disease Flashcards
(20 cards)
what is a pathogen and how are the spread
any organism that causes disease - spread through the mouth, eyes, nose
how do pathogenic bacteria and viruses cause damage in the body?
bacteria multiply rapidly so they crowd out host tissues and disrupt normal function. kills tissues, make toxins that paralyse/kill cells
how can the spread of disease be reduced or prevented?
washing hands, good hygiene
what are the signs of rose black spot?
black spots on leaves become larger blotched after which the leaves turn yellow and fall from the plant
what is the transmission of rose black spot?
primarily spread from leaf to leaf and plant to plant by wind
how do you treat rose black spot?
destroy any infected plants/leaves
what are the symptoms of malaria?
-fever
-chills
-headache
-nausea and vomiting
-diarrhoea
-abdominal pain
what is the transmission of malaria?
the bite of an infected mosquito
what is the control of malaria?
vector management approaches
what stops pathogens from entering the body?
the closed surface of skin, mucous membranes
what does the immune system do?
defends the body against infection whilst protecting the body’s own cells
how do white blood cells destroy pathogens?
they release chemicals that break the organism down and destroy it
how do vaccines work?
injects an inactive form of a pathogen into the body
how are antibiotics used to treat disease?
they reduce the bacterial growth and can stop its spread
what are the limitations to antibiotics?
-many infections are caused by viruses
-unlikely to speed the healing process and can cause side effects
what is a double blind trial?
some patients are given a placebo so they don’t know that they are doing getting the medication in order to compare it to those who are getting the medication
what are monoclonal antibodies?
clones of your body’s antibodies that are made in a laboratory, meant to stimulate your immune system
how are monoclonal antibodies produced?
by fusing a B-cell (immune cell) with a cancerous cell (myeloma cell)
how are monoclonal antibodies used for diagnosis?
if the antibodies attach to antigens and make cells clip together then the unknown pathogen is identified as the monoclonal antibody
examples of plant pathogens
viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, worms
