis sinensis Opisthorchis felineus Opisthorchis viverrini Dicrocoelium dendriticum Fasciolopsis buski Echinostoma ilocanum Artyfechinostomum malayanum Heterophyids Paragonimus westermani Schistosoma japonicum Schistosoma mansoni Schistosoma haematobium ```

Question 53

are elongated and tapered at both ends, and unsegmented.

Answer 53

nematodes

Question 54

They are also known as roundworms because they are round in cross-section.

Answer 54

nematodes

Question 55

Members of [?] are collectively referred to as flatworms because their bodies are dorsoventrally flattened in cross-section.

Answer 55

Platyhelminthes

Question 56

All medically important species belong to two (2) classes:

Answer 56

i. Class Cestoidea (Cestoda) | ii. Class Trematoda

Question 57

[?], or tapeworms, are flat, segmented and have a ribbon-like appearance.

Answer 57

Cestodes

Question 58

[?], or also known as the flukes, are typically flattened and leaf-shaped.

Answer 58

Trematodes

Question 59

[?], which form the largest group of species in the kingdom Animalia, are animals characterized by segmented bodies, hard external skeletons, and jointed legs.

Answer 59

Arthropods

Question 60

Representative classes of arthropods include the following: • [?] (six legs): bees, flies, lice, mosquitoes, the study of which is called entomology. • [?] (eight legs): spiders, mites, ticks • [?] (four antennae): crabs, crayfish

Answer 60

- Insecta - Arachnida - Crustacea

Question 61

Arthropods cause disease through: • [?]: Scabies and pediculosis are caused by infestation with arthropods, Sarcoptes scabiei (mite) and Pediculus humanus capitis (lice) respectively. • [?]: Through bites of spiders, flies, bugs, mites, and ticks; also occurs with stings of scorpions, ants, wasps, and bees. • [?]: Pediculus humanus capitis (lice) • [?]: Arthropods that carry pathogenic microorganisms are called vectors, e.g., mosquitoes, flies. • [?] • [?]

Answer 61

- Direct tissue invasion - Envenomation - Blood loss - Transmission of infectious agent - Hypersensitivity reactions - Psychological manifestations. -

Question 62

While the broad definition of parasitology may have included infectious agents such as bacteria, fungi, algae, and viruses, the term “parasite” applies only to animal ([?]--- helminths and arthropods) or animal-like ([?]) parasites.

Answer 62

- metazoa | - protozoa

Question 63

Thus, parasitology has evolved separately from

Answer 63

bacteriology, mycology, phycology, and virology.

Question 64

[?], too, has branched off as a separate discipline, but it remains a subject of paramount importance to parasitologists, who must understand the relationships between arthropods and the parasites they harbor and disperse.

Answer 64

Medical entomology

Question 65

Because many [?] are large enough to be seen with the unaided eye, they have been known for thousands of years.

Answer 65

parasitic worms

Question 66

The first clear documentation of these organisms is to be found in the [?] (c. 1550 BC) and other ancient Egyptian writings.

Answer 66

Papyrus Ebers

Question 67

[?], commonly known as the "guinea worm" or the " fiery serpent of Israelites", was certainly recognized on the shores of the Red Sea in the preChristian era.

Answer 67

Dracunculus medinensis

Question 68

Dutch [?], who is the "Father of Microbiology" because he was the first to undisputedly observe, describe, study, conduct scientific experiments with microbes using single-lensed microscopes of his own design in 1681.

Answer 68

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

Question 69

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek is also universally acknowledged as the "Father of Protozoology". He observed a protozoan, [?], in his own stools.

Answer 69

Giardia lamblia

Question 70

The Italian [?] has the best claim to the title "Father of Parasitology". He was the first to recognize and correctly describe details of many important parasites.

Answer 70

Francesco Redi

Question 71

Francesco Redi was especially interested in [?], particularly lice, although in his classical text he also described dog and cat tapeworms.

Answer 71

ectoparasites

Question 72

Francesco Redi, in 1671, produced an illustration of

Answer 72

Fasciola hepatica

Question 73

The presence of ectoparasites

Answer 73

INFESTATION

Question 74

Father of parasitology

Answer 74

REDI

Question 75

Term for parasite that colonizes the internal organs and body fluids

Answer 75

ENDOPARASITE

Question 76

Animal parasite characterized by segmented bodies and jointed legs

Question 77

Locomotory organelles of mastigophorans

Answer 77

FLAGELLA

Question 78

Describes arthropod that carries pathogenic microorganisms

Answer 78

ENDOPARASITE

Question 79

Phylum classification of Plasmodium species

Question 80

Branch of zoology that deals with the study of insects

Question 81

An organism that is dependent upon a particular species of organism